NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient with right-sided weakness is moving from bed to chair. Where should the chair be placed?

  1. AOn the patient's right side, close to the bed
  2. BAcross the room so the patient can practise walking
  3. CAt the foot of the bed facing away
  4. DOn the patient's left side, close to the bed
2.护理学基础困难

某患者的氧饱和度目标为 88–92%。哪种疾病最可能解释这个较低的目标?

  1. A既往健康、没有慢性肺病的患者的肺炎
  2. B有高碳酸血症风险的慢阻肺(COPD)
  3. C年轻成人的哮喘发作
  4. D一氧化碳中毒
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

对于采取接触传播预防的患者,下列哪种设备使用方法是正确的?

  1. A所有患者共用同一个听诊器而不清洁
  2. B把该患者的设备带到下一个房间
  3. C为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带
  4. D从清洁用品间取用设备,用完原样放回
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A chemical cloud has been released near the hospital, and authorities order “shelter in place”. What should staff do?

  1. AEvacuate all patients into the car park at once
  2. BOpen the windows to let fresh air into the wards and dilute the chemical
  3. CKeep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
  4. DSend all visitors home through the main entrance
5.优先排序与委派中等

A nurse teaches a patient who uses crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
  2. B“I will take my weight on my hands, not on my armpits.”
  3. C“I will remove loose rugs from the floor at home.”
  4. D“I will keep the crutch tips in good condition.”
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient admitted with a stroke this morning asks for a glass of water. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive thickened fluids without checking the swallow
  2. BGive the water through a straw so it goes down slowly
  3. CCheck that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
  4. DAsk the family to help the patient drink while sitting upright in a chair at the bedside
7.临床护理中等

Why are patients with atrial fibrillation often given anticoagulants?

  1. ATo reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria
  2. BTo convert the rhythm back to normal
  3. CTo lower the blood pressure
  4. DTo slow the heart rate directly and prevent palpitations
8.临床护理困难

A patient with several days of vomiting and diarrhoea has low blood pressure, low urine output and a rising creatinine. Which description fits best?

  1. AIntrinsic kidney injury from glomerulonephritis, treated with high-dose steroids
  2. BPre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
  3. CPost-renal acute kidney injury from obstruction, treated with a catheter
  4. DChronic kidney disease, treated with long-term dialysis three times a week
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

一名因房颤服用华法林的患者 INR 为 5.2,无出血。护士最好的措施是什么?

  1. A给予通常的剂量,一个月后复查
  2. B暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
  3. C给予双倍剂量
  4. D建议患者从今天起不再吃绿叶蔬菜
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名服用阿哌沙班的患者问,为什么他不需要像服用华法林的邻居那样定期做 INR 检查。最好的解释是什么?

  1. A它的作用可预测,所以不需要常规凝血检查
  2. B阿哌沙班改为每天用 aPTT 监测
  3. C阿哌沙班实际上并不使血液变稀
  4. DINR 是与其他常规血液检查一起偷偷检查的
11.药理学中等

A patient starting niacin (nicotinic acid) complains of flushing and warmth after doses. Which advice may reduce this?

  1. ATake it on an empty stomach in a hot bath
  2. BTake the niacin with a hot drink so that it dissolves and acts faster
  3. CDouble the dose to build tolerance faster
  4. DTake aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin, if the prescriber agrees
12.药理学困难

A patient with Parkinson's disease has nausea. Why should metoclopramide be avoided?

  1. AIt increases dopamine levels in the brain too much and causes psychosis
  2. BIt inhibits the absorption of all oral drugs
  3. CIt blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism
  4. DIt causes severe diarrhoea in Parkinson's disease
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

哪些特征最能描述动脉性下肢溃疡?

  1. A前脚掌下无痛性溃疡,周围有厚厚的胼胝
  2. B小腿胫前渗液的溃疡,伴下肢凹陷性水肿
  3. C脚趾上疼痛、苍白、边缘整齐如凿的溃疡,足部脉搏减弱
  4. D内踝上方浅表、潮湿的溃疡,周围皮肤呈棕色
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient has been on continuous NIV via a full-face mask for two days. Which nursing measure helps prevent the most common complication?

