感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A catheterised patient has had no urine in the bag for two hours. What should the nurse check first?
一名患者 24 小时入量为 2400 mL,测得的总出量为 1800 mL。液体平衡是多少?
How should a nurse handle soiled bed linen?
A nurse has worked three long shifts in a row and feels exhausted. The manager asks the nurse to stay for another shift. What is the most appropriate response?
On a pediatric unit, which child does the nurse assess first?
A patient taking an SSRI is also given tramadol. A few hours later the patient is agitated, sweating and has a fever, jerking muscles and brisk reflexes. What is the most likely cause?
A patient with sickle cell disease is admitted with a painful crisis. What is a key early nursing priority?
A patient going home with a leg cast is taught about cast care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient had a right mastectomy with removal of axillary lymph nodes. Where is the best place to draw blood?
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a platelet count of 9 × 10³/µL and reports a sudden severe headache and blurred vision. What is the priority?
A patient is starting olanzapine. Which monitoring is most important over the following months?
A patient with asthma starts timolol eye drops for glaucoma and soon becomes wheezy. What is the most likely explanation?
A patient who had a stroke has a weak swallow. Which measure most reduces the risk of aspiration pneumonia?
An adult inhales a peanut while laughing and now has a persistent cough and wheeze on one side. Where is the peanut most likely to have lodged?
垂体手术后,一名患者三小时内每小时排尿 400 mL,尿比重低。护士应怀疑什么?
一名护士正在护理四位患者。应首先看哪位患者?
How is the height of an epidural sensory block usually checked?
A patient on warfarin has a major upper GI bleed with an INR of 5. Which treatment should the nurse anticipate to reverse the warfarin?
Why are afterpains often stronger in multiparous women?
一名妊娠 31 周、胎膜早破的女性现在体温 38.3 °C,胎心率基线 175 bpm,子宫有压痛。最可能的是什么?
一名儿童在咽痛两周后出现可乐色尿、眼睑浮肿和高血压。可能的诊断是什么?
Five minutes after IM adrenaline for anaphylaxis, a child is still wheezing and has a low blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
Which measurement should be monitored regularly in a patient taking venlafaxine?
一名每天服用高剂量苯二氮䓬类药物一年的患者告诉你,她 2 天前突然停药了。主要风险是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 152 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注的给药速率为 15 mcg/min。请把这个剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。
某患者体重 70 kg,医嘱为单次给药 2 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
你需要用 25%(w/v)储备液配制 500 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 11:15 开始用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 19:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 20 次/分,SpO₂ 93%吸室内空气,血压 118/70 mmHg,脉搏 120 次/分,清醒,体温 38.8 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 20 次/分,SpO₂ 99%正在补充吸氧,血压 88/52 mmHg,脉搏 40 次/分,清醒,体温 35.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: B · The tubing for kinks or blockage and where the bag is
Kinked or trapped tubing, a bag above bladder level or a blocked catheter are common causes. If these are fine, the patient is assessed for low output and the doctor informed.
答案: D · 正平衡 600 mL
2400 − 1800 = +600 mL,为正平衡。出汗和呼吸等不显性失水没有被测量,因此实际平衡低于记录单所显示的数值。
答案: A · Hold it away from the uniform and place it straight into a linen bag
Soiled linen is rolled up, held away from the uniform and placed directly into a laundry bag at the bedside. Shaking linen spreads organisms into the air, and the floor is a contaminated surface.
答案: C · Explain that fatigue would make care unsafe and decline the extra shift
Long hours and fatigue increase errors and injuries. Nurses have a professional responsibility to judge whether they are fit to work safely and to say so clearly.
答案: D · A child with asthma who is now quiet with very little air movement
In asthma, very little air movement and a quiet child mean severe obstruction and possible respiratory failure. The other children are stable for now.
答案: A · Serotonin syndrome
SSRIs and tramadol both raise serotonin. Agitation, fever, clonus and hyperreflexia that start quickly suggest serotonin syndrome; neuroleptic malignant syndrome follows antipsychotics and causes rigid muscles with slow reflexes.
答案: A · Giving prompt, effective analgesia
A sickle cell crisis needs rapid analgesia, often opioids, within a short target time, plus hydration, oxygen if hypoxic, warmth and monitoring for complications. Cold can trigger more sickling.
