感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
According to Erikson, what is the main developmental task of older adulthood?
Why are a patient's observations checked about 15 minutes after a blood transfusion starts?
A nurse pours sterile saline into a bowl on a sterile field. Which technique is correct?
The laboratory reports that a blood sample labeled with one patient’s name has a blood group different from that patient’s previous result. What is the most likely problem and response?
Before giving a medication to a child, which check is especially important?
An RN has five patients and a nursing assistant. One patient has just become short of breath. Which task should the RN delegate so that the RN can go to that patient?
关于注射胰岛素,哪项说法正确?
Why is a large pleural effusion drained slowly rather than all at once?
A patient with central diabetes insipidus starts desmopressin. Which laboratory result is most important to monitor for an adverse effect?
A patient admitted with heavy alcohol use and malnutrition has a glucose of 52 mg/dL (2.9 mmol/L) and low magnesium. Which prescribed treatment should be given before the IV glucose?
Why is a progestogen added to oestrogen in hormone replacement therapy for a woman who still has her uterus?
A patient who has taken lorazepam daily for many months stops it suddenly. Which serious complication may follow?
Which skin changes around the ankles are typical of chronic venous insufficiency?
A 70-year-old man has a small abdominal aortic aneurysm found on screening and is placed under surveillance. Which advice is most important?
Which action is part of an effective bowel programme after a spinal cord injury?
一名老年男性 10 小时未排尿,下腹疼痛,膀胱扫描为 1100 mL。肌酐已升高。最可能的原因和处理是什么?
Which neutrophil count indicates severe neutropenia?
A category (stage) 4 pressure ulcer is now healing and shallower. How should it be documented according to standard guidance?
Which event in an Rh-negative, non-sensitised woman requires an extra dose of anti-D immunoglobulin?
一名妊娠 36 周的子痫前期女性主诉右肋下出现新的疼痛和恶心。护士应如何应对?
A newborn with suspected oesophageal atresia is drooling frothy saliva. What is the immediate nursing care?
一名 3 个月大的细支气管炎婴儿,哪项发现需要立即跟进?
How should a patient with anorexia nervosa be weighed in hospital?
An older patient receiving haloperidol for agitation has an episode of fainting and palpitations. Which test does the nurse expect to be ordered first?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 13 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每天两次,共 7 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一名体重 10 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方剂量为 380 微克。安瓿浓度为 0.5 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 370 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一组输液以 30 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 07:00 时已输入 800 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,对人物、地点和时间定向正常,最佳运动反应表现为:把手移到受压部位(定位)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 16 次/分,SpO₂ 96%吸室内空气,血压 102/62 mmHg,脉搏 82 次/分,清醒,体温 36.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · Integrity versus despair
In late adulthood people review their lives. A sense of meaning brings integrity, while regret can lead to despair. Reminiscence can support this stage.
答案: B · Serious reactions often happen early in a transfusion
Severe reactions, such as ABO incompatibility and anaphylaxis, often appear soon after starting. Observations before, at about 15 minutes and at the end, plus close watching, allow early action.
答案: D · Hold the bottle with the label in the palm and pour without touching the bowl
The nurse pours from a little height without touching the sterile bowl, avoiding splashes that would wet the field. Holding the label in the palm keeps it readable and free of drips.
答案: D · A wrong-patient sample, so the test is repeated and the event reported
A different blood group strongly suggests the sample came from another patient. A new sample is taken with careful bedside identification and labeling, and the event is reported as a serious near miss.
答案: C · That the dose is correct for the child’s weight
Pediatric doses are usually calculated by weight, and errors can cause serious harm. The nurse checks the dose against the child’s weight and the safe range before giving it.
答案: B · Morning vital signs on the four stable patients
Routine vital signs on stable patients can be delegated, freeing the RN to assess and treat the unstable patient. Assessment, IV medication and explaining a new diagnosis stay with the RN.
答案: C · 轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生
轮换部位可防止形成使吸收难以预测的脂肪硬结。浑浊胰岛素应轻轻滚动混匀,而不是摇晃。
答案: D · Rapid drainage can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema
Draining a large volume quickly can cause re-expansion pulmonary oedema, with cough, chest tightness and hypoxia. Drainage is controlled, and the patient is watched closely.
