NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

When are non-sterile gloves needed?

  1. AOnly when the patient is known to have an infection
  2. BOnly when handling medicines
  3. CWhen contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
  4. DFor every patient contact, including taking a pulse or blood pressure
2.护理学基础困难

A pressure ulcer shows full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone. How is it classified?

  1. ACategory 2
  2. BSuspected deep tissue injury
  3. CCategory 4
  4. DCategory 3
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

条码扫描器提示药物与患者记录不符。护士应怎么做?

  1. A扫描另一位患者的腕带
  2. B忽略警告并给药
  3. C暂停并查明原因后再给药
  4. D先给药,本班稍后再报告该警告
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名护士到达走廊火灾现场,火势正在蔓延,附近房间里有患者。拉响警报后,护士应怎么做?

  1. A乘最近的电梯把患者送到一楼
  2. B打开所有门窗让烟雾排出
  3. C尝试用灭火器独自扑灭蔓延的火
  4. D关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后
5.优先排序与委派中等

值班护士长需要腾出一张床位。哪位患者最适合出院或转到较低级别的护理?

  1. A两小时前因胸痛入院;肌钙蛋白结果尚未回报
  2. B无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药
  3. C肺炎,氧需求在一夜之间从 2 L/min 升至 4 L/min
  4. D肠道手术后第 1 天,新出现体温 38.5 °C
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient with a severe asthma attack had a PaCO₂ of 32 mmHg (4.3 kPa) on arrival. An hour later it is 46 mmHg (6.1 kPa), and the patient seems tired. What does this suggest?

  1. AThe asthma is improving, because the PaCO₂ is now near normal
  2. BRespiratory muscle fatigue with possible impending respiratory failure
  3. CA laboratory error that should be ignored
  4. DThe patient is hyperventilating even more than before and needs calming
7.临床护理中等

Which instruction is correct for taking weekly alendronic acid (alendronate)?

  1. ATake it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
  2. BChew the tablet with breakfast and a cup of milky tea
  3. CTake it with a glass of milk at bedtime and then lie down straight away
  4. DTake it with an antacid to protect the stomach
8.临床护理困难

A nurse phones a doctor about a deteriorating patient using SBAR. Which statement belongs in the "R" section?

  1. A"His blood pressure is 85/50 and he is confused."
  2. B"He was admitted three days ago with pneumonia."
  3. C"I am calling about Mr Smith, who is breathless."
  4. D"Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient starts lisinopril (an ACE inhibitor). Which laboratory values should the nurse expect to be monitored?

  1. APotassium and creatinine
  2. BALT and bilirubin
  3. CTSH and free T4
  4. DCalcium and phosphate
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名糖尿病酮症酸中毒患者在开始胰岛素输注前钾为 3.0 mEq/L。护士应预期什么?

  1. A先补钾,按方案等水平安全后再用胰岛素
  2. B不补钾,因为胰岛素会使钾升高
  3. C停止补液,直到钾正常
  4. D立即以较高速度开始胰岛素
11.药理学中等

Which adverse effects are typical of donepezil?

  1. AHair loss and skin pigmentation
  2. BDry mouth, constipation and a fast heart rate
  3. CNausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
  4. DWeight gain and high blood glucose
12.药理学困难

Why are antipsychotics used with great caution in older people with dementia?

  1. AThey always cure the dementia and stop all behaviour problems
  2. BThey cause severe hypoglycaemia in older people
  3. CThey are not absorbed in people over 65
  4. DThey are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

How should a patient breathe in when using a dry powder inhaler?

  1. AQuickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device
  2. BSlowly and gently over about ten seconds
  3. CThrough the nose with the mouthpiece in the mouth
  4. DSeveral times, breathing out into the device between breaths
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with small-cell lung cancer becomes confused. Sodium is 122 mmol/L (122 mEq/L) with concentrated urine, and there are no signs of dehydration. What is the most likely cause?

  1. ASevere dehydration from poor oral intake
  2. BCranial diabetes insipidus from brain metastases
  3. CExcess salt in the diet over several weeks
  4. DSyndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which statement about storing insulin is correct?

