NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

According to Erikson, what is the main developmental task of older adulthood?

  1. ATrust versus mistrust
  2. BIndustry versus inferiority
  3. CIdentity versus role confusion
  4. DIntegrity versus despair
2.护理学基础困难

Why are a patient's observations checked about 15 minutes after a blood transfusion starts?

  1. AIt is only for record-keeping purposes
  2. BSerious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
  3. CIt is the time the blood takes to warm up
  4. DReactions only ever occur after the transfusion ends
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A nurse pours sterile saline into a bowl on a sterile field. Which technique is correct?

  1. APour from below the level of the field to reduce splashing
  2. BReach across the field to fill the bowl at the far side
  3. CRest the lip of the bottle on the edge of the bowl so that the saline does not splash
  4. DHold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?

  1. AA laboratory machine fault, so no action is needed
  2. BThe previous result was wrong, so it is deleted
  3. CA normal change in the patient’s blood group over the years since the last test
  4. DA wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
5.优先排序与委派中等

Before giving a medication to a child, which check is especially important?

  1. AThat the parent agrees with the time it is given
  2. BThat the medicine cup is the child’s favorite color
  3. CThat the dose is correct for the child’s weight
  4. DThat the child likes the taste of the drug
6.优先排序与委派困难

An RN has five patients and a nursing assistant. One patient has just become short of breath. Which task should the RN delegate so that the RN can go to that patient?

  1. AExplaining the new diagnosis to the breathless patient’s family
  2. BMorning vital signs on the four stable patients
  3. CAssessing the breathless patient’s lung sounds
  4. DGiving the breathless patient’s IV furosemide
7.临床护理中等

关于注射胰岛素,哪项说法正确?

  1. A总是注射在同一部位以保持吸收一致
  2. B速效胰岛素只在睡前使用
  3. C轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生
  4. D使用前应用力摇晃胰岛素
8.临床护理困难

Why is a large pleural effusion drained slowly rather than all at once?

  1. AFluid drained quickly turns into blood
  2. BSlow drainage stops the patient needing oxygen
  3. CQuick drainage causes the effusion to spread to the other lung
  4. DRapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient with central diabetes insipidus starts desmopressin. Which laboratory result is most important to monitor for an adverse effect?

  1. ASerum calcium, which may rise too high
  2. BSerum glucose, which may rise very high
  3. CSerum potassium, which may rise too high
  4. DSerum sodium, which may fall too low
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient admitted with heavy alcohol use and malnutrition has a glucose of 52 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L) and low magnesium. Which prescribed treatment should be given before the IV glucose?

  1. AIV insulin
  2. BIV thiamine
  3. COral iron
  4. DIV potassium
11.药理学中等

Why is a progestogen added to oestrogen in hormone replacement therapy for a woman who still has her uterus?

  1. ATo prevent breast cancer completely
  2. BTo reduce hot flushes much more than oestrogen alone can
  3. CTo lower the risk of blood clots to zero
  4. DTo protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
12.药理学困难

A patient who has taken lorazepam daily for many months stops it suddenly. Which serious complication may follow?

  1. AProfound respiratory depression
  2. BPinpoint pupils and coma
  3. CSevere bradycardia
  4. DWithdrawal seizures
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which skin changes around the ankles are typical of chronic venous insufficiency?

  1. AA sharply defined red patch with fever
  2. BA cold, white foot with no pulse
  3. CPale, shiny, hairless skin with weak pulses
  4. DBrown staining, swelling and dry, itchy skin
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A 70-year-old man has a small abdominal aortic aneurysm found on screening and is placed under surveillance. Which advice is most important?

  1. AStop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
  2. BAvoid all exercise and lifting for the rest of his life to protect the aorta
  3. CStop all blood pressure medicines to avoid low pressure
  4. DHave the aneurysm repaired immediately, whatever its size or growth rate
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which action is part of an effective bowel programme after a spinal cord injury?