答案: D · Serum sodium, which may fall too low
Desmopressin acts like ADH, so the kidneys retain water. If the patient drinks too much, water retention can cause hyponatremia, which may lead to confusion and seizures. Sodium, weight and fluid balance are monitored.
答案: B · IV thiamine
People with alcohol use disorder and malnutrition are often deficient in thiamine. Giving glucose first can use up the remaining thiamine and precipitate Wernicke encephalopathy, so thiamine is usually given before or with glucose. Hypoglycemia must still be treated promptly.
答案: D · To protect against endometrial hyperplasia and cancer
Oestrogen alone causes endometrial proliferation and increases the risk of endometrial cancer. A progestogen protects the endometrium; women without a uterus can take oestrogen alone.
答案: D · Withdrawal seizures
Abrupt withdrawal after long-term benzodiazepine use causes anxiety, insomnia, tremor and sometimes seizures. Long-term users should have the dose tapered gradually.
答案: D · Brown staining, swelling and dry, itchy skin
High venous pressure causes oedema and leakage of red cells, depositing haemosiderin (brown staining), with venous eczema and lipodermatosclerosis. Pale, shiny, hairless skin suggests arterial disease. Venous ulcers often form above the medial malleolus.
答案: A · Stop smoking, control BP and seek help at once for sudden back pain
Small aneurysms are usually monitored with regular ultrasound, with repair considered when they reach a threshold size or grow fast. Stopping smoking slows growth, and BP and cardiovascular risk are managed. Sudden abdominal or back pain may mean rupture and needs emergency care.
答案: D · A routine at the same time each day, often after a meal
A regular routine, timed after a meal to use the gastrocolic reflex, plus fluids, fibre and, often, suppositories or digital stimulation, helps prevent constipation and accidents. This also reduces the risk of autonomic dysreflexia.
答案: B · 尿潴留;遵医嘱导尿,并观察是否出现大量利尿
尿潴留(常由前列腺增大引起)可引起肾后性 AKI。治疗是用导尿管解除梗阻。大量尿液引流后,部分患者会出现明显的梗阻后利尿,因此要监测液体平衡、电解质和血压。
答案: D · Below 0.5 × 109/L
A neutrophil count below 0.5 × 109/L (500/mm³) is severe neutropenia, with a high risk of life-threatening infection. Fever in this setting is treated as neutropenic sepsis.
答案: A · As a healing category 4 pressure ulcer
Pressure ulcers are not "reverse staged" because granulation tissue does not replace the muscle, fat and dermis that were lost. The wound is described as a healing category 4 ulcer.
答案: D · Amniocentesis
Any potentially sensitising event, such as amniocentesis, abdominal trauma, bleeding, miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy, can mix fetal and maternal blood. Anti-D is given after it to prevent antibody formation.
答案: A · 作为肝脏受累或 HELLP 综合征的可能征象紧急上报
子痫前期时右上腹或上腹痛提示肝脏肿胀或 HELLP 综合征,是一项严重表现。需要紧急医疗评估、血液检查(血小板、肝酶)和密切监测。
答案: A · Keep the baby nil by mouth, raise the head and suction the upper pouch as needed
Nothing is given by mouth because it would pool and be inhaled. The head is raised and a tube in the upper pouch is used for continuous or frequent suction, while the baby is prepared for surgery.
答案: A · 呼吸暂停(呼吸停顿)和血氧饱和度 88%
呼吸暂停和低血氧饱和度是重症细支气管炎的征象,需要紧急评估和支持。其他表现是轻度细支气管炎的典型表现。
答案: C · At the same time, on the same scale, in a gown, after emptying the bladder
Standardised weighing gives reliable trends. Patients may drink large amounts of water or hide objects to increase their weight, so consistent conditions and a gown are used.
答案: C · An ECG to look for a prolonged QT interval
Haloperidol and several other antipsychotics can prolong the QT interval, which increases the risk of dangerous ventricular arrhythmias. Fainting and palpitations need an ECG and a check of potassium and magnesium.
答案: m = 4.01 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 140 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.76 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 74 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: t = 6.7 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1070 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 2.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 2 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 09:40 输完。
答案: 轻度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
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