感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why should a patient wash and dry their hands before a fingerprick glucose test?
A toddler is brought in with bruises on both cheeks and the parent's explanation does not fit the injuries. What should the nurse do?
下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?
A patient restrained because of violent behavior is now calm, oriented and following instructions. What should the nurse do?
A patient taking lithium has vomiting, diarrhea and a new coarse tremor. What should the nurse do?
A patient has central chest pain that started 30 minutes ago at rest and has not eased with rest or nitroglycerin. What does this suggest?
A patient is admitted with cellulitis of the leg. Why might the nurse mark the edge of the redness on the skin?
一名疑似脑膜炎的患者有发热、颈项强直和压之不褪色的皮疹。首要措施是什么?
一名患者钠为 152 mEq/L。护士预期会有哪些发现?
After lying on the floor for many hours, a patient has a CK of 40,000 U/L, a potassium of 6.1 mEq/L and dark urine. Which prescribed treatment is the priority?
静脉用万古霉素常用于治疗由什么引起的感染?
Before starting rituximab, patients are tested for hepatitis B. Why?
A patient with a regular narrow-complex tachycardia of 180/min is alert with a normal blood pressure. What is usually tried first?
Four hours after abdominal surgery, a patient's heart rate has risen from 84 to 122/min and they are restless and pale. BP is still 118/76 mmHg, and the surgical drain is filling with blood. What should the nurse conclude?
Why should antiepileptic drugs not be stopped suddenly?
A patient with a new arm fistula says their hand on that side is cold, pale and painful, especially during dialysis. What is the concern?
Why is a urinary catheter usually inserted in a patient with a major burn?
A patient's long-standing groin hernia has become tender, red and irreducible, and they are vomiting. What should the nurse do?
A woman with epilepsy is planning a pregnancy. Which advice is most appropriate?
新生儿腋温为 36.0 °C。最恰当的首要措施是什么?
哪项注意事项适用于血友病患儿?
An infant on digoxin has vomited twice. The apical pulse is below the limit set by the prescriber. What should the nurse do?
一名患者要从 MAOI 换为 SSRI。什么是必不可少的?
The family of a patient with schizophrenia asks how they can tell if he is becoming unwell again. Which signs should the nurse teach them to watch for?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 23:10(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, ½ 杯 / 茶, 2 fl oz / 果汁, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 8 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 40 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 168 cm,体重 73 kg。医嘱为 75 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 2 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
200 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 30 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 12:30 开始用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 13,其中 E3 和 V5。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: A · Sugar on the skin can give a falsely high reading
Traces of food or drink on the finger can raise the reading. Washing with water and drying fully gives an accurate result; alcohol wipes can also affect some meters.
答案: A · Document accurately and follow the child safeguarding procedure
Injuries that do not match the explanation are a warning sign. The nurse records facts, not opinions, and refers through safeguarding procedures without confronting the family.
答案: B · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
手套外面是被污染的,所以只能接触另一只手套;裸手只能接触第二只手套的内面。随后进行手卫生。手套绝不能清洗后再次使用。
答案: A · Remove the restraints, because the reason for them has ended
Restraints are used only as long as needed to keep people safe. Once the patient no longer presents a danger, the restraints are removed, even if the order has not yet expired.
答案: B · Hold the next dose and report for an urgent lithium level
Vomiting, diarrhea and a coarse tremor suggest lithium toxicity. The nurse holds the dose and reports so a serum level can be checked; low salt or fluid intake raises lithium levels further.
答案: C · A possible myocardial infarction that needs urgent action
Chest pain that lasts and is not relieved by rest or nitroglycerin suggests acute coronary syndrome, possibly a heart attack. The nurse acts at once: ECG, escalation and prescribed treatment.
答案: C · To monitor whether the infection is spreading or improving
Marking the margin helps staff see whether the redness is spreading despite treatment, which may mean antibiotics need review. The limb is also elevated and observations monitored.