  1. AUnopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen
  2. BAll insulin must be stored in the freezer to keep it stable
  3. CInsulin should be kept on a sunny windowsill to stay warm
  4. DInsulin that has been frozen can be used once it has thawed
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

Which task for a patient with a urinary catheter can the nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?

  1. ADeciding whether the catheter can be removed
  2. BTeaching self-catheterisation for the first time
  3. CEmptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
  4. DAssessing a patient whose irrigation is not draining
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

How is an uncomplicated sigmoid volvulus often first treated?

  1. ADecompression with a flexible sigmoidoscope and flatus tube
  2. BHigh-dose laxatives taken by mouth
  3. CEating a large high-fibre meal
  4. DA barium meal given by mouth to untwist the bowel slowly
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A nurse teaches a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll report increased thirst or passing urine more often."
  2. B"I'll take my enzyme capsules at bedtime."
  3. C"I should not drink any alcohol."
  4. D"Oily, floating stools may mean my dose needs changing."
19.产科护理中等

Why is congenital hypothyroidism included in newborn screening?

  1. AIt can only be treated before birth
  2. BIt causes hip dysplasia
  3. CEarly treatment prevents brain damage
  4. DIt causes jaundice that cannot be treated
20.产科护理困难

A woman at 11 weeks has heavy bleeding, cramping and an open cervical os, and she has passed some tissue. Which type of miscarriage is this?

  1. AIncomplete miscarriage
  2. BMissed miscarriage
  3. CComplete miscarriage
  4. DThreatened miscarriage
21.儿科护理中等

Which medicine may be used to close a patent ductus arteriosus in a preterm baby?

  1. AIbuprofen or indomethacin
  2. BIntravenous furosemide infusion
  3. CSalbutamol
  4. DProstaglandin E1
22.儿科护理困难

A 10-year-old with cystic fibrosis is going to play football on a hot day. What should the nurse teach?

  1. ADrink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat
  2. BRestrict fluids to prevent extra mucus
  3. CAvoid all exercise, because it damages the lungs
  4. DSkip the pancreatic enzymes on sports days to avoid stomach cramps
23.精神科护理中等

A patient taking sertraline wants to take ibuprofen regularly for arthritis. What should the nurse teach?

  1. AIbuprofen should be taken instead of sertraline on the days when the arthritis pain is bad, to avoid any interaction
  2. BThe combination increases the risk of bleeding, especially in the stomach, so discuss it with the prescriber
  3. CThe combination is completely safe because they act on different systems
  4. DIbuprofen will make the sertraline work faster
24.精神科护理困难

After her house burned down, a woman developed delusions and disorganised speech. Ten days later the symptoms have gone completely and she is back to normal. Which diagnosis best fits?

  1. ASchizophreniform disorder
  2. BBrief psychotic disorder
  3. CDelusional disorder
  4. DSchizophrenia
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
12345678910111213:45?3:45 PM1:45 PM12:45 PM1:45 AM

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 13:45(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

13:45
  1. 13:45 PM
  2. 21:45 PM
  3. 312:45 PM
  4. 41:45 AM
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
½ tbsp · 4/天 · 7 d? mL1 tbsp = 15 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液½ tbsp,每天四次,共 7 天。按1 tbsp = 15 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?

½ tbsp每天四次7 天1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
119 kgBSA = 2.07 m²135 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名体重 119 kg 的患者体表面积为 2.07 m²。医嘱为 135 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

119 kgBSA = 2.07 m²135 mg/m²
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
50 mg/1 mLV = ? mL

一名患者体重 140.8 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 50 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V? 保留一位小数。

140.8 lb1 mg/kg50 mg/1 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1500 mL15 gtt/mL4 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1500 mL4 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
750 mL15 gtt/mL32 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 750 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

32 gtt/min15 gtt/mL750 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次牛奶100 mL水350 mL汤200 mL静脉输液80 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液300 mL尿液350 mL伤口引流70 mL呕吐物100 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 62 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

62 kg12 h尿液: 300 mL尿液: 350 mL伤口引流: 70 mL呕吐物: 100 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL200 mL 已输入75 mL/h21:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 21:30 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL200 mL 已输入75 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟,最佳运动反应表现为:把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
无风险轻度风险中度风险高风险极高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。

  1. 1无风险
  2. 2轻度风险
  3. 3中度风险
  4. 4高风险
  5. 5极高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected

为什么是这个答案

Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.

