感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
In the PQRST pain assessment, what does "Q" ask about?
某患者的氧饱和度目标为 88–92%。哪种疾病最可能解释这个较低的目标?
A patient has highly contagious viral conjunctivitis. Which teaching is most important?
一名水痘患儿入院。由哪位工作人员护理该患儿最合适?
On the first day after abdominal surgery, a patient has a temperature of 37.9 °C and reduced breath sounds at the lung bases. Which nursing action is most helpful?
A patient has full-thickness burns all the way around the chest and is finding it harder to breathe, although the airway is clear. What does this suggest?
一名患者的液体平衡记录显示 24 小时入量 1,200 mL,出量 2,300 mL。这表示什么?
一名烧伤面积达体表面积 30% 的患者入院。在最初 24 小时内,最令人担心的早期并发症是什么?
A patient with a low clinical probability of deep vein thrombosis has a normal (negative) D-dimer. What is the best interpretation?
A patient with acute pancreatitis has a rising BUN, a falling calcium and a glucose of 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) over the first 48 hours. What do these results suggest?
A malnourished patient with alcohol dependence needs IV glucose. Which vitamin should be given before or with it?
Why is adenosine used with caution in patients with asthma?
What is the purpose of a mucolytic such as carbocisteine in chronic productive cough?
一名护士正在为四位患者安排护理。应首先评估哪位患者?
服用葡萄糖片十五分钟后,一名患者的血糖从 3.2 升至 5.1 mmol/L。下一餐在两小时后。接下来应怎么做?
A patient's corrected calcium is 1.7 mmol/L (about 6.8 mg/dL). Which ECG change is most typical?
A patient received IV morphine 20 minutes ago and the surgical consent form has not been signed. What should the nurse do?
A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?
A woman at 39 weeks with a healthy pregnancy asks about walking in early labour. What is the best advice?
A woman at 6 weeks has vaginal spotting and one-sided pelvic pain. Her hCG rose only slightly over 48 hours and no pregnancy is seen in the uterus on transvaginal ultrasound. What is the priority concern?
How should a 4-month-old be protected from the sun?
A large baby born to a mother with diabetes becomes jittery at 1 hour of age. What should the nurse check first?
为什么不推荐把“不自杀协议”作为一种安全措施?
Which patient should the nurse check first?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 05:10(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tsp,每 12 小时一次,共 7 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
某患者体重 80 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 2 mg/kg,分 4 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一名患者体重 24.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 0.5 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 10 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 3 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 30 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 400 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 17:00 开始以 125 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,对人物、地点和时间定向正常,最佳运动反应表现为:遵嘱动作。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 12 次/分,SpO₂ 93%正在补充吸氧,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,仅对声音有反应,体温 39.6 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: A · The quality of the pain, such as sharp, dull or burning
PQRST covers Provoking or palliating factors, Quality, Region and radiation, Severity and Timing. Describing the quality helps identify the cause of the pain.
答案: D · 有高碳酸血症风险的慢阻肺(COPD)
对于有高碳酸性呼吸衰竭风险的慢阻肺患者,给氧过多可能使 CO₂ 升高,因此采用 88–92% 的目标。
答案: C · Wash hands often and do not share towels, pillows or eye drops
Viral conjunctivitis spreads easily by contact with eye secretions. Hand hygiene, not touching the eyes and not sharing towels, pillows or eye products reduce spread.
答案: C · 有书面记录证明对水痘有免疫力的护士
应由免疫状况确凿(来自接种疫苗或既往感染)的工作人员护理水痘患者。无免疫力的工作人员,尤其是孕期工作人员,有感染风险,并可能把病毒传给其他患者。
答案: A · Encourage deep breathing, coughing and use of the incentive spirometer
Reduced basal breath sounds and a mild temperature early after surgery often mean atelectasis. Deep breathing, coughing, incentive spirometry and early mobilization help re-expand the lungs.
答案: D · The tight burned skin is restricting chest movement, so an escharotomy may be needed
Circumferential full-thickness burns form stiff eschar that can stop the chest expanding. An escharotomy, cutting through the eschar, may be needed urgently to allow breathing.