答案: A · 紧急评估并立即使用抗生素,无须等待检查
细菌性脑膜炎和脑膜炎球菌脓毒症进展迅速。不应为了腰椎穿刺等检查而推迟使用抗生素。
答案: B · 口渴、黏膜干燥和烦躁不安
高钠血症通常意味着缺水,引起口渴、口干、烦躁、激越,严重时可引起惊厥。应缓慢纠正,以避免脑水肿。
答案: C · Large-volume IV fluids with cardiac monitoring
Rhabdomyolysis releases myoglobin, which can cause acute kidney injury, and potassium, which can cause arrhythmias. Early aggressive IV fluids, a target urine output and cardiac monitoring are priorities. NSAIDs and potassium would worsen kidney injury and hyperkalemia.核对依据: Rhabdomyolysis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · MRSA
万古霉素是一种糖肽类抗生素,阻断革兰氏阳性菌的细胞壁合成,是治疗 MRSA 的标准选择。它不能穿过革兰氏阴性菌的外膜。
答案: C · Rituximab can reactivate hepatitis B and cause liver failure
Rituximab destroys CD20-positive B cells, weakening control of latent hepatitis B. Reactivation can cause fulminant hepatitis, so carriers receive monitoring or antiviral prophylaxis.
答案: A · Vagal manoeuvres such as a modified Valsalva
In stable supraventricular tachycardia, vagal manoeuvres slow AV node conduction and can stop the rhythm. If they fail, IV adenosine is usually next. Electrical cardioversion is for patients with adverse features such as shock or chest pain.
答案: D · Early haemorrhagic shock is likely, so escalate urgently
Rising heart rate, restlessness, pallor and visible bleeding are signs of compensated haemorrhagic shock. Waiting for hypotension delays treatment. The nurse escalates urgently, gives oxygen, ensures IV access and anticipates bloods, fluids or blood products and surgical review.
答案: A · Sudden withdrawal can trigger seizures, including status epilepticus
Stopping antiepileptics abruptly can cause rebound seizures, which may be prolonged. Changes are made gradually under medical supervision, and missed doses should be avoided.
答案: A · Steal syndrome, which needs urgent review
In steal syndrome, the fistula diverts arterial blood from the hand, causing ischaemia: coldness, pallor, pain, numbness or weakness. It must be reported urgently, because severe cases can cause tissue loss.
答案: D · Hourly urine output guides fluid resuscitation
Fluid formulas give an initial estimate; the rate is then adjusted to urine output, typically around 0.5 mL/kg/h in adults, along with other signs of perfusion.
答案: B · Keep them nil by mouth and arrange urgent surgical review
A tender, red, irreducible hernia with vomiting suggests strangulation and bowel obstruction. It needs emergency surgery; the nurse keeps the patient nil by mouth, gives analgesia, and starts IV access and fluids as prescribed.
答案: D · Review her medicines with her doctor before conception
Preconception review allows a switch to the lowest-risk effective drug, often at the lowest effective dose, and higher-dose folic acid. Most women can breastfeed while taking antiepileptics.
答案: A · 让婴儿与母亲进行皮肤接触,盖好被子并戴上帽子
体温低于约 36.5 °C 为偏低。用毯子和帽子进行皮肤接触可使婴儿升温。应复测体温和血糖,因为冷应激会消耗葡萄糖并可导致低血糖。洗澡会增加热量丢失。
答案: C · 尽可能避免肌内注射和测量直肠温度
应避免会引起出血的操作和药物:肌内注射、直肠测温、阿司匹林和非甾体抗炎药。关节出血采用凝血因子替代、休息、冰敷、加压和抬高来处理。
答案: A · Withhold the dose and inform the prescriber
Vomiting and bradycardia are signs of possible digoxin toxicity. The dose is withheld and the prescriber informed; a digoxin level and potassium level may be checked. The nurse should never alter the dose independently.
答案: C · 在开始使用 SSRI 前有约 2 周的洗脱期
MAOI 与 SSRI 合用可导致 5-羟色胺综合征。停用 MAOI 后通常需要约 2 周的洗脱期;由氟西汀换为 MAOI 时,由于其半衰期长,需要更长的间隔(约 5 周)。
答案: B · Poor sleep, withdrawal from others and increasing suspiciousness
Early warning signs of relapse include sleep disturbance, social withdrawal, irritability, suspiciousness and neglect of self-care. Recognising them early allows treatment to be reviewed before a full relapse.
答案: 11:10 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 240 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 138.4 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 63 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:63 滴/分。
答案: D = 400 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1410 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 925 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: M = 5
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 高风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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