NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

伤口愈合各阶段的正确顺序是什么?

  1. A成熟期、增生期、炎症期、止血期
  2. B炎症期、止血期、成熟期、增生期
  3. C增生期、炎症期、止血期、成熟期
  4. D止血期、炎症期、增生期、成熟期
2.护理学基础困难

A patient with capacity tells the nurse they do not want the operation their family keeps pushing for. What is the nurse's best action?

  1. ATell the patient to follow the family's advice
  2. BSay nothing to avoid a conflict with the family
  3. CLet the family decide, as they know the patient best
  4. DSupport the patient to tell the team their wishes
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Hair must be removed from a planned surgical site. Which method reduces the risk of surgical site infection?

  1. AClipping with electric clippers just before surgery
  2. BUsing wax strips on the morning of surgery
  3. CShaving with a disposable razor the night before surgery
  4. DShaving with a razor just before the incision
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient on contact precautions for MRSA has become withdrawn and says, “Everyone avoids me.” What is the best nursing action?

  1. AKeep visits short to limit the risk of spreading MRSA
  2. BStop the precautions for a few days so the patient feels less isolated and alone
  3. CAsk the provider for a sedative to help the patient cope
  4. DExplain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
5.优先排序与委派中等

最适合分配给 LPN/LVN 的患者是哪一位?

  1. A30 分钟前因新发胸痛入院的患者
  2. B即将接受第一单位红细胞输注的患者
  3. C从恢复室转来、需要初步评估的患者
  4. D需要口服药物的稳定的慢性心力衰竭患者
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient in hypovolemic shock is receiving IV fluids. Which finding best shows that the treatment is working?

  1. ANew crackles at both lung bases
  2. BA heart rate that keeps rising after each bag of fluid
  3. CCooler, paler skin on the arms and legs
  4. DUrine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
7.临床护理中等

A patient has lost more than 10% of their body weight without trying over the last few months and has a low BMI. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. ARestrict fluids to encourage appetite and give a low-protein diet instead
  2. BRefer to the dietitian and start a nutrition care plan with food charts
  3. CEncourage a low-calorie diet
  4. DWeigh the patient again in six months and review at that point
8.临床护理困难

一名头部外伤患者出现血压升高、心率减慢和呼吸不规则。这提示:

  1. A颅内压增高(库欣三联征)
  2. B脓毒症
  3. C隐匿性内出血引起的低血容量性休克
  4. D惊恐发作
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient's levothyroxine dose was changed today. When is the TSH usually rechecked?

  1. AAfter about 1 year
  2. BAfter about 6–8 weeks
  3. CAfter about 3 days
  4. DAfter about 24 hours
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient has eaten very little for 2 weeks and has received broad-spectrum antibiotics. The INR is now 2.3 without warfarin, and the platelets are normal. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AImmune thrombocytopenia
  2. BVitamin K deficiency
  3. CHemophilia A
  4. DIron-deficiency anemia
11.药理学中等

哪类利尿剂作用于髓袢升支粗段?

  1. A渗透性利尿剂
  2. B噻嗪类利尿剂
  3. C袢利尿剂,如呋塞米
  4. D保钾利尿剂
12.药理学困难

A patient who used heroin a few hours ago is given a first dose of buprenorphine and quickly develops severe withdrawal. Why?

  1. ABuprenorphine is a pure antagonist like naloxone with no agonist effect
  2. BBuprenorphine has no effect at opioid receptors
  3. CBuprenorphine causes an allergic reaction in heroin users
  4. DBuprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient on ramipril is to start sacubitril/valsartan for heart failure. What is the key safety point?

  1. ASacubitril/valsartan is safe to start on the same morning
  2. BBoth drugs should be taken together each day for the best effect
  3. CThe ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
  4. DThe ACE inhibitor dose should be doubled during the change
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名因心房颤动服用华法林的患者被开具克拉霉素。哪项措施最恰当?

  1. A询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高
  2. B不作任何改变,因为抗生素不影响华法林
  3. C疗程期间将华法林剂量加倍
  4. D整个抗生素疗程期间停用华法林
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient taking a GLP-1 receptor agonist has severe, constant upper abdominal pain spreading to the back, with vomiting. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AA simple urinary tract infection
  2. BLow blood glucose
  3. CAcute pancreatitis
  4. DNormal nausea from the drug
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with polycystic kidney disease suddenly has the worst headache of their life and neck stiffness. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AA subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm
  2. BPain spreading upwards from a kidney cyst
  3. CA urinary infection that has spread
  4. DA migraine linked to high blood pressure
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which practice is correct when giving parenteral nutrition through a central line?