  1. ATighten the straps as far as they will go to stop any leak
  2. BUse the same mask size for every patient
  3. CCheck mask fit and protect the bridge of the nose
  4. DRemove the mask for an hour each time the alarm sounds
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with type 1 diabetes plans a long cycle ride. Which advice is most appropriate?

  1. ACheck glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
  2. BTake an extra dose of rapid-acting insulin before setting off
  3. CAvoid checking glucose until the ride is over
  4. DSkip breakfast so the exercise burns body fat
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?

  1. AAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
  2. BIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
  3. CExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
  4. DTell the patient that crying will slow their recovery
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

严重急性胰腺炎时可能出现哪种电解质问题?

  1. A高钠血症
  2. B高钾血症
  3. C低钙血症
  4. D高钙血症
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

开始治疗高级别淋巴瘤的化疗两天后,一名患者尿量减少;血钾 6.4 mmol/L,磷酸盐高,钙低。护士应怀疑什么并如何处理?

  1. A过敏反应:给抗组胺药,照常继续
  2. B肿瘤溶解综合征:上报,开始心电监护,并预期静脉补液
  3. C单纯脱水:鼓励口服液体,下周复查血液
  4. D预期的化疗副作用:下一个周期前无需处理
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 20 weeks says her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. What is the best advice?

  1. AAvoid all dental visits until after the baby is born
  2. BReport it at once because it is a sign of a clotting disorder
  3. CStop brushing until the bleeding has settled after birth
  4. DUse a soft brush and keep up routine dental care
20.产科护理困难

一名正在输注硫酸镁的产妇呼吸频率为 10 次/分,膝腱反射消失。护士应首先怎么做?

  1. A给予一剂纳洛酮
  2. B停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙
  3. C加快输注速度,因为这些征象表明她的子痫前期正在加重
  4. D2 小时后再检查反射
21.儿科护理中等

How is urine output measured in an infant wearing nappies?

  1. ACount only the number of nappy changes in each shift
  2. BSqueeze the nappy out into a measuring jug and read the volume
  3. CEstimate it from how heavy the nappy feels in the hand
  4. DWeigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
22.儿科护理困难

A 15-year-old with cystic fibrosis has stopped doing her daily physiotherapy. What is the best approach?

  1. ATell her parents to supervise every session until she is 18
  2. BWarn her firmly that she will die soon if she does not do what she is told
  3. CExplore her reasons and plan treatment with her that fits her daily life
  4. DStop the physiotherapy, since she does not want it
23.精神科护理中等

A patient says, "The doctor says I'm getting better, but I don't think anyone here really knows me." Which nurse response is most therapeutic?

  1. A"Why do you think the doctor is wrong about you?"
  2. B"The doctor is very experienced, so you should trust her."
  3. C"Everyone here knows you well, so don't worry."
  4. D"You feel that people here don't really know you?"
24.精神科护理困难

A 10-year-old eats only a few foods and refuses others because he fears choking after a frightening episode. He is losing weight but has no concerns about body shape. Which diagnosis fits best?

  1. ABulimia nervosa
  2. BAvoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
  3. CBinge-eating disorder with secret eating
  4. DAnorexia nervosa
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C102.5 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 102.5 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

102.5 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0021:0503:45t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 21:05 开始,到次日早晨 03:45 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。

21:0503:45
t = h
27.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 0.1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0000.1 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
50%储备液V₁ = ? mL

你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 500 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?

C₁ = 50%C₂ = 0.5%V₂ = 500 mL
V₁ = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?20 gtt/mL30 gtt/min3 h

滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 3 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

30 gtt/min20 gtt/mL3 h
V = mL
30.静脉输液速度困难
200 mg250 mL3 mL/h? mcg/min

200 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 3 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?

200 mg/250 mL3 mL/h
D = mcg/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次水250 mL牛奶240 mL茶200 mL冰屑200 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液375 mL尿液450 mL伤口引流40 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

水: 250 mL牛奶: 240 mL茶: 200 mL冰屑: 200 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 375 mL尿液: 450 mL伤口引流: 40 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL125 mL/h开始 07:1508:15: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 07:15 开始用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 08:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

500 mL125 mL/h07:15 → 08:15
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 16 次/分,SpO₂ 86%吸室内空气,血压 112/68 mmHg,脉搏 64 次/分,清醒,体温 38.0 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 16SpO₂ 86%空气SBP 112HR 64AT 38.0 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · On the patient's left side, close to the bed

为什么是这个答案

Placing the chair on the strong side lets the patient pivot and bear weight on the stronger leg, making the transfer safer.

