感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When are non-sterile gloves needed?
Five days after hip surgery, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with sharp chest pain and a fast heart rate. What should the nurse suspect?
Which type of white blood cell is most often raised in viral infections?
A nurse finds that a patient has been taking their own sleeping pills from a bedside drawer while also receiving a hypnotic from the ward. What should the nurse do?
Straight after birth, what is the first priority for a healthy-looking newborn?
一名患者 45 分钟前突然说话困难。哪项行动优先级最高?
Which is a major risk factor for Clostridioides difficile infection?
A day after surgery, a patient's haemoglobin has fallen from 125 g/L to 85 g/L (12.5 to 8.5 g/dL) and their heart rate has risen to 118/min. What is the priority?
一名室性心律失常患者的监护仪上显示扭转样图形(尖端扭转型室速)。常静脉给予哪种电解质作为治疗?
A patient with a round face, central weight gain and purple stretch marks has a glucose of 210 mg/dL (11.7 mmol/L) and a potassium of 3.1 mEq/L. Which condition fits best?
二甲双胍主要通过什么方式降低血糖?
A toddler swallowed many of his mother's iron tablets. He has vomiting and bloody diarrhoea. Which drug may be used to bind iron?
A patient on home oxygen has dry, sore lips. Which product is safest to use?
A patient being treated for pulmonary TB repeatedly misses doses and stops when they feel better. Which strategy is most effective?
为什么 CKD 患者常在餐时服用磷结合剂?
A nurse teaches the family of a patient on insulin how to manage a severe hypo. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Why are laxatives and enemas avoided when appendicitis is suspected?
A patient with long-standing chronic pancreatitis now has weight loss, thirst and passing large volumes of urine. What should the nurse check first?
Which measure helps prevent venous thromboembolism after a caesarean?
A woman with a placenta praevia at 35 weeks is waiting for a planned caesarean. Which activity should she avoid?
Which snack is safest for a 2-year-old?
A 4-year-old chokes on a sweet but is coughing forcefully and can speak. What should the nurse do?
一名服用抗精神病药的患者不停地来回踱步,并说他无法静坐。这称为什么?
During a ward community meeting, several patients complain that the ward is too noisy at night. What reflects a therapeutic milieu?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 38 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tsp / 止咳糖浆, ½ 杯 / 茶, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 3 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 16 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方剂量为 145 微克。安瓿浓度为 0.5 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 100 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一组输液以 25 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 750 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 150 mL/h 输注。到 19:00 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 16 次/分,SpO₂ 91%吸室内空气,血压 112/68 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,清醒,体温 36.1 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名练习用新生儿出生后 1 分钟时:躯干粉红,手脚青紫,心率 85 次/分,刺激时哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏,四肢略有屈曲,呼吸良好,哭声响亮。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
答案: D · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答案: D · A pulmonary embolism
Sudden breathlessness, pleuritic chest pain and tachycardia after surgery suggest a clot from the leg has reached the lungs. This is an emergency needing urgent medical review.
答案: D · Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes increase in many viral infections. Neutrophils rise mainly with bacterial infections, and eosinophils with allergies and parasites.
答案: A · Secure the home medication per policy and inform the provider
Unrecorded home medicines can lead to duplicate doses, interactions and falls. They are stored or sent home according to policy, and the provider is told so the treatment plan can be reviewed.
答案: C · Dry and warm the baby while checking that it is breathing
Breathing and keeping warm come first. Drying stimulates breathing and reduces heat loss; skin-to-skin contact helps. Weighing and routine injections can wait.
答案: D · 启动卒中团队进行紧急影像学检查,并记录最后已知正常的时间
溶栓治疗与时间有关,且需要先做影像学检查以排除出血。最后已知正常的时间决定是否符合条件。影像学检查前不给阿司匹林,在吞咽筛查之前不经口给予任何东西。
答案: B · Recent broad-spectrum antibiotic use
Broad-spectrum antibiotics disrupt normal gut flora, letting C. difficile overgrow. Older age, hospital stay and proton pump inhibitors also increase the risk.
答案: B · Escalate urgently, as the patient may be bleeding
A large fall in haemoglobin with tachycardia suggests ongoing blood loss. The nurse assesses the patient with ABCDE, checks wounds and drains and escalates for urgent review.
答案: A · 硫酸镁
静脉硫酸镁是尖端扭转型室速的标准药物治疗,即使血清镁正常也应使用。低镁和低钾都会延长 QT 间期并增加风险。
答案: D · Cushing syndrome
Excess cortisol raises glucose, causes central obesity, a round face and purple striae, and has some mineralocorticoid effect that lowers potassium. Adrenal insufficiency causes low glucose and high potassium.核对依据: Hypercortisolism (Cushing Syndrome) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025); Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: A · 减少肝脏葡萄糖的生成
二甲双胍主要减少肝脏糖异生并改善胰岛素敏感性。由于它不刺激胰岛素释放,单独使用时很少发生低血糖。
答案: B · Deferoxamine (desferrioxamine)
Iron poisoning can cause GI bleeding, shock, metabolic acidosis and liver failure. Deferoxamine chelates iron and is used in serious poisoning; activated charcoal does not bind iron.
答案: B · A water-based lubricant
Oil-based products such as petroleum jelly can ignite or burn intensely in high oxygen concentrations and have caused facial burns. Water-based products are recommended. Oxygen cylinders are kept upright and secured, away from heat and flames.
答案: B · Directly observed therapy with support for barriers to adherence
Directly observed therapy, where a health worker watches each dose, plus help with practical and social barriers, improves completion and reduces multidrug-resistant TB. Single-drug therapy or interrupted treatment breeds resistance.
答案: C · 它们结合肾脏无法排泄的食物磷酸盐
在 CKD 中,磷酸盐潴留导致继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进、肾性骨病和血管钙化。随餐服用的磷结合剂在肠道内结合饮食中的磷酸盐。同时还需限制饮食中的磷。
答案: B · "If she is unconscious, I will pour juice into her mouth."
An unconscious person cannot swallow safely, so fluids in the mouth can be aspirated. The family should put the person in the recovery position, give glucagon if trained and call for help. Once awake and able to swallow, the person eats a longer-acting carbohydrate.
答案: A · They may increase the risk of perforation
Stimulating peristalsis can raise pressure on an inflamed appendix and may lead to rupture and peritonitis. The patient is kept nil by mouth while awaiting surgical assessment.
答案: B · Capillary blood glucose
Destruction of islet cells in chronic pancreatitis can cause diabetes (type 3c). Thirst, polyuria and weight loss suggest hyperglycaemia, which is checked straight away.
答案: B · Early mobilisation
Early walking, adequate hydration, compression stockings or devices and anticoagulant prophylaxis for women at risk reduce VTE after caesarean. Pillows under the knees can restrict venous return.
答案: A · Sexual intercourse
Women with placenta praevia are advised to avoid intercourse and anything inserted into the vagina because it may cause bleeding. They should report any bleeding or contractions straight away.
答案: D · Small pieces of soft cooked vegetables
Round, firm foods such as whole grapes, nuts and popcorn can block a young child's airway. Soft foods cut into small pieces are safer, and children should always sit down and be supervised while eating.
答案: D · Encourage her to keep coughing and stay with her, watching closely
A child who can cough effectively and speak has a partly open airway. Back blows or thrusts are not started, and blind finger sweeps can push the object further in. If the cough becomes ineffective, back blows and abdominal thrusts are given.
答案: C · 静坐不能
静坐不能是一种内心的不安,伴有想要活动的冲动。它令人痛苦,可能被误认为是激越或焦虑,并与不依从治疗和自杀风险增加有关。
答案: B · Discuss the problem openly and involve patients in finding a solution
In a therapeutic milieu, the ward environment itself is used for treatment. Shared decision-making in community meetings builds responsibility, social skills and trust.
答案: T = 100.4 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 260 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 6.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.29 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 25 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: t = 10 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 205 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 2 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 2 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 21:00 输完。
答案: NEWS2 = 3
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 令人放心
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
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