感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
On the first step of the WHO analgesic ladder, which drugs are used?
哪项表现提示正在发生 1 期压力性损伤?
医院发生火灾时,转移患者通常应避免使用哪种方式?
A patient’s cardiac monitor alarms often because of artifact, and a colleague suggests turning the alarm off. What is the best response?
An Rh-negative mother has just given birth to an Rh-positive baby. What does the nurse expect to give the mother?
Two weeks after birth, a mother says she hears voices telling her the baby is evil. What is the priority?
Which features suggest pyelonephritis rather than simple cystitis?
A day after surgery, a patient's haemoglobin has fallen from 125 g/L to 85 g/L (12.5 to 8.5 g/dL) and their heart rate has risen to 118/min. What is the priority?
How should a blood sample for serum ammonia be handled?
一名患者总钙为 7.9 mg/dL(2.0 mmol/L),白蛋白为 2.4 g/dL(24 g/L),无症状。哪项检查最能澄清是否存在真正的低钙血症?
Which drug is used for torsades de pointes?
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a temperature of 38.5 °C (101.3 °F) but says she feels fine. What should happen?
How can a patient reduce wound pain when coughing after abdominal surgery?
After an anaphylactic reaction to a bee sting that responded to adrenaline (epinephrine), a patient asks to go home immediately. Which advice is most appropriate?
甲状腺手术一周后,一名患者的声音仍然嘶哑无力。最可能的并发症是什么?
A patient who had pituitary surgery has fatigue and feels cold. TSH is low, and free T4 is low. What is the most likely cause?
哪种敷料通常适用于需要湿润的干燥、有腐肉的伤口?
哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?
A woman at 18 weeks asks about safe exercise. Which advice is correct?
A woman at 26 weeks has a haemoglobin of 95 g/L (9.5 g/dL) and a low ferritin. She is already taking oral iron but has severe side effects. What might be considered?
Which group of findings suggests Kawasaki disease?
一名 7 岁儿童在咽痛三周后出现发热、游走性关节痛和新出现的心脏杂音。护士应怀疑什么?
A patient at high risk of suicide is placed on constant (one-to-one) observation. What does this mean?
一名已知有惊恐障碍的患者说她胸痛并呼吸困难。护士应首先做什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 7.4223 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 4 fl oz / 果汁, ¼ 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.2 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 480 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
处方剂量为 220 微克。安瓿浓度为 1 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 2 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 1000 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 79 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 18:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 100 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 94%吸室内空气,血压 124/74 mmHg,脉搏 58 次/分,清醒,体温 36.8 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 12 次/分,SpO₂ 97%吸室内空气,血压 84/50 mmHg,脉搏 88 次/分,清醒,体温 36.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: A · Non-opioids such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) or an NSAID
The WHO ladder starts with non-opioids, adds a weak opioid for moderate pain and a strong opioid for severe pain, with adjuvants at any step. It is still widely taught, although current WHO guidance stresses individual assessment over a strict step-by-step approach.
答案: D · 骨突部位皮肤完整,出现指压不褪色的红斑
1 期为皮肤完整、指压不褪色的红斑。2 期为部分皮层缺损,如水疱;3 期和 4 期更深。
答案: B · 电梯
火灾期间除非消防人员指示,否则不使用电梯,因为电梯可能停运或充满烟雾。通常先越过防火门水平转移患者,必要时再下楼。
答案: C · Keep the alarm on, fix the cause such as electrode placement, and adjust limits only per policy
Disabling alarms is a known cause of missed deterioration. Alarm fatigue is reduced by fixing causes such as poor skin preparation or old electrodes and by setting individual limits according to orders and policy.
答案: D · Rh immunoglobulin within 72 hours
Rh immunoglobulin given within 72 hours of birth prevents the mother from forming anti-D antibodies, which could harm a future Rh-positive baby.
答案: D · Keep the mother and baby safe and arrange urgent psychiatric care
Hallucinations and delusions after birth suggest postpartum psychosis, a psychiatric emergency with risk to mother and baby. Safety and urgent specialist care are the priorities.
答案: A · Fever, rigors and loin pain
Pyelonephritis is an upper urinary tract infection and causes systemic signs such as fever and rigors, with flank pain. Cystitis usually causes local symptoms such as dysuria and frequency.
