感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When are non-sterile gloves needed?
A pressure ulcer shows full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone. How is it classified?
条码扫描器提示药物与患者记录不符。护士应怎么做?
一名护士到达走廊火灾现场,火势正在蔓延,附近房间里有患者。拉响警报后,护士应怎么做?
值班护士长需要腾出一张床位。哪位患者最适合出院或转到较低级别的护理?
A patient with a severe asthma attack had a PaCO₂ of 32 mmHg (4.3 kPa) on arrival. An hour later it is 46 mmHg (6.1 kPa), and the patient seems tired. What does this suggest?
Which instruction is correct for taking weekly alendronic acid (alendronate)?
A nurse phones a doctor about a deteriorating patient using SBAR. Which statement belongs in the "R" section?
A patient starts lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor). Which laboratory values should the nurse expect to be monitored?
一名糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者在开始胰岛素输注前钾为 3.0 mEq/L。护士应预期什么?
Which adverse effects are typical of donepezil?
Why are antipsychotics used with great caution in older people with dementia?
How should a patient breathe in when using a dry powder inhaler?
A patient with small-cell lung cancer becomes confused. Sodium is 122 mmol/L (122 mEq/L) with concentrated urine, and there are no signs of dehydration. What is the most likely cause?
Which statement about storing insulin is correct?
Which task for a patient with a urinary catheter can the nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
How is an uncomplicated sigmoid volvulus often first treated?
A nurse teaches a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Why is congenital hypothyroidism included in newborn screening?
A woman at 11 weeks has heavy bleeding, cramping and an open cervical os, and she has passed some tissue. Which type of miscarriage is this?
Which medicine may be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a preterm baby?
A 10-year-old with cystic fibrosis is going to play football on a hot day. What should the nurse teach?
A patient taking sertraline wants to take ibuprofen regularly for arthritis. What should the nurse teach?
After her house burned down, a woman developed delusions and disorganised speech. Ten days later the symptoms have gone completely and she is back to normal. Which diagnosis best fits?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 13:45(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tbsp,每天四次,共 7 天。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一名体重 119 kg 的患者体表面积为 2.07 m²。医嘱为 135 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
一名患者体重 140.8 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 50 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V? 保留一位小数。
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 750 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 62 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 21:30 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟,最佳运动反应表现为:把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: C · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.
答案: C · Category 4
Category 4 (Stage 4 in the US NPIAP system) involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. It carries a high risk of osteomyelitis and needs specialist input.
答案: C · 暂停并查明原因后再给药
条码警告的作用是发现患者错误、药物错误和剂量错误。护士应暂停,核对医嘱和药品,并联系药房或开医嘱者。出于习惯而忽略警告会导致差错。
答案: D · 关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后
关门可减缓烟和火的蔓延。处于紧急危险中的患者应水平转移到防火门后的安全区域,必要时再进一步疏散。不使用电梯,蔓延中的火应交给消防员处理。
答案: B · 无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药
阑尾切除术后的患者病情稳定,能进食,口服镇痛即可控制。肌钙蛋白结果未出、氧需求上升和新发热,都意味着患者的病程尚不明朗。
答案: B · Respiratory muscle fatigue with possible impending respiratory failure
Early in an asthma attack, fast breathing lowers the PaCO₂. A rising, “normal” value in a tiring patient means they can no longer move enough air, which is a warning sign of respiratory failure.
答案: A · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.
答案: D · "Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
In SBAR, R is the recommendation or request, such as a review within a time frame. The other statements belong to Assessment, Background and Situation.
答案: A · Potassium and creatinine
ACE inhibitors reduce aldosterone, so potassium can rise, and they lower the filtration pressure in the kidney, so creatinine can rise. Both are checked before and soon after starting or increasing the dose.核对依据: Hyperkalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: A · 先补钾,按方案等水平安全后再用胰岛素
胰岛素会使钾进一步降低,并可引起危险的心律失常。常见指南是先补钾,并推迟胰岛素,直到水平至少达到约 3.3 mEq/L,同时继续静脉补液。护士应遵循医院方案并监测心电图。核对依据: Ketoacidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案: C · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
Cholinesterase inhibitors cause cholinergic effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and bradycardia. Patients are watched for dizziness and fainting from a slow pulse.
答案: D · They are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death
In older people with dementia, antipsychotics increase the risk of stroke and death. Non-drug approaches are tried first, and antipsychotics are used at low doses for short periods if needed.
答案: A · Quickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device
Dry powder inhalers have no propellant, so a fast, deep inhalation is needed to disperse the powder. The patient breathes out away from the device first, because moist breath can clump the powder. Very weak or breathless patients may not manage this.
答案: D · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
Small-cell lung cancer can secrete ADH, causing water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia (normal sodium about 135–145 mmol/L). Urine is inappropriately concentrated and the patient is not dry. Fluid restriction and treating the cancer are the main measures; sodium is corrected slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination.
答案: A · Unopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen
Unopened insulin is kept in a fridge at about 2–8 °C. Freezing or heat destroys it, so frozen insulin must be thrown away. In-use pens can usually be kept at room temperature for the time stated by the manufacturer.
答案: C · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
Emptying and recording urine volume is routine and can be delegated to trained staff. Decisions about removal, assessment of a possible blockage and first-time teaching need the registered nurse.
答案: A · Decompression with a flexible sigmoidoscope and flatus tube
Endoscopic decompression often untwists a sigmoid volvulus. Recurrence is common, so elective surgery may follow. Signs of ischaemia or perforation need emergency surgery.
答案: B · "I'll take my enzyme capsules at bedtime."
Pancreatic enzymes must be taken with meals and snacks to digest them. Alcohol must be avoided, steatorrhoea suggests under-replacement, and thirst or polyuria can signal diabetes from loss of islet cells.
答案: C · Early treatment prevents brain damage
Untreated congenital hypothyroidism causes poor growth and intellectual disability. Daily levothyroxine started in the first weeks allows normal development.
答案: A · Incomplete miscarriage
An open os with some tissue passed and continued bleeding is an incomplete miscarriage. Retained tissue can cause haemorrhage and infection, so it is usually managed medically or surgically.
答案: A · Ibuprofen or indomethacin
Indomethacin and ibuprofen inhibit prostaglandin production and can close a patent duct in preterm infants; paracetamol is also used in some units. Prostaglandin E1 does the opposite and keeps the duct open.
答案: A · Drink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat
Children with CF lose much more salt in sweat than other children and can become salt-depleted and dehydrated in heat or exercise. Extra fluids and salt are advised; exercise is encouraged because it helps airway clearance.
答案: B · The combination increases the risk of bleeding, especially in the stomach, so discuss it with the prescriber
SSRIs reduce serotonin uptake into platelets, which impairs clotting. Combined with NSAIDs, aspirin or anticoagulants, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding rises.
答案: B · Brief psychotic disorder
Brief psychotic disorder lasts at least 1 day but less than 1 month, followed by a full return to the previous level of functioning. It may follow a severe stressor.
答案: 1:45 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 210 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 279.4 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: V = 1.3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 94 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:94 滴/分。
答案: t = 5.9 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 0.87 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 01:30 输完。
答案: 重度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 无风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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