  1. ARestricting fluids to reduce the volume of stool
  2. BUsing strong laxatives only when the bowel has not opened for a week
  3. CAvoiding fibre to prevent bloating
  4. DA routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名老年男性 10 小时未排尿,下腹疼痛,膀胱扫描为 1100 mL。肌酐已升高。最可能的原因和处理是什么?

  1. A尿崩症;给予去氨加压素并限制液体
  2. B尿潴留;遵医嘱导尿,并观察是否出现大量利尿
  3. C造影剂肾病;今天安排紧急血液透析
  4. D脱水;给予补液,明天复查肌酐
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which neutrophil count indicates severe neutropenia?

  1. AAbove 2.0 × 109/L
  2. BBelow 7.5 × 109/L
  3. CAbove 10 × 109/L
  4. DBelow 0.5 × 109/L
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?

  1. AAs a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
  2. BAs a fully healed ulcer that can be removed from the record
  3. CAs a category 1 pressure ulcer now
  4. DAs a category 2 pressure ulcer now
19.产科护理中等

Which event in an Rh-negative, non-sensitised woman requires an extra dose of anti-D immunoglobulin?

  1. AA routine urine test
  2. BA glucose tolerance test
  3. CA blood pressure check
  4. DAmniocentesis
20.产科护理困难

一名妊娠 36 周的子痫前期女性主诉右肋下出现新的疼痛和恶心。护士应如何应对?

  1. A作为肝脏受累或 HELLP 综合征的可能征象紧急上报
  2. B鼓励她走动以缓解不适
  3. C记录下来,留待次日早晨查房时处理
  4. D给予抗酸药,并安慰她妊娠晚期烧心很常见
21.儿科护理中等

A newborn with suspected oesophageal atresia is drooling frothy saliva. What is the immediate nursing care?

  1. AKeep the baby nil by mouth, raise the head and suction the upper pouch as needed
  2. BLay the baby flat and give the next feed slowly through a teat
  3. CGive a full feed by bottle and observe for vomiting afterwards
  4. DOffer small sips of sterile water to check whether the baby can swallow
22.儿科护理困难

一名 3 个月大的细支气管炎婴儿,哪项发现需要立即跟进?

  1. A呼吸暂停(呼吸停顿)和血氧饱和度 88%
  2. B流鼻涕和轻微咳嗽
  3. C吃奶比平时稍少,但仍有湿尿布
  4. D听诊闻及喘鸣
23.精神科护理中等

How should a patient with anorexia nervosa be weighed in hospital?

  1. AIn her own clothes and shoes after breakfast, so that she feels more comfortable
  2. BOnly when she asks to be weighed, to respect her wishes
  3. CAt the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
  4. DAt a different time each day so that she cannot prepare for it
24.精神科护理困难

An older patient receiving haloperidol for agitation has an episode of fainting and palpitations. Which test does the nurse expect to be ordered first?

  1. AA liver function test
  2. BA serum lithium level
  3. CAn ECG to look for a prolonged QT interval
  4. DA white blood cell count with differential
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
8 lb 13 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 13 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

8 lb 13 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp · 2/天 · 7 d? mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每天两次,共 7 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?

2 tsp每天两次7 天1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 10 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

10 kg20 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 380 微克。安瓿浓度为 0.5 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

380 mcg0.5 mg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
370 mL剩余? mL/h5 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 370 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

500 mL / 8 h经过 3 h: 370 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
600 mL20 gtt/mL30 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 30 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

30 gtt/min20 gtt/mL600 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻120 mL茶150 mL果汁150 mL静脉输液50 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液425 mL尿液350 mL伤口引流40 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

果冻: 120 mL茶: 150 mL果汁: 150 mL静脉输液: 50 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL800 mL 已输入75 mL/h07:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 07:00 时已输入 800 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL800 mL 已输入75 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,对人物、地点和时间定向正常,最佳运动反应表现为:把手移到受压部位(定位)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 16 次/分,SpO₂ 96%吸室内空气,血压 102/62 mmHg,脉搏 82 次/分,清醒,体温 36.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 16SpO₂ 96%空气SBP 102HR 82AT 36.2 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Integrity versus despair

为什么是这个答案

In late adulthood people review their lives. A sense of meaning brings integrity, while regret can lead to despair. Reminiscence can support this stage.

