感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Using Maslow's hierarchy, which patient need should the nurse address first?
On the day after surgery, a patient's new stoma has turned dark purple. What should the nurse do?
病房暴发诺如病毒感染期间,工作人员在护理患者后应采用哪种手卫生方法?
一名疑似百日咳的患者因没有空闲单人间,需要暂住共用病房。在联系感染控制期间,哪种安排最恰当?
A nurse teaches a patient who uses crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Four stable patients need routine morning care. To reduce the spread of infection, which patient should the nurse visit first?
A patient is prescribed two different eye drops at the same time. What is correct?
A patient with diabetes is found confused with slurred speech and weakness on one side. What should the nurse check first?
为什么慢性肾脏病患者常有贫血?
A patient on clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. The ANC is 400/µL (0.4 × 10⁹/L). What should the nurse do?
Why are patients taking simvastatin often advised to avoid large amounts of grapefruit juice?
How does levonorgestrel emergency contraception mainly work?
一名患者心房颤动已超过 48 小时,并已安排择期电复律。为什么事先需要抗凝?
A nurse teaches a patient who is starting warfarin. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
After pressing the plunger of an insulin pen, what should the patient do?
一名老年男性 10 小时未排尿,下腹疼痛,膀胱扫描为 1100 mL。肌酐已升高。最可能的原因和处理是什么?
Which lung problem is a known toxicity of bleomycin?
A patient with diabetes has rapidly spreading redness around a small wound, severe pain out of proportion, fever and crackling under the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
Why is indomethacin generally not used as a tocolytic after about 32 weeks?
A woman has a painful, red breast with a fluctuant swelling that has not improved after antibiotics. What should be suspected?
Which sign shows that a baby is ready to start solid foods?
A child on a morphine infusion is very hard to wake, with a respiratory rate of 8 per minute and pinpoint pupils. What should the nurse do first?
应在何时采血测量患者的血锂水平?
According to DSM-5, which childhood condition is a requirement for a later diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 14:55(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 6 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 13 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 18 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 5 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 8 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 42 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 08:15 开始用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 16:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: D · A patient who is short of breath after walking to the toilet
Physiological needs such as breathing come first. Psychological and social needs matter too but are addressed after basic survival needs are met.
答案: B · Report it urgently, as the stoma may be losing its blood supply
A dusky, purple or black stoma suggests ischaemia or necrosis, which can need surgery. The nurse reports it to the surgical team at once.
答案: B · 用肥皂和水洗手
酒精手消毒剂不能可靠地杀灭诺如病毒,所以应使用肥皂和水洗手,通过机械作用将其清除。同时还应采取接触传播预防和彻底的环境清洁。
答案: C · 拉上床帘,间隔 1 米(3 英尺)以上,近距离接触时戴口罩
飞沫传播预防的重点是距离、口罩和屏障。首选单人间,因此应联系感染控制人员。把患者安置在易感患者附近是危险的。
答案: A · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.
答案: A · A patient with neutropenia after chemotherapy
When urgency is equal, the nurse cares for the most vulnerable patient first and patients with transmissible infections last. This lowers the risk of carrying organisms to an immunocompromised patient.
答案: D · Wait about five minutes between the two drops
Leaving a few minutes between different drops lets each one be absorbed. Gentle pressure on the inner corner of the eye can also reduce systemic absorption.
答案: A · Capillary blood glucose
Hypoglycaemia can cause focal neurological signs that mimic stroke. A bedside glucose check is quick and should be done in any patient with sudden neurological symptoms.
答案: A · 肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,而它驱动红细胞的生成
患病的肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,因此骨髓生成的红细胞减少。治疗可包括促红细胞生成药物和铁剂。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Hold the clozapine and report the result at once
An ANC below 500/µL is severe neutropenia, and with fever and sore throat it suggests a serious infection. Clozapine is held, the provider is told immediately, and infection is assessed and treated. A nurse never changes a dose without a prescription.
答案: C · Grapefruit inhibits CYP3A4 in the gut, raising simvastatin levels and myopathy risk
Grapefruit compounds inhibit intestinal CYP3A4, so more simvastatin is absorbed. Higher levels increase the risk of muscle damage; drugs such as some calcium channel blockers and ciclosporin are also affected.
答案: B · It delays or prevents ovulation
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception mainly prevents or delays ovulation and does not disrupt an implanted pregnancy. Its effectiveness falls the longer it is delayed after unprotected sex.
答案: D · 恢复窦性心律时,心房内的血栓可能脱落
心房颤动超过 48 小时后,心房内可能存在血栓。恢复有序收缩可将其排出而引起卒中。患者通常在复律前至少抗凝三周(或经食管超声排除血栓),复律后至少抗凝四周。
答案: D · "If I miss a dose, I will take two the next day."
Doubling up after a missed dose can cause over-anticoagulation and bleeding. Patients are usually told to take a missed dose the same day if they remember, or skip it and record it, then seek advice. Regular INR checks, telling other clinicians and checking interactions are correct.
答案: B · Keep the needle in the skin for about 10 seconds
Holding the needle in place for around 10 seconds (or as the manufacturer advises) lets the full dose be delivered. A new needle is used for each injection, and the site should not be massaged.
答案: D · 尿潴留;遵医嘱导尿,并观察是否出现大量利尿
尿潴留(常由前列腺增大引起)可引起肾后性 AKI。治疗是用导尿管解除梗阻。大量尿液引流后,部分患者会出现明显的梗阻后利尿,因此要监测液体平衡、电解质和血压。
答案: B · Pulmonary fibrosis
Bleomycin can cause pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis, especially at higher cumulative doses, in older patients and with high oxygen concentrations. Breathlessness or a new cough must be reported.
答案: A · Necrotising fasciitis
Necrotising soft tissue infection spreads rapidly along fascial planes and can cause septic shock. It is a surgical emergency needing urgent debridement, IV antibiotics and sepsis care.
答案: B · It can close the fetal ductus arteriosus too early
Indomethacin inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. In the fetus this can cause premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and reduced fetal urine output with oligohydramnios, risks that increase with gestational age.
答案: C · A breast abscess needing drainage
A fluctuant, persistent painful mass despite antibiotics suggests a breast abscess. It needs ultrasound and drainage. Breastfeeding from the other breast can usually continue.
答案: A · Sits with support, holds the head steady and shows interest in food
Readiness for solids, usually around 6 months, includes good head control, sitting with support, interest in food and loss of the tongue-thrust reflex. Night waking and teething are not signs of readiness.
答案: A · Stop the infusion, support breathing and give naloxone as per protocol
Deep sedation, slow breathing and pinpoint pupils indicate opioid toxicity. The opioid is stopped, the airway and breathing supported with oxygen or bag-mask ventilation if needed, naloxone given as prescribed and help called.
答案: D · 末次服药后约 12 小时
血锂水平在末次服药后约 12 小时采血,通常在早晨下一次服药前,这样结果可与目标范围比较。
答案: A · Evidence of conduct disorder starting before age 15
Antisocial personality disorder can only be diagnosed in adults aged 18 or older, and there must be evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15.
答案: 2:55 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 207.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 2.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 4.5 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 21 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:21 滴/分。
答案: t = 4.8 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1350 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 200 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 17
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 高风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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