答案: B · Escalate urgently, as the patient may be bleeding
A large fall in haemoglobin with tachycardia suggests ongoing blood loss. The nurse assesses the patient with ABCDE, checks wounds and drains and escalates for urgent review.
答案: C · Placed on ice and sent to the laboratory at once
Ammonia can rise in a standing sample as red cells and proteins break down. The sample is usually placed on ice and analyzed promptly to avoid a falsely high result.
答案: A · 离子钙
白蛋白低会降低总钙,而不一定降低有活性的离子钙。直接测量离子钙是决定是否需要治疗的最可靠方法。
答案: A · Intravenous magnesium sulfate
IV magnesium is first-line for torsades de pointes, even when serum magnesium is normal. QT-prolonging drugs are stopped and potassium is corrected.
答案: B · Urgent cultures and IV broad-spectrum antibiotics without delay
Fever during neutropenia is treated as a medical emergency because infection can progress rapidly. Cultures are taken and empirical IV antibiotics are started promptly, ideally within one hour.
答案: C · Hold a pillow firmly against the wound while coughing
Splinting the incision with a pillow or folded towel supports the wound, reduces pain and makes effective coughing easier. Combined with good analgesia and deep breathing, this helps clear secretions and prevents atelectasis and pneumonia.
答案: A · Stay for observation, then go home with an adrenaline auto-injector and teaching
Biphasic reactions can occur hours after the first reaction resolves, so patients are observed for a period determined by severity and local guidance. Before discharge they receive adrenaline auto-injectors with training, a written plan and referral to an allergy service.
答案: C · 喉返神经损伤
喉返神经紧邻甲状腺走行,支配大部分喉肌。损伤会引起声音嘶哑;双侧损伤可引起喘鸣和气道梗阻。插管引起的轻度声音嘶哑通常几天内好转。甲状旁腺损伤引起低钙血症,伴麻木和痉挛。
答案: C · Secondary hypothyroidism
When the pituitary cannot make enough TSH, the thyroid is not stimulated, so both TSH and free T4 are low. In primary thyroid failure, TSH is high. In secondary hypothyroidism, free T4, not TSH, is used to guide the dose.
答案: B · 水凝胶
水凝胶提供水分,促进干燥腐肉或坏死组织的自溶清创。藻酸盐和泡沫吸收渗出液,适合湿润的伤口;干纱布会粘在创面上,取下时损伤新生组织。
答案: C · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。
答案: D · Moderate exercise like walking or swimming is encouraged
Moderate exercise is safe and beneficial for most pregnant women. Contact sports, activities with a high fall risk and scuba diving are avoided, as is lying flat on the back for long periods later in pregnancy.
答案: B · Intravenous iron
When oral iron is not tolerated or not effective, intravenous iron may be used in the second and third trimesters. Transfusion is reserved for severe or symptomatic anaemia or acute blood loss.
答案: B · Fever for at least 5 days, red eyes without discharge, cracked red lips and swollen hands and feet
Kawasaki disease causes persistent fever plus features such as non-purulent conjunctivitis, red cracked lips and strawberry tongue, rash, swollen hands and feet and enlarged neck lymph nodes. The other options describe croup, chickenpox and roseola.
答案: C · 急性风湿热
急性风湿热继发于 A 组链球菌咽炎,引起游走性多关节炎、心脏炎、皮疹和舞蹈症。心脏炎可导致风湿性心脏病。治疗链球菌咽痛可预防该病。
答案: A · A staff member stays with the patient at all times, at the distance set by policy, including in the bathroom
Constant observation means a member of staff is always with the patient, at a distance set by policy, so they can intervene immediately. It is reviewed regularly and stepped down as risk reduces.
答案: D · 对她进行躯体评估,包括生命体征,并按规定做心电图,而不是先假定是惊恐发作
必须排除心脏病发作或肺栓塞等躯体原因。“诊断遮蔽”,即假定症状是精神性的,是一种常见而危险的错误。
答案: x = 7.4 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: V = 195 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 2.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 0.22 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: D = 20 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 0.98 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 5.6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 5 h 36 min,所以袋子大约在 23:36 输完。
答案: NEWS2 = 1
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions