NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

How should a liquid medicine be measured in a medicine cup?

  1. ABy filling the cup to the very top
  2. BBy pouring until it looks about right
  3. CAt eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
  4. DFrom above, reading the highest point at the edge of the liquid
2.护理学基础困难

一名 70 kg、留置导尿管的术后患者在过去三小时内每小时尿量为 20 mL。最佳的解读是什么?

  1. A多尿,需要限制液体
  2. B导尿管堵塞,可以放心留到早班团队再处理
  3. C术后的正常尿量
  4. D少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Where is a gait belt placed when helping a patient to walk?

  1. AAround the chest, under the arms
  2. BAround the hips, directly on bare skin
  3. CAround the patient’s waist, over clothing
  4. DAround both thighs, just above the knees
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse finds an unknown liquid leaking from a container in the utility room, with a strong smell. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ALeave the area, keep others out and alert the trained response team
  2. BMop it up with paper towels
  3. CPour water over it to dilute it
  4. DMove closer and smell it carefully to identify what the substance is
5.优先排序与委派中等

一名护理助理报告说某患者的血压是 168/98 mmHg(早些时候是 130/80),且患者头痛。RN 应怎么做?

  1. A让助理一小时后复测血压
  2. B让助理现在就给予按需使用的降压药
  3. C评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状
  4. D记录该数值,继续发药
6.优先排序与委派困难

A child is admitted with a suspected Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma). Which instruction is most important for all staff?

  1. AMeasure abdominal girth by pressing firmly
  2. BGive a warm bath with abdominal massage
  3. CEncourage the child to play contact sports
  4. DDo not palpate the abdomen
7.临床护理中等

Why is an urgent brain scan needed before thrombolysis for a suspected stroke?

  1. ATo measure the size of the ventricles
  2. BTo rule out bleeding in the brain
  3. CTo check for brain tumours only
  4. DTo confirm the patient's age
8.临床护理困难

A patient on metformin with reduced kidney function is due a CT scan with IV contrast. Why might metformin be withheld?

  1. AMetformin reacts with the contrast to cause severe hyperglycaemia
  2. BMetformin makes the images blurry
  3. CMetformin causes severe bleeding during scans
  4. DThere is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

When do the blood counts usually reach their lowest point (nadir) after many standard chemotherapy regimens?

  1. AOn the same day as treatment
  2. BAbout 7–14 days after treatment
  3. CWithin 1–2 hours of treatment
  4. DAbout 6 months after treatment
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

收到四项实验室结果。护士应首先处理哪一项?

  1. A一名慢性肾脏病患者血红蛋白 11.8 g/dL(118 g/L)
  2. B一名 CKD 患者钾 6.6 mEq/L,新出现肌无力
  3. C一名糖尿病患者餐后血糖 140 mg/dL(7.8 mmol/L)
  4. D一名昨天因肺炎入院的患者钠 137 mEq/L
11.药理学中等

Which assessment is most important during IV mannitol therapy?

  1. AUrine output, electrolytes and signs of fluid overload
  2. BPlatelet count and signs of bleeding
  3. CBlood glucose before meals and signs of hypoglycaemia
  4. DLiver enzymes and signs of jaundice
12.药理学困难

A patient taking co-trimoxazole develops fever, a spreading blistering rash and painful mouth sores. What is the most likely diagnosis?

  1. ASunburn caused by the drug; advise sunscreen only
  2. BStevens–Johnson syndrome; stop the drug and get urgent medical care
  3. CA mild rash that will settle; continue the drug and give moisturiser
  4. DOral thrush; start an antifungal and continue the antibiotic
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which side effect is particularly common with verapamil?

  1. AHair loss
  2. BDiarrhoea
  3. CConstipation
  4. DDry cough
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名服用比索洛尔和地尔硫䓬的患者头晕,心率 38 次/分,血压 82/50 mmHg。最恰当的首要应对是什么?

  1. A提前给两种药物的下一次剂量,以保持心率稳定
  2. B呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪
  3. C记录观察结果,四小时后复查
  4. D带患者在病房里走动以提高心率
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with gout has recurrent uric acid kidney stones. Which treatment helps prevent them?

  1. ACalcium tablets and a low-fluid diet
  2. BAllopurinol and making the urine less acidic
  3. CRestricting fluids in the evening only
  4. DVitamin C supplements and a high-meat diet
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名甲状腺功能减退患者已数周未服药,入院时体温过低、嗜睡,脉搏 46 次/分,血钠偏低,PaCO₂ 升高。最可能的诊断是什么?

  1. A甲状腺危象
  2. B黏液性水肿昏迷
  3. C肾上腺危象
  4. D中暑
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which advice has good evidence for reducing cancer-related fatigue?

  1. AAvoiding all daily activities
  2. BRegular light to moderate activity, such as walking
  3. CComplete bed rest for the whole course of treatment
  4. DDrinking several strong coffees every evening
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A nurse teaches a patient with GORD. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll keep a diary of foods that trigger my symptoms."
  2. B"I'll stop smoking because it makes reflux worse."
  3. C"Peppermint tea after dinner will settle my reflux."
  4. D"I'll try to lose some weight over the next months."
19.产科护理中等

Which antihypertensive is commonly used in pregnancy but should be avoided in a woman with asthma?

  1. AHydralazine
  2. BNifedipine
  3. CMethyldopa
  4. DLabetalol
20.产科护理困难

一名有剖宫产史、尝试阴道分娩的女性突然出现剧烈腹痛,胎心率急剧下降,且摸不到先露部。最可能的是什么?

  1. A胎头受压引起的早期减速
  2. B前置胎盘
  3. C子宫破裂
  4. D正常进入第二产程
21.儿科护理中等

Which statement about patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) for a child is correct?

  1. AOnly the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
  2. BAny visitor may press it if the child seems uncomfortable
  3. CParents should press the button whenever the child is asleep
  4. DThe nurse should press it every 5 minutes, day and night, to keep the pain away
22.儿科护理困难

Which child on the renal ward should the nurse assess first?

  1. AA 4-year-old with nephrotic syndrome and mild puffy eyelids, stable since admission
  2. BA 6-year-old on IV antibiotics for a UTI who has had no fever for 24 hours
  3. CA 2-year-old after hypospadias repair with clear urine in the catheter bag
  4. DA 7-year-old with glomerulonephritis who has a severe headache and blurred vision
23.精神科护理中等

Which finding in a patient with anorexia nervosa is most concerning?

  1. ADry skin and brittle hair
  2. BFeeling cold in a warm room
  3. CA resting heart rate of 38/min
  4. DConstipation for the past few days
24.精神科护理困难

A patient tells the nurse, "You're the only one I can talk to. You're much better than the other nurses." What is the most appropriate response?

  1. A"You shouldn't compare nurses. That's not fair to them, and it's rude."
  2. B"I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."
  3. C"The other nurses are not as experienced as I am, so it makes sense that you prefer talking to me."
  4. D"Thank you. I'll make sure I'm always the one assigned to you from now on."
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C101.2 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 101.2 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

101.2 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2.2 mg/dL? µmol/L1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 2.2 mg/dL。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 µmol/L 表示的c,取到最接近的整数。

2.2 mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = µmol/L
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 17 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

17 kg10 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
28 kg122 cmBSA = √(h·w/3600)25 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名患者身高 122 cm,体重 28 kg。医嘱为 25 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

122 cm28 kg25 mg/m²
D = mg
29.静脉输液速度中等
980 mL剩余? mL/h10 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 980 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1000 mL / 12 h经过 2 h: 980 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
960 mL剩余? mL/h9 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 960 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

1000 mL / 12 h经过 3 h: 960 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次牛奶100 mL水250 mL果汁200 mL静脉输液125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液400 mL尿液175 mL尿液350 mL尿液375 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

牛奶: 100 mL水: 250 mL果汁: 200 mL静脉输液: 125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 100 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL→ 125 mL/h开始 10:00t总数​ = ? h80 mL/h × 2 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 10:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 125 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL80 mL/h · 2 h125 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 32 次/分,SpO₂ 89%正在补充吸氧,血压 142/86 mmHg,脉搏 132 次/分,清醒,体温 37.4 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?

RR 32SpO₂ 89%O₂SBP 142HR 132AT 37.4 °C
NEWS2 =
34.临床评估评分困难
121?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 65

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 65 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 121 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 65 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 65 mmHgSBP 121 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface

为什么是这个答案

The cup is placed on a flat surface and read at eye level at the bottom of the meniscus. An oral syringe is more accurate for small volumes.

答案

C · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
2.护理学基础

答案: D · 少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h

为什么是这个答案

对 70 kg 的成人来说,0.5 mL/kg/h 即 35 mL/h。连续数小时尿量 20 mL/h 提示肾灌注不良或急性肾损伤。应检查导尿管并上报。

答案

D · 少尿,应予上报,因为低于 0.5 mL/kg/h
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Around the patient’s waist, over clothing

为什么是这个答案

The gait belt goes snugly around the waist over clothing, close to the center of gravity, with room for the nurse’s fingers underneath. Holding it gives control without pulling on the arms.

答案

C · Around the patient’s waist, over clothing
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Leave the area, keep others out and alert the trained response team

为什么是这个答案

An unknown chemical spill may be toxic or flammable. The nurse moves people away, prevents entry and calls the designated hazardous materials team, who check the Safety Data Sheet and use the right equipment.

答案

A · Leave the area, keep others out and alert the trained response team
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · 评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状

为什么是这个答案

血压突然升高并伴有头痛是 RN 必须评估的变化。等待一小时会延误护理,而辅助人员不发药,也不决定治疗。

答案

C · 评估患者,复测血压,并寻找症状
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Do not palpate the abdomen

为什么是这个答案

Palpating a Wilms tumor can rupture the capsule and spread cancer cells. A sign is often put on the bed to warn staff not to palpate the abdomen.

答案

D · Do not palpate the abdomen
7.临床护理

答案: B · To rule out bleeding in the brain

为什么是这个答案

A CT scan distinguishes haemorrhagic from ischaemic stroke. Clot-busting drugs are only given when bleeding has been excluded and other criteria are met.

答案

B · To rule out bleeding in the brain
8.临床护理

答案: D · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens

为什么是这个答案

Iodinated contrast can worsen kidney function, and metformin can then accumulate and cause lactic acidosis. Local policy guides when to stop and restart it.

答案

D · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · About 7–14 days after treatment

为什么是这个答案

Chemotherapy damages dividing marrow cells, but mature neutrophils and platelets already in the blood survive for a while, so counts usually fall to a nadir about 7–14 days later, depending on the drug. Infection and bleeding risks are highest then.

答案

B · About 7–14 days after treatment
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 一名 CKD 患者钾 6.6 mEq/L,新出现肌无力

为什么是这个答案

钾 6.6 mEq/L 伴肌无力可引起危及生命的心律失常。护士应立即安排心电监护并通知医疗人员。CKD 的轻度贫血和餐后血糖轻度升高是预期的;钠正常。

答案

B · 一名 CKD 患者钾 6.6 mEq/L,新出现肌无力
11.药理学

答案: A · Urine output, electrolytes and signs of fluid overload

为什么是这个答案

Mannitol draws fluid into the circulation before it is excreted, which can cause heart failure and pulmonary oedema. The large diuresis can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, so output and electrolytes are monitored.

答案

A · Urine output, electrolytes and signs of fluid overload
12.药理学

答案: B · Stevens–Johnson syndrome; stop the drug and get urgent medical care

为什么是这个答案

Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a severe drug reaction with skin blistering and mucosal involvement. Sulfonamides are a common cause, and the drug must be stopped immediately.

答案

B · Stevens–Johnson syndrome; stop the drug and get urgent medical care
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Constipation

为什么是这个答案

Verapamil is a rate-limiting calcium channel blocker that slows AV conduction. Constipation is its most common side effect. It can also cause bradycardia and should not be combined with beta-blockers without specialist care because of the risk of heart block.

答案

C · Constipation
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · 呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪

为什么是这个答案

β 受体阻滞剂和减慢心率的钙通道阻滞剂对窦房结和房室结有叠加作用。伴有低血压的症状性心动过缓是急症:呼叫援助、监护、暂停这些药物,并按心动过缓流程预期使用阿托品,可能还需要起搏。

答案

B · 呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Allopurinol and making the urine less acidic

为什么是这个答案

Uric acid stones form when urine is acidic and rich in uric acid. High fluid intake, alkalinising the urine (for example with potassium citrate) and allopurinol reduce the risk. Purine-rich foods are limited.

答案

B · Allopurinol and making the urine less acidic
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 黏液性水肿昏迷

为什么是这个答案

黏液性水肿昏迷表现为意识下降、体温过低、心动过缓、通气不足、低钠血症和低血糖,常由感染或漏服药物诱发。需要重症监护,静脉给予甲状腺激素,在排除肾上腺功能不全前给予类固醇覆盖,被动复温,并对镇静药格外谨慎。

答案

B · 黏液性水肿昏迷
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Regular light to moderate activity, such as walking

为什么是这个答案

Exercise, matched to ability, reduces cancer-related fatigue. Pacing, prioritising activities, sleep routines and treating causes such as anaemia or depression also help.