答案

D · Integrity versus despair
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion

为什么是这个答案

Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.

答案

B · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl

为什么是这个答案

The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.

答案

D · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported

为什么是这个答案

A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.

答案

D · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · That the dose is correct for the child’s weight

为什么是这个答案

Pediatric doses are usually calculated by weight, and errors can cause serious harm. The nurse checks the dose against the child’s weight and the safe range before giving it.

答案

C · That the dose is correct for the child’s weight
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Morning vital signs on the four stable patients

为什么是这个答案

Routine vital signs on stable patients can be delegated, freeing the RN to assess and treat the unstable patient. Assessment, IV medication and explaining a new diagnosis stay with the RN.

答案

B · Morning vital signs on the four stable patients
7.临床护理

答案: C · 轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生

为什么是这个答案

轮换部位可防止形成使吸收难以预测的脂肪硬结。浑浊胰岛素应轻轻滚动混匀,而不是摇晃。

答案

C · 轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生
8.临床护理

答案: D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema

为什么是这个答案

Draining a large volume quickly can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema, with cough, chest tightness and hypoxia. Drainage is controlled, and the patient is watched closely.

答案

D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Serum sodium, which may fall too low

为什么是这个答案

Desmopressin acts like ADH, so the kidneys retain water. If the patient drinks too much, water retention can cause hyponatremia, which may lead to confusion and seizures. Sodium, weight and fluid balance are monitored.

答案

D · Serum sodium, which may fall too low
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · IV thiamine

为什么是这个答案

People with alcohol use disorder and malnutrition are often deficient in thiamine. Giving glucose first can use up the remaining thiamine and precipitate Wernicke encephalopathy, so thiamine is usually given before or with glucose. Hypoglycemia must still be treated promptly.

答案

B · IV thiamine
11.药理学

答案: D · To protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer

为什么是这个答案

Oestrogen alone causes endometrial proliferation and increases the risk of endometrial cancer. A progestogen protects the endometrium; women without a uterus can take oestrogen alone.

答案

D · To protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
12.药理学

答案: D · Withdrawal seizures

为什么是这个答案

Abrupt withdrawal after long-term benzodiazepine use causes anxiety, insomnia, tremor and sometimes seizures. Long-term users should have the dose tapered gradually.

答案

D · Withdrawal seizures
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Brown staining, swelling and dry, itchy skin

为什么是这个答案

High venous pressure causes oedema and leakage of red cells, depositing haemosiderin (brown staining), with venous eczema and lipodermatosclerosis. Pale, shiny, hairless skin suggests arterial disease. Venous ulcers often form above the medial malleolus.

答案

D · Brown staining, swelling and dry, itchy skin
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain

为什么是这个答案

Small aneurysms are usually monitored with regular ultrasound, with repair considered when they reach a threshold size or grow fast. Stopping smoking slows growth, and BP and cardiovascular risk are managed. Sudden abdominal or back pain may mean rupture and needs emergency care.

答案

A · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal

为什么是这个答案

A regular routine, timed after a meal to use the gastrocolic reflex, plus fluids, fibre and, often, suppositories or digital stimulation, helps prevent constipation and accidents. This also reduces the risk of autonomic dysreflexia.

答案

D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 尿潴留;遵医嘱导尿,并观察是否出现大量利尿

为什么是这个答案

尿潴留(常由前列腺增大引起)可引起肾后性 AKI。治疗是用导尿管解除梗阻。大量尿液引流后,部分患者会出现明显的梗阻后利尿,因此要监测液体平衡、电解质和血压。

答案

B · 尿潴留;遵医嘱导尿,并观察是否出现大量利尿
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Below 0.5 × 109/L

为什么是这个答案

A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 109/L (500/mm³) is severe neutropenia, with a high risk of life-threatening infection. Fever in this setting is treated as neutropenic sepsis.