答案

C · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.护理学基础

答案: C · Category 4

为什么是这个答案

Category 4 (Stage 4 in the US NPIAP system) involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. It carries a high risk of osteomyelitis and needs specialist input.

答案

C · Category 4
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 暂停并查明原因后再给药

为什么是这个答案

条码警告的作用是发现患者错误、药物错误和剂量错误。护士应暂停,核对医嘱和药品,并联系药房或开医嘱者。出于习惯而忽略警告会导致差错。

答案

C · 暂停并查明原因后再给药
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · 关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后

为什么是这个答案

关门可减缓烟和火的蔓延。处于紧急危险中的患者应水平转移到防火门后的安全区域,必要时再进一步疏散。不使用电梯,蔓延中的火应交给消防员处理。

答案

D · 关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · 无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药

为什么是这个答案

阑尾切除术后的患者病情稳定,能进食,口服镇痛即可控制。肌钙蛋白结果未出、氧需求上升和新发热,都意味着患者的病程尚不明朗。

答案

B · 无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Respiratory muscle fatigue with possible impending respiratory failure

为什么是这个答案

Early in an asthma attack, fast breathing lowers the PaCO₂. A rising, “normal” value in a tiring patient means they can no longer move enough air, which is a warning sign of respiratory failure.

答案

B · Respiratory muscle fatigue with possible impending respiratory failure
7.临床护理

答案: A · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes

为什么是这个答案

Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.

答案

A · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
8.临床护理

答案: D · "Please review him within the next 15 minutes."

为什么是这个答案

In SBAR, R is the recommendation or request, such as a review within a time frame. The other statements belong to Assessment, Background and Situation.

答案

D · "Please review him within the next 15 minutes."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Potassium and creatinine

为什么是这个答案

ACE inhibitors reduce aldosterone, so potassium can rise, and they lower the filtration pressure in the kidney, so creatinine can rise. Both are checked before and soon after starting or increasing the dose.核对依据: Hyperkalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)

答案

A · Potassium and creatinine
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · 先补钾,按方案等水平安全后再用胰岛素

为什么是这个答案

胰岛素会使钾进一步降低,并可引起危险的心律失常。常见指南是先补钾,并推迟胰岛素,直到水平至少达到约 3.3 mEq/L,同时继续静脉补液。护士应遵循医院方案并监测心电图。核对依据: Ketoacidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)

答案

A · 先补钾,按方案等水平安全后再用胰岛素
11.药理学

答案: C · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate

为什么是这个答案

Cholinesterase inhibitors cause cholinergic effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and bradycardia. Patients are watched for dizziness and fainting from a slow pulse.

答案

C · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
12.药理学

答案: D · They are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death

为什么是这个答案

In older people with dementia, antipsychotics increase the risk of stroke and death. Non-drug approaches are tried first, and antipsychotics are used at low doses for short periods if needed.

答案

D · They are linked to a higher risk of stroke and death
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Quickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device

为什么是这个答案

Dry powder inhalers have no propellant, so a fast, deep inhalation is needed to disperse the powder. The patient breathes out away from the device first, because moist breath can clump the powder. Very weak or breathless patients may not manage this.

答案

A · Quickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

为什么是这个答案

Small-cell lung cancer can secrete ADH, causing water retention and dilutional hyponatraemia (normal sodium about 135–145 mmol/L). Urine is inappropriately concentrated and the patient is not dry. Fluid restriction and treating the cancer are the main measures; sodium is corrected slowly to avoid osmotic demyelination.

答案

D · Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Unopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen

为什么是这个答案

Unopened insulin is kept in a fridge at about 2–8 °C. Freezing or heat destroys it, so frozen insulin must be thrown away. In-use pens can usually be kept at room temperature for the time stated by the manufacturer.

答案

A · Unopened insulin goes in the fridge and must never be frozen
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume

为什么是这个答案

Emptying and recording urine volume is routine and can be delegated to trained staff. Decisions about removal, assessment of a possible blockage and first-time teaching need the registered nurse.