答案

D · On the patient's left side, close to the bed
2.护理学基础

答案: B · 有高碳酸血症风险的慢阻肺(COPD)

为什么是这个答案

对于有高碳酸性呼吸衰竭风险的慢阻肺患者,给氧过多可能使 CO₂ 升高,因此采用 88–92% 的目标。

答案

B · 有高碳酸血症风险的慢阻肺(COPD)
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带

为什么是这个答案

听诊器、袖带等非关键设备应专用于该患者,或在用于其他患者之前进行清洁和消毒。

答案

C · 为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake

为什么是这个答案

Sheltering in place keeps people inside, away from the hazard. Windows and doors are closed and ventilation systems that bring in outside air are shut off until the all-clear.

答案

C · Keep everyone inside, close windows and doors and shut off outside air intake
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”

为什么是这个答案

Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.

答案

A · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth

为什么是这个答案

After a stroke, the patient stays NPO (nothing by mouth) until a swallow screen shows it is safe. Giving fluids first risks aspiration, even with a straw or thickener.

答案

C · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
7.临床护理

答案: A · To reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria

为什么是这个答案

In AF the atria do not contract effectively, so blood can pool and clot, especially in the left atrial appendage. A clot can travel to the brain, so anticoagulation reduces stroke risk.

答案

A · To reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria
8.临床护理

答案: B · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume

为什么是这个答案

Fluid loss reduces kidney perfusion, causing pre-renal AKI. Prompt fluid replacement can restore function before the kidney tissue itself is damaged.

答案

B · Pre-renal acute kidney injury from poor perfusion, treated by restoring fluid volume
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者

为什么是这个答案

INR 5.2 远高于目标,会增加出血风险。护士应暂停该剂量,检查有无出血迹象并通知开医嘱者,后者可能开较低剂量或维生素 K。

答案

B · 暂停华法林剂量并通知开医嘱者
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 它的作用可预测,所以不需要常规凝血检查

为什么是这个答案

阿哌沙班等直接口服抗凝药在固定剂量下作用可预测,因此不需要常规 INR 检测。应监测肾功能和肝功能、依从性以及出血征象,而 INR 不能可靠地反映其作用。

答案

A · 它的作用可预测,所以不需要常规凝血检查
11.药理学

答案: D · Take aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin, if the prescriber agrees

为什么是这个答案

Niacin causes prostaglandin-mediated vasodilation and flushing. Aspirin beforehand, taking it with food and avoiding hot drinks and alcohol reduce this effect.

答案

D · Take aspirin 30 minutes before the niacin, if the prescriber agrees
12.药理学

答案: C · It blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism

为什么是这个答案

Metoclopramide crosses the blood–brain barrier and antagonises D2 receptors. In Parkinson's disease this worsens rigidity and bradykinesia, so antiemetics that do not block central dopamine receptors are preferred.

答案

C · It blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · 脚趾上疼痛、苍白、边缘整齐如凿的溃疡,足部脉搏减弱

为什么是这个答案

动脉性溃疡由缺血引起:深、边界清楚、苍白或坏死且疼痛,位于脚趾、足跟或受压点,周围皮肤发凉、无毛,脉搏减弱。内踝附近浅表潮湿的溃疡是静脉性的,伴胼胝的无痛性足底溃疡通常是神经病变性(糖尿病)的。

答案

C · 脚趾上疼痛、苍白、边缘整齐如凿的溃疡,足部脉搏减弱
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Check mask fit and protect the bridge of the nose

为什么是这个答案

Pressure injury over the bridge of the nose is common with NIV masks. Correctly sized masks, avoiding overtightening (allowing a small gap under the straps), protective dressings and regular skin checks reduce it. Other problems include eye irritation, dryness and gastric distension.

答案

C · Check mask fit and protect the bridge of the nose
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate

为什么是这个答案

Exercise increases glucose uptake and insulin sensitivity, so hypos can occur during and for hours after activity. Checking glucose, carrying carbohydrate and, if advised, adjusting insulin or food reduce the risk.

答案

A · Check glucose before and after, and carry fast-acting carbohydrate
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand

为什么是这个答案

Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.