答案: D · "I can push a knitting needle down the cast to scratch an itch."
Pushing objects under a cast can injure the skin and cause infection or pressure sores. Elevation, keeping the cast dry and reporting numbness, colour change or increasing pain are correct.
答案: A · The left arm
After axillary node removal, venipuncture and blood pressure readings are usually avoided on that side to reduce the risk of lymphedema and infection. The opposite arm is used whenever possible, according to policy.
答案: B · Assess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
Platelet counts usually reach their lowest point (nadir) about 7–14 days after chemotherapy. With a count below 10 × 10³/µL, a sudden severe headache or visual change may signal intracranial bleeding, which is an emergency. The nurse assesses neurological status and reports it immediately.核对依据: Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022); Pancytopenia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案: D · Weight, blood glucose and blood lipids
Olanzapine and several other atypical antipsychotics cause weight gain, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Weight, waist size, glucose and lipids are checked regularly.
答案: C · Timolol is absorbed and blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways
Ophthalmic timolol is a non-selective beta blocker and can reach the circulation in amounts that cause bronchospasm or bradycardia. It is generally avoided in asthma.
答案: B · A swallowing assessment and sitting upright for meals
Patients with dysphagia need a formal swallowing assessment, food and fluid textures that are safe for them, sitting upright during and after meals and close supervision. Good oral hygiene also reduces the bacterial load that can be aspirated.
答案: D · The right main bronchus
Inhaled foreign bodies most often enter the right main bronchus and right lower lobe, because the right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical. Signs include a unilateral wheeze, reduced breath sounds and recurrent infection. Bronchoscopy is used for removal.
答案: D · 尿崩症
垂体后叶或下丘脑受损可使 ADH 释放停止,引起中枢性尿崩症,排出大量稀释尿。护士应上报,密切监测液体平衡和血清钠,并预期使用去氨加压素治疗。
答案: B · 开颅术后右侧瞳孔新近散大且反应迟钝的患者
脑部手术后新出现的单侧瞳孔散大且反应迟钝,提示颅内压升高压迫动眼神经,是可能脑疝的征象。需要立即评估,包括 GCS 和生命体征,并紧急上报。其他患者情况稳定,他们的需求可稍后满足。
答案: B · Testing sensation to cold with ice or a cold spray
The level at which the patient no longer feels cold shows the upper extent of the sensory block. Motor block is assessed with a scale such as Bromage. A rising block or new weakness is reported.
答案: C · Prothrombin complex concentrate with IV vitamin K
Major bleeding on warfarin is treated by stopping it and giving prothrombin complex concentrate for rapid reversal with IV vitamin K for a lasting effect. Protamine reverses heparin, not warfarin.
答案: A · Their uterus contracts and relaxes more irregularly
In multiparas, and after overdistension such as twins, the uterus relaxes and contracts intermittently, causing stronger afterpains. Breastfeeding increases them through oxytocin.
答案: A · 羊膜腔内感染(绒毛膜羊膜炎)
母亲发热、胎儿心动过速、子宫压痛,有时还有恶臭的羊水,提示羊膜腔内感染。需要及时上报,按处方使用抗生素,并制订分娩计划。
答案: C · 急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎
链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎出现在咽部感染后约 1–3 周(皮肤感染后则更晚),引起血尿、水肿和高血压。需监测血压、液体平衡和体重。
答案: A · Give a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
IM adrenaline can be repeated after about 5 minutes if signs persist. Help is called, the child lies flat (with legs raised if tolerated, or sitting if breathing is difficult), and oxygen and IV fluids are given. Standing or walking can cause collapse.
答案: C · Blood pressure
Venlafaxine is an SNRI. By increasing noradrenaline, it can raise blood pressure, particularly at higher doses, so blood pressure is checked regularly.
答案: D · 戒断性惊厥
长期大剂量使用后突然戒断可引起严重焦虑、震颤、知觉障碍和惊厥。应通知开医嘱者,并考虑在监督下逐渐减量。
答案: h = 59.8 in
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 0.9 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 140 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V₁ = 100 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 16 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:16 滴/分。
答案: D = 40 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1070 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 520 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: NEWS2 = 5
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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