答案

D · Below 0.5 × 109/L
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer

为什么是这个答案

Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.

答案

A · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
19.产科护理

答案: D · Amniocentesis

为什么是这个答案

Any potentially sensitising event, such as amniocentesis, abdominal trauma, bleeding, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, can mix fetal and maternal blood. Anti-D is given after it to prevent antibody formation.

答案

D · Amniocentesis
20.产科护理

答案: A · 作为肝脏受累或 HELLP 综合征的可能征象紧急上报

为什么是这个答案

子痫前期时右上腹或上腹痛提示肝脏肿胀或 HELLP 综合征,是一项严重表现。需要紧急医疗评估、血液检查(血小板、肝酶)和密切监测。

答案

A · 作为肝脏受累或 HELLP 综合征的可能征象紧急上报
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Keep the baby nil by mouth, raise the head and suction the upper pouch as needed

为什么是这个答案

Nothing is given by mouth because it would pool and be inhaled. The head is raised and a tube in the upper pouch is used for continuous or frequent suction, while the baby is prepared for surgery.

答案

A · Keep the baby nil by mouth, raise the head and suction the upper pouch as needed
22.儿科护理

答案: A · 呼吸暂停(呼吸停顿)和血氧饱和度 88%

为什么是这个答案

呼吸暂停和低血氧饱和度是重症细支气管炎的征象,需要紧急评估和支持。其他表现是轻度细支气管炎的典型表现。

答案

A · 呼吸暂停(呼吸停顿)和血氧饱和度 88%
23.精神科护理

答案: C · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder

为什么是这个答案

Standardised weighing gives reliable trends. Patients may drink large amounts of water or hide objects to increase their weight, so consistent conditions and a gown are used.

答案

C · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
24.精神科护理

答案: C · An ECG to look for a prolonged QT interval

为什么是这个答案

Haloperidol and several other antipsychotics can prolong the QT interval, which increases the risk of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias. Fainting and palpitations need an ECG and a check of potassium and magnesium.

答案

C · An ECG to look for a prolonged QT interval
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 4.01 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

13 oz/16 = 0.8125 lb
8 + 0.8125 = 8.813 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 8.813/2.2 = 4.006 ≈ 4.01 kg

答案

m = 4.01 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 140 mL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

每次剂量的体积

2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL

整个疗程

V = 10 mL × 2/天 × 7 = 140 mL

答案

V = 140 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 4 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 20·10 = 200 mg

体积

V = 200/50 = 4 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 4 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.76 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

0.5 mg/mL = 500 mcg/mL

体积

V = 380/500 = 0.76 mL

答案

V = 0.76 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 74 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/8 = 62.5 mL/h

新速率

R = 370/5 = 74 mL/h

答案

R = 74 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 6.7 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

30·60/20 = 90 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 600/90 = 6.667 ≈ 6.7 h

答案

t = 6.7 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1070 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 120 + 150 + 150 = 420 mL
静脉输液: 50·12 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
I = 1070 mL

答案

I = 1070 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 2.7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 800 = 200 mL

时间

t = 200/75 = 2.667 ≈ 2.7 h

答案

t = 2.7 h

约为 2 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 09:40 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: 轻度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 呼唤时睁眼 → 3
V: 对人物、地点和时间定向正常 → 5
M: 把手移到受压部位(定位) → 5

相加

GCS = 3 + 5 + 5 = 13

严重程度

GCS 13 → 轻度

答案

轻度
34.临床评估评分

答案: 低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 96% → 0
吸空气 → 0
SBP 102 mmHg → 1
HR 82/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 36.2 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 1
没有参数得 3 分。

风险组

低

答案

低

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