答案

C · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · 低钙血症

为什么是这个答案

脂肪坏死释放脂肪酸,与钙结合(皂化),使血清钙降低。低钙血症是严重程度的标志,可引起手足抽搐和心律失常。而高钙血症则可能是胰腺炎的病因。

答案

C · 低钙血症
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 肿瘤溶解综合征:上报,开始心电监护,并预期静脉补液

为什么是这个答案

快速生长的癌症开始治疗后出现高钾、高磷、低钙和尿量减少,提示肿瘤溶解综合征伴 AKI。需要紧急评估、心电监护、静脉补液、治疗高钾血症、按医嘱使用拉布立酶,可能还需要透析。

答案

B · 肿瘤溶解综合征:上报,开始心电监护,并预期静脉补液
19.产科护理

答案: D · Use a soft brush and keep up routine dental care

为什么是这个答案

Gum swelling and bleeding are common because of oestrogen-related vascular changes. Good oral hygiene and routine dental care are safe and recommended in pregnancy.

答案

D · Use a soft brush and keep up routine dental care
20.产科护理

答案: B · 停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙

为什么是这个答案

呼吸抑制和反射消失提示镁中毒。应停止输注,支持呼吸,寻求帮助,检测镁水平,并按医嘱备好葡萄糖酸钙。

答案

B · 停止输注并紧急通知医疗人员,同时备好葡萄糖酸钙
21.儿科护理

答案: D · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL

为什么是这个答案

Weighing nappies before and after use gives an accurate measure of urine output, as 1 g of urine is about 1 mL. This is important in sick infants to calculate output in mL/kg/hour.

答案

D · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
22.儿科护理

答案: C · Explore her reasons and plan treatment with her that fits her daily life

为什么是这个答案

Adherence often falls in adolescence as young people seek independence and normality. Exploring barriers, involving the teenager in decisions, setting goals together and fitting treatment around school and friends work better than threats.

答案

C · Explore her reasons and plan treatment with her that fits her daily life
23.精神科护理

答案: D · "You feel that people here don't really know you?"

为什么是这个答案

Reflecting the patient's concern invites them to explore it. Defending the doctor, reassuring falsely or asking "why" all close the conversation down.

答案

D · "You feel that people here don't really know you?"
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)

为什么是这个答案

ARFID involves avoiding or restricting food because of sensory features, lack of interest or fear of consequences such as choking, leading to weight loss or nutritional problems. Unlike anorexia, there is no disturbance in body image.

答案

B · Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID)
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 39.2 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

102.5 − 32 = 70.5

乘以 5/9

T = 70.5·5/9 = 39.17 ≈ 39.2 °C

答案

T = 39.2 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 6.67 h

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

21:05 → 24:00 = 175 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 03:45 = 225 min

合计

175 + 225 = 400 min
t = 400/60 = 6.667 ≈ 6.67 h

答案

t = 6.67 h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 1 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 0.1/0.1 = 1 mL

答案

V = 1 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

28.剂量计算

答案: V₁ = 5 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 0.5·500/50 = 5 mL

答案

V₁ = 5 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 270 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

30·60/20 = 90 mL/h

体积

V = 90·3 = 270 mL

答案

V = 270 mL
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 40 mcg/min

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

200000 mcg/250 mL = 800 mcg/mL

每小时剂量

3·800 = 2400 mcg/h

每分钟剂量

D = 2400/60 = 40 mcg/min

答案

D = 40 mcg/min
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 625 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 250 + 240 + 200 = 690 mL
冰屑: 200/2 = 100 mL
静脉输液: 75·8 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1490 mL

总出量

375 + 450 + 40 = 865 mL

平衡

B = 1490 − 865 = 625 mL

答案

B = 625 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 375 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

07:15 → 08:15 = 1 h

已输入体积

125·1 = 125 mL

剩余体积

V = 500 − 125 = 375 mL

答案

V = 375 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 17

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 轻度受限 → 3
潮湿程度: 很少潮湿 → 4
活动: 偶尔步行 → 3
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 充足 → 3
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 17

答案

B = 17
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 16/min → 0
SpO₂ 86% → 3
吸空气 → 0
SBP 112 mmHg → 0
HR 64/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 38.0 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 3
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

中低

答案

中低

即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。

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