答案

B · Regular light to moderate activity, such as walking
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · "Peppermint tea after dinner will settle my reflux."

为什么是这个答案

Peppermint can relax the lower oesophageal sphincter and may worsen reflux. Weight loss, stopping smoking and avoiding personal triggers are standard lifestyle measures.

答案

C · "Peppermint tea after dinner will settle my reflux."
19.产科护理

答案: D · Labetalol

为什么是这个答案

Labetalol is a beta and alpha blocker and can cause bronchospasm, so it is avoided in asthma. Nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker, is often used instead.

答案

D · Labetalol
20.产科护理

答案: C · 子宫破裂

为什么是这个答案

突发疼痛、胎儿心动过缓和先露位置消失是子宫破裂的典型征象,这种情况罕见但危及生命,需要立即手术。

答案

C · 子宫破裂
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Only the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise

为什么是这个答案

PCA is safe because a sedated child stops pressing the button. If others press it ("PCA by proxy") this safety is lost, risking overdose. Nurse- or parent-controlled analgesia is only used under specific protocols with extra monitoring.

答案

A · Only the child presses the button, unless a protocol says otherwise
22.儿科护理

答案: D · A 7-year-old with glomerulonephritis who has a severe headache and blurred vision

为什么是这个答案

Severe headache and visual disturbance in glomerulonephritis suggest hypertensive encephalopathy, which can lead to seizures. The other children are stable or improving.

答案

D · A 7-year-old with glomerulonephritis who has a severe headache and blurred vision
23.精神科护理

答案: C · A resting heart rate of 38/min

为什么是这个答案

Severe bradycardia suggests cardiovascular compromise from starvation and can lead to dangerous arrhythmias. It is a common reason for urgent medical admission.

答案

C · A resting heart rate of 38/min
24.精神科护理

答案: B · "I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."

为什么是这个答案

Accepting the role of the "only" helper encourages dependence and splitting. The nurse acknowledges the patient's feeling and encourages trust in the whole team, which keeps care consistent.

答案

B · "I'm glad our talks help. All the staff here are working with you, and it's important that you can talk to them too."
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 38.4 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

101.2 − 32 = 69.2

乘以 5/9

T = 69.2·5/9 = 38.44 ≈ 38.4 °C

答案

T = 38.4 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: c = 194 µmol/L

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

c = 2.2·88.4 = 194.5 ≈ 194 µmol/L

答案

c = 194 µmol/L
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 6.8 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 10·17 = 170 mg

体积

V = 170/25 = 6.8 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 6.8 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: D = 24.35 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

体表面积

BSA = √(122·28/3600) = √0.9489 = 0.9741 m²

剂量

D = 25·0.9741 = 24.35 mg

答案

D = 24.35 mg
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 98 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1000/12 = 83.33 mL/h

新速率

R = 980/10 = 98 mL/h

答案

R = 98 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 28 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1000/12 = 83.33 mL/h

新速率

R = 960/9 = 106.7 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (106.7 − 83.33)/83.33·100% = 28%

答案

Δ = 28%

这超过了 25% 的增幅:大多数医院要求你联系开医嘱者,而不是加快补输,并评估患者是否存在液体过多。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 2150 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 100 + 250 + 200 = 550 mL
静脉输液: 125·12 = 1500 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·100 = 100 mL
I = 2150 mL

答案

I = 2150 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 8.7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

80·2 = 160 mL
1000 − 160 = 840 mL 剩余

第二部分

840/125 = 6.72 h

总时间

t = 2 + 6.72 = 8.72 ≈ 8.7 h

答案

t = 8.7 h

约为 8 h 43 min,所以袋子大约在 18:43 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: NEWS2 = 11

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 32/min → 3
SpO₂ 89% → 3
吸氧 → 2
SBP 142 mmHg → 0
HR 132/min → 3
清醒 (A) → 0
T 37.4 °C → 0

相加

NEWS2 = 3 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 = 11

答案

NEWS2 = 11
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 37 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·65 − 121)/2 = 74/2 = 37 mmHg

答案

DBP = 37 mmHg

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