感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Teaching a patient how to inject insulin mainly involves which domain of learning?
A nurse develops vomiting and diarrhoea during a norovirus outbreak. When can they usually return to work (UK guidance)?
Which practice makes shift handoff safer?
A child with fever, cough, red eyes and a spreading rash is in a clinic waiting room. Measles is suspected. What should the nurse do first?
在 START 分诊中,一名不能行走的成人每分钟呼吸 36 次。该伤员被归入哪一类?
A provider asks a nurse to perform a procedure that is outside the nurse’s scope of practice. What should the nurse do?
Which equipment must always be kept at the bedside of a patient with a tracheostomy?
一名患者的血液检查显示血钾 6.8 mmol/L,心电图显示 T 波高尖。哪种治疗能最快地保护心脏?
A patient had a total thyroidectomy yesterday. Which laboratory value is most important to monitor in the first days after surgery?
A young adult has fatigue, bruising and fever. The white cell count is 85 × 10³/µL with many blasts, the hemoglobin is 7.9 g/dL (79 g/L) and the platelets are 22 × 10³/µL. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Which teaching about zolpidem is correct?
A malnourished patient with low serum albumin shows nystagmus and unsteady gait. Her total phenytoin level is within range. What is the most likely explanation?
A patient with bronchiectasis of the right lower lobe is taught postural drainage. How should they be positioned?
A patient with heart failure wakes extremely breathless, coughing pink frothy sputum. BP is 168/96 mmHg and SpO₂ 86%. Help has been called. What is the best initial nursing action?
Why is all urine strained in a patient with suspected kidney stones?
A patient with myasthenia gravis took extra pyridostigmine doses. They now have more weakness, heavy salivation, sweating, diarrhoea, small pupils and a slow pulse. What is most likely?
哪些床旁评估用于追踪腹水?
髋部手术后第 3 天,一名老年患者急性意识混乱,注意力波动并躁动。护士首先应做什么?
分娩时婴儿头部已娩出,但肩膀卡住了。标准的第一步手法是什么?
A newborn's cord stump has redness spreading onto the abdominal skin and a foul discharge. What is the priority?
A 12-year-old with type 1 diabetes will play a long football match. What should the nurse advise?
Why does a child with juvenile idiopathic arthritis need regular eye examinations?
除血锂水平外,长期锂盐治疗还需定期监测哪些检查?
A caller says she is a patient's sister and asks how he is doing. The patient has not given consent to share information. What should the nurse do?