  1. AGive other IV drugs through the same lumen to save time
  2. BUse a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique
  3. CLet the bag hang at room temperature for several days
  4. DDisconnect and reconnect the line without cleaning the hub
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient with facial burns from a house fire was talking normally on arrival. Two hours later, the voice is hoarse and there is stridor. What should the nurse do?

  1. AEncourage the patient to rest the voice and reassess tomorrow
  2. BCall for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
  3. CLay the patient flat to help them sleep
  4. DGive a warm drink to soothe the throat
19.产科护理中等

A newborn's blood glucose is low but the baby is well and able to feed. What is the usual first step?

  1. AWithhold feeds and observe for 6 hours
  2. BGive the baby plain water by bottle
  3. CGive IV insulin immediately
  4. DFeed the baby and recheck the glucose
20.产科护理困难

一名实习护生正在护理接受光疗的黄疸新生儿。哪项做法需要纠正?

  1. A光疗期间用眼罩遮盖婴儿的眼睛
  2. B定期检查婴儿的体温和水分状况
  3. C在开灯前在皮肤上涂婴儿油
  4. D喂奶时关灯后取下眼罩
21.儿科护理中等

Which temperature is usually taken as fever in a child?

  1. A39.5 °C (103.1 °F) or higher
  2. B38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher
  3. C37.0 °C (98.6 °F) or higher
  4. D37.5 °C (99.5 °F) or higher
22.儿科护理困难

A 12-year-old with asthma has been prescribed a preventer inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid) to take every day. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I carry my reliever inhaler with me everywhere I go."
  2. B"I use my spacer with my inhaler, even at school."
  3. C"I rinse my mouth after using my preventer inhaler."
  4. D"I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
23.精神科护理中等

A patient taking clozapine complains of drooling, especially at night. How should the nurse respond?

  1. ATell him that it means the clozapine dose is too low and needs to be increased
  2. BExplain that it is a sign of an allergic reaction to the medicine
  3. CRecognise it as a common side effect, report it and suggest a towel on the pillow
  4. DStop the clozapine immediately, because this is a sign of agranulocytosis
24.精神科护理困难

A resident with dementia accuses staff of stealing her purse, which she has misplaced. What is the most appropriate response?

  1. AIgnore the accusation and walk away until she forgets about it
  2. BInsist that nobody would steal from her
  3. CStay calm, acknowledge her worry and offer to help her look for it
  4. DTell her that her memory is the problem and that the purse is not stolen
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C? °F39 °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 39 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。

39 °C
T = °F
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp · 3/天 · 14 d? mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 8 小时一次,共 14 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?

2 tsp每 8 小时一次14 天1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
2 g+ 7.4 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 7.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 8 mL。医嘱为 200 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

2 g+ 7.4 mL → 8 mL200 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
100 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 18 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 20 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?

18 kg20 mg/kg100 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1000 mL20 gtt/mL8 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 8 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1000 mL8 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mg500 mL5 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

400 mg/500 mL5 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次牛奶100 mL水350 mL果冻100 mL静脉输液80 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液200 mL尿液425 mL尿液350 mL呕吐物250 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。

牛奶: 100 mL水: 350 mL果冻: 100 mL静脉输液: 80 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL尿液: 200 mL尿液: 425 mL尿液: 350 mL呕吐物: 250 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL80 mL/h开始 10:0016:30: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 10:00 开始用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 16:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

1000 mL80 mL/h10:00 → 16:30
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 20 次/分,SpO₂ 95%吸室内空气,血压 222/134 mmHg,脉搏 64 次/分,清醒,体温 37.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 20SpO₂ 95%空气SBP 222HR 64AT 37.3 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · 止血期、炎症期、增生期、成熟期

为什么是这个答案

愈合从止血开始,然后炎症清除碎屑,增生期形成新组织,成熟期(重塑期)在数月内使瘢痕变得更坚固。

答案

D · 止血期、炎症期、增生期、成熟期
2.护理学基础

答案: D · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes

为什么是这个答案

As an advocate the nurse makes sure the patient's own wishes are heard. A competent adult decides about their treatment, and the family's views do not override this.