答案

C · Emptying the drainage bag and recording the volume
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Decompression with a flexible sigmoidoscope and flatus tube

为什么是这个答案

Endoscopic decompression often untwists a sigmoid volvulus. Recurrence is common, so elective surgery may follow. Signs of ischaemia or perforation need emergency surgery.

答案

A · Decompression with a flexible sigmoidoscope and flatus tube
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · "I'll take my enzyme capsules at bedtime."

为什么是这个答案

Pancreatic enzymes must be taken with meals and snacks to digest them. Alcohol must be avoided, steatorrhoea suggests under-replacement, and thirst or polyuria can signal diabetes from loss of islet cells.

答案

B · "I'll take my enzyme capsules at bedtime."
19.产科护理

答案: C · Early treatment prevents brain damage

为什么是这个答案

Untreated congenital hypothyroidism causes poor growth and intellectual disability. Daily levothyroxine started in the first weeks allows normal development.

答案

C · Early treatment prevents brain damage
20.产科护理

答案: A · Incomplete miscarriage

为什么是这个答案

An open os with some tissue passed and continued bleeding is an incomplete miscarriage. Retained tissue can cause haemorrhage and infection, so it is usually managed medically or surgically.

答案

A · Incomplete miscarriage
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Ibuprofen or indomethacin

为什么是这个答案

Indomethacin and ibuprofen inhibit prostaglandin production and can close a patent duct in preterm infants; paracetamol is also used in some units. Prostaglandin E1 does the opposite and keeps the duct open.

答案

A · Ibuprofen or indomethacin
22.儿科护理

答案: A · Drink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat

为什么是这个答案

Children with CF lose much more salt in sweat than other children and can become salt-depleted and dehydrated in heat or exercise. Extra fluids and salt are advised; exercise is encouraged because it helps airway clearance.

答案

A · Drink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat
23.精神科护理

答案: B · The combination increases the risk of bleeding, especially in the stomach, so discuss it with the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

SSRIs reduce serotonin uptake into platelets, which impairs clotting. Combined with NSAIDs, aspirin or anticoagulants, the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding rises.

答案

B · The combination increases the risk of bleeding, especially in the stomach, so discuss it with the prescriber
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Brief psychotic disorder

为什么是这个答案

Brief psychotic disorder lasts at least 1 day but less than 1 month, followed by a full return to the previous level of functioning. It may follow a severe stressor.

答案

B · Brief psychotic disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 1:45 PM

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

13 − 12 = 1 → PM

答案

1:45 PM

答案

1:45 PM
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 210 mL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

每次剂量的体积

½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL

整个疗程

V = 7.5 mL × 4/天 × 7 = 210 mL

答案

V = 210 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 279.4 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

剂量

D = 135·2.07 = 279.4 mg

答案

D = 279.4 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 1.3 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

体重 (kg)

140.8/2.2 = 64 kg

剂量

1·64 = 64 mg

体积

V = (64/50)·1 = 1.28 ≈ 1.3 mL

答案

V = 1.3 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 94 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

4·60 = 240 min

滴速

R = 1500·15/240 = 93.75 ≈ 94 gtt/min

答案

R = 94 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:94 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 5.9 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

32·60/15 = 128 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 750/128 = 5.859 ≈ 5.9 h

答案

t = 5.9 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 0.87 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

300 + 350 = 650 mL

每千克每小时

U = 650/(62·12) = 0.8737 ≈ 0.87 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 0.87 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 200 = 300 mL

时间

t = 300/75 = 4 h

答案

t = 4 h

约为 4 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 01:30 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: 重度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼 → 2
V: 只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟 → 2
M: 把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲) → 4

相加

GCS = 2 + 2 + 4 = 8

严重程度

GCS 8 → 重度

答案

重度
34.临床评估评分

答案: 无风险

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 非常受限 → 2
潮湿程度: 很少潮湿 → 4
活动: 经常步行 → 4
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 极好 → 4
摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题 → 3

相加

Braden 总分 = 2 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 4 + 3 = 20

风险等级

20 → 无风险

答案

无风险

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