感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
伤口愈合各阶段的正确顺序是什么?
A patient with capacity tells the nurse they do not want the operation their family keeps pushing for. What is the nurse's best action?
Hair must be removed from a planned surgical site. Which method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?
A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?
最适合分配给 LPN/LVN 的患者是哪一位?
A patient in hypovolemic shock is receiving IV fluids. Which finding best shows that the treatment is working?
A patient has lost more than 10% of their body weight without trying over the last few months and has a low BMI. What is the most appropriate action?
一名头部外伤患者出现血压升高、心率减慢和呼吸不规则。这提示:
A patient's levothyroxine dose was changed today. When is the TSH usually rechecked?
A patient has eaten very little for 2 weeks and has received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The INR is now 2.3 without warfarin, and the platelets are normal. What is the most likely cause?
哪类利尿剂作用于髓袢升支粗段?
A patient who used heroin a few hours ago is given a first dose of buprenorphine and quickly develops severe withdrawal. Why?
A patient on ramipril is to start sacubitril/valsartan for heart failure. What is the key safety point?
一名因心房颤动服用华法林的患者被开具克拉霉素。哪项措施最恰当?
A patient taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist has severe, constant upper abdominal pain spreading to the back, with vomiting. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient with polycystic kidney disease suddenly has the worst headache of their life and neck stiffness. What should the nurse suspect?
Which practice is correct when giving parenteral nutrition through a central line?
A patient with facial burns from a house fire was talking normally on arrival. Two hours later, the voice is hoarse and there is stridor. What should the nurse do?
A newborn's blood glucose is low but the baby is well and able to feed. What is the usual first step?
一名实习护生正在护理接受光疗的黄疸新生儿。哪项做法需要纠正?
Which temperature is usually taken as fever in a child?
A 12-year-old with asthma has been prescribed a preventer inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid) to take every day. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient taking clozapine complains of drooling, especially at night. How should the nurse respond?
A resident with dementia accuses staff of stealing her purse, which she has misplaced. What is the most appropriate response?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 39 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 8 小时一次,共 14 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 7.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 8 mL。医嘱为 200 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
一名体重 18 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 20 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 8 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 10:00 开始用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 16:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 20 次/分,SpO₂ 95%吸室内空气,血压 222/134 mmHg,脉搏 64 次/分,清醒,体温 37.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · 止血期、炎症期、增生期、成熟期
愈合从止血开始,然后炎症清除碎屑,增生期形成新组织,成熟期(重塑期)在数月内使瘢痕变得更坚固。
答案: D · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes
As an advocate the nurse makes sure the patient's own wishes are heard. A competent adult decides about their treatment, and the family's views do not override this.
答案: A · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.
答案: D · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.
答案: D · 需要口服药物的稳定的慢性心力衰竭患者
使用常规口服药物的稳定慢性心力衰竭是可预测的护理。新发胸痛、开始输血以及手术后的首次评估需要 RN 的评估。
答案: D · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
Improving urine output, mental state and heart rate show better tissue perfusion. A rising heart rate and cool skin suggest ongoing shock, and new crackles may mean fluid overload.
答案: B · Refer to the dietitian and start a nutrition care plan with food charts
Large unplanned weight loss with a low BMI means high malnutrition risk. Management includes dietitian referral, food and fluid charts, support with eating and regular weighing.
答案: A · 颅内压增高(库欣三联征)
库欣三联征(高血压伴脉压增大、心动过缓和呼吸不规则)是颅内压增高的晚期征象,需要紧急处理。
答案: B · After about 6–8 weeks
Levothyroxine has a half-life of about a week, so a steady state takes about 6 weeks. The TSH is therefore rechecked about 6–8 weeks after a dose change; checking earlier gives a misleading result.核对依据: Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · Vitamin K deficiency
Vitamin K comes from the diet and from gut bacteria. Poor intake plus antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency, which lowers factors II, VII, IX and X and prolongs the PT/INR. Vitamin K replacement corrects it.核对依据: Vitamin K Deficiency in Neonates and Adults (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · 袢利尿剂,如呋塞米
袢利尿剂阻断升支粗段的 Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ 同向转运体,是作用最强的利尿剂。
答案: D · Buprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin
Buprenorphine binds mu receptors more strongly than heroin but activates them less, so it can precipitate withdrawal. Induction is started when the patient already has mild to moderate withdrawal signs.
答案: C · The ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
Combining an ACE inhibitor with sacubitril/valsartan greatly increases the risk of angioedema. The ACE inhibitor is stopped and a washout period (usually 36 hours) is observed before starting. Blood pressure, potassium and renal function are monitored.
答案: A · 询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高
包括克拉霉素等大环内酯类、某些氟喹诺酮类和复方磺胺甲噁唑在内的几种抗生素,可使 INR 升高并增加出血风险。需要更密切地监测 INR,并可能需要调整剂量。未经建议停用或加倍华法林是不安全的。
答案: C · Acute pancreatitis
GLP-1 receptor agonists have been linked to acute pancreatitis. Severe persistent abdominal pain radiating to the back needs urgent assessment, and the drug is stopped if pancreatitis is suspected.
答案: A · A subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm
Adult polycystic kidney disease is associated with berry aneurysms. A sudden thunderclap headache suggests subarachnoid haemorrhage and needs emergency assessment and CT imaging.
答案: B · Use a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique
PN is rich in nutrients that bacteria can use. A dedicated lumen, aseptic non-touch technique and hanging limits reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection.
答案: B · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
Progressive hoarseness and stridor after a facial or inhalation burn mean the airway is narrowing. Early intubation by an experienced anaesthetist is needed before swelling makes it impossible. The patient is sat up and given oxygen.
答案: D · Feed the baby and recheck the glucose
For mild, asymptomatic hypoglycaemia, early feeding and buccal glucose gel are used, with glucose rechecked per protocol. Symptomatic or persistent hypoglycaemia needs IV glucose.
答案: C · 在开灯前在皮肤上涂婴儿油
油和乳液在光疗灯下可能引起灼伤,不应涂抹。眼罩保护视网膜;由于液体丢失增加,需监测体温和水分状况;喂奶时可在不戴眼罩的情况下与婴儿进行眼神交流。
答案: B · 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher
A temperature of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher is generally considered a fever in children. In young infants even a modest fever can signal serious infection and needs prompt assessment.
答案: D · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
Preventer (inhaled corticosteroid) inhalers reduce airway inflammation and must be taken daily as prescribed, even when the child feels well. Carrying a reliever, rinsing the mouth and using a spacer are correct.
答案: C · Recognise it as a common side effect, report it and suggest a towel on the pillow
Hypersalivation is a common, unpleasant effect of clozapine, often worse at night. It can be embarrassing and affect adherence, so it is reported; treatments are available, and the nurse also watches for aspiration risk.
答案: C · Stay calm, acknowledge her worry and offer to help her look for it
False accusations of theft are common in dementia when items are misplaced. Acknowledging the feeling, helping to search and keeping items in regular places reduce distress.
答案: T = 102.2 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 420 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 0.8 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 18 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 42 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。
答案: D = 4 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 335 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: V = 480 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 9
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
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