答案

D · Support the patient to tell the team their wishes
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery

为什么是这个答案

Razors cause tiny skin cuts that bacteria can colonize, which raises the infection risk. If hair must be removed, clippers are used close to the time of surgery.

答案

A · Clipping with electric clippers just before surgery
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room

为什么是这个答案

Isolation can cause loneliness, anxiety and depression, and patients in isolation may get less contact with staff. The nurse explains the reason for the precautions, spends planned time with the patient and supports visits from people who follow the precautions.

答案

D · Explain why the precautions are needed and plan regular, unhurried time in the room
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 需要口服药物的稳定的慢性心力衰竭患者

为什么是这个答案

使用常规口服药物的稳定慢性心力衰竭是可预测的护理。新发胸痛、开始输血以及手术后的首次评估需要 RN 的评估。

答案

D · 需要口服药物的稳定的慢性心力衰竭患者
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking

为什么是这个答案

Improving urine output, mental state and heart rate show better tissue perfusion. A rising heart rate and cool skin suggest ongoing shock, and new crackles may mean fluid overload.

答案

D · Urine output at least 0.5 mL/kg/h and clearer thinking
7.临床护理

答案: B · Refer to the dietitian and start a nutrition care plan with food charts

为什么是这个答案

Large unplanned weight loss with a low BMI means high malnutrition risk. Management includes dietitian referral, food and fluid charts, support with eating and regular weighing.

答案

B · Refer to the dietitian and start a nutrition care plan with food charts
8.临床护理

答案: A · 颅内压增高(库欣三联征)

为什么是这个答案

库欣三联征(高血压伴脉压增大、心动过缓和呼吸不规则)是颅内压增高的晚期征象,需要紧急处理。

答案

A · 颅内压增高(库欣三联征)
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · After about 6–8 weeks

为什么是这个答案

Levothyroxine has a half-life of about a week, so a steady state takes about 6 weeks. The TSH is therefore rechecked about 6–8 weeks after a dose change; checking earlier gives a misleading result.核对依据: Hypothyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · After about 6–8 weeks
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Vitamin K deficiency

为什么是这个答案

Vitamin K comes from the diet and from gut bacteria. Poor intake plus antibiotics can cause vitamin K deficiency, which lowers factors II, VII, IX and X and prolongs the PT/INR. Vitamin K replacement corrects it.核对依据: Vitamin K Deficiency in Neonates and Adults (StatPearls) · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026); Prothrombin time (PT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · Vitamin K deficiency
11.药理学

答案: C · 袢利尿剂,如呋塞米

为什么是这个答案

袢利尿剂阻断升支粗段的 Na⁺/K⁺/2Cl⁻ 同向转运体,是作用最强的利尿剂。

答案

C · 袢利尿剂,如呋塞米
12.药理学

答案: D · Buprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin

为什么是这个答案

Buprenorphine binds mu receptors more strongly than heroin but activates them less, so it can precipitate withdrawal. Induction is started when the patient already has mild to moderate withdrawal signs.

答案

D · Buprenorphine is a high-affinity partial agonist that displaces heroin
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · The ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting

为什么是这个答案

Combining an ACE inhibitor with sacubitril/valsartan greatly increases the risk of angioedema. The ACE inhibitor is stopped and a washout period (usually 36 hours) is observed before starting. Blood pressure, potassium and renal function are monitored.

答案

C · The ACE inhibitor must be stopped first, with a gap before starting
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · 询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高

为什么是这个答案

包括克拉霉素等大环内酯类、某些氟喹诺酮类和复方磺胺甲噁唑在内的几种抗生素,可使 INR 升高并增加出血风险。需要更密切地监测 INR,并可能需要调整剂量。未经建议停用或加倍华法林是不安全的。

答案

A · 询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Acute pancreatitis

为什么是这个答案

GLP-1 receptor agonists have been linked to acute pancreatitis. Severe persistent abdominal pain radiating to the back needs urgent assessment, and the drug is stopped if pancreatitis is suspected.