答案: B · 液体负平衡 1,100 mL
1,200 − 2,300 = −1,100 mL。负平衡意味着丢失的液体多于获得的液体,可能导致脱水。
答案: D · 体液丢失引起的低血容量性休克
大面积烧伤使液体移出循环,因此按公式指导的静脉液体复苏和尿量监测是关键。呼吸道烧伤是另一个早期危险。
答案: D · A DVT is unlikely and can usually be ruled out
D-dimer is very sensitive, so a negative result in a patient with low clinical probability makes DVT or PE unlikely. A positive result is not specific, because surgery, infection, pregnancy and cancer also raise D-dimer; imaging is then needed.核对依据: D-Dimer Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · Increasingly severe pancreatitis
Rising BUN (fluid loss and kidney injury), low calcium and hyperglycemia are markers of more severe pancreatitis in scoring systems. The nurse monitors fluid balance, vital signs and organ function closely and reports deterioration.核对依据: Acute pancreatitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · Thiamine (vitamin B1)
Giving glucose without thiamine to a thiamine-deficient patient can trigger or worsen Wernicke's encephalopathy. Thiamine is therefore given before or alongside glucose.
答案: B · It can cause bronchospasm
Adenosine can trigger bronchospasm in people with asthma or COPD. Other treatment options, such as verapamil, may be chosen.
答案: C · To make sputum thinner and easier to cough up
Mucolytics reduce sputum viscosity, which can make expectoration easier and may reduce exacerbations in some people with COPD. They are not bronchodilators or antibiotics. Cough suppressants are generally avoided in productive cough.
答案: C · SpO₂ 从 90% 降至 83% 并新出现嗜睡的 COPD 患者
饱和度下降并新出现嗜睡提示急性呼吸衰竭,可能伴有高碳酸血症,需要立即评估。其他患者情况稳定,他们的需求可以稍等。
答案: D · 给予作用更持久的碳水化合物点心,如三明治
一旦血糖高于 4 mmol/L,作用更持久的碳水化合物(或到点的下一餐)可防止复发。应查明并记录低血糖的原因,如果反复发作,应复核治疗方案。
答案: C · A prolonged QT interval
Hypocalcaemia prolongs the QT interval, which can lead to dangerous arrhythmias. A short QT is seen in hypercalcaemia, and peaked T waves are typical of hyperkalaemia.
答案: A · Tell the surgeon, as the patient may not be able to consent now
Opioids and sedatives can impair understanding, so consent may not be valid. The surgeon is informed; consent is obtained when the patient has capacity, or other legal processes are followed in an emergency.
答案: C · Omeprazole
PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.
答案: C · Walking and upright positions can help progress
Upright positions and mobility in the first stage can shorten labour and reduce the need for epidurals. She can choose positions that feel comfortable.
答案: A · An ectopic pregnancy
A slowly rising hCG with an empty uterus at a level where a sac should be seen suggests an ectopic pregnancy. Rupture can cause life-threatening bleeding, so she needs close monitoring and urgent review.
答案: D · Keep the baby out of direct sun, in the shade, with light clothing and a hat
Babies under about 6 months should be kept out of direct sunlight, protected by shade, clothing and hats. Sunscreen is mainly for older infants and children, on skin that cannot be covered.
答案: D · The baby's blood glucose
Babies of mothers with diabetes produce extra insulin before birth, so after the cord is cut they are at high risk of hypoglycaemia. Jitteriness is a common sign, so blood glucose is checked straight away and the baby is fed or treated as per protocol.
答案: D · 没有证据表明它们能预防自杀,而且可能带来虚假的安心感
不自杀协议不能代替评估。推荐采用协作式安全计划、减少获得手段的途径以及必要时的密切观察。
答案: D · A patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
Over-sedation with respiratory depression after rapid tranquillisation is a medical emergency. Airway, breathing and vital signs are checked immediately, and help is called.
答案: 5:10 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 35 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 40 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.55 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: t = 3.3 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1450 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 6.2 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 10 min,所以袋子大约在 23:10 输完。
答案: 轻度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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