答案

C · Acute pancreatitis
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · A subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm

为什么是这个答案

Adult polycystic kidney disease is associated with berry aneurysms. A sudden thunderclap headache suggests subarachnoid haemorrhage and needs emergency assessment and CT imaging.

答案

A · A subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Use a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique

为什么是这个答案

PN is rich in nutrients that bacteria can use. A dedicated lumen, aseptic non-touch technique and hanging limits reduce catheter-related bloodstream infection.

答案

B · Use a dedicated lumen and strict aseptic technique
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling

为什么是这个答案

Progressive hoarseness and stridor after a facial or inhalation burn mean the airway is narrowing. Early intubation by an experienced anaesthetist is needed before swelling makes it impossible. The patient is sat up and given oxygen.

答案

B · Call for urgent anaesthetic help, as the airway is swelling
19.产科护理

答案: D · Feed the baby and recheck the glucose

为什么是这个答案

For mild, asymptomatic hypoglycaemia, early feeding and buccal glucose gel are used, with glucose rechecked per protocol. Symptomatic or persistent hypoglycaemia needs IV glucose.

答案

D · Feed the baby and recheck the glucose
20.产科护理

答案: C · 在开灯前在皮肤上涂婴儿油

为什么是这个答案

油和乳液在光疗灯下可能引起灼伤,不应涂抹。眼罩保护视网膜;由于液体丢失增加,需监测体温和水分状况;喂奶时可在不戴眼罩的情况下与婴儿进行眼神交流。

答案

C · 在开灯前在皮肤上涂婴儿油
21.儿科护理

答案: B · 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher

为什么是这个答案

A temperature of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher is generally considered a fever in children. In young infants even a modest fever can signal serious infection and needs prompt assessment.

答案

B · 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) or higher
22.儿科护理

答案: D · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."

为什么是这个答案

Preventer (inhaled corticosteroid) inhalers reduce airway inflammation and must be taken daily as prescribed, even when the child feels well. Carrying a reliever, rinsing the mouth and using a spacer are correct.

答案

D · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
23.精神科护理

答案: C · Recognise it as a common side effect, report it and suggest a towel on the pillow

为什么是这个答案

Hypersalivation is a common, unpleasant effect of clozapine, often worse at night. It can be embarrassing and affect adherence, so it is reported; treatments are available, and the nurse also watches for aspiration risk.

答案

C · Recognise it as a common side effect, report it and suggest a towel on the pillow
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Stay calm, acknowledge her worry and offer to help her look for it

为什么是这个答案

False accusations of theft are common in dementia when items are misplaced. Acknowledging the feeling, helping to search and keeping items in regular places reduce distress.

答案

C · Stay calm, acknowledge her worry and offer to help her look for it
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 102.2 °F

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

乘以 9/5

39·9/5 = 70.2

加 32

T = 70.2 + 32 = 102.2 °F

答案

T = 102.2 °F
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 420 mL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

每次剂量的体积

2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL

整个疗程

V = 10 mL × 3/天 × 14 = 420 mL

答案

V = 420 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.8 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

2000 mg/8 mL = 250 mg/mL

体积

V = 200/250 = 0.8 mL

答案

V = 0.8 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 18 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

20·18 = 360 mg

体积

V = (360/100)·5 = 18 mL

答案

V = 18 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 42 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

8·60 = 480 min

滴速

R = 1000·20/480 = 41.67 ≈ 42 gtt/min

答案

R = 42 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 4 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

400/500 = 0.8 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 0.8·5 = 4 mg/h

答案

D = 4 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 335 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 100 + 350 + 100 = 550 mL
静脉输液: 80·12 = 960 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
总入量 = 1560 mL

总出量

200 + 425 + 350 + 250 = 1225 mL

平衡

B = 1560 − 1225 = 335 mL

答案

B = 335 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 480 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

10:00 → 16:30 = 6.5 h

已输入体积

80·6.5 = 520 mL

剩余体积

V = 1000 − 520 = 480 mL

答案

V = 480 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 9

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 轻度受限 → 3
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 卧床不起 → 1
活动能力: 完全不能活动 → 1
营养: 可能不足 → 2
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 3 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 = 9

答案

B = 9
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 20/min → 0
SpO₂ 95% → 1
吸空气 → 0
SBP 222 mmHg → 3
HR 64/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 37.3 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 0 + 1 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 4
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

中低

答案

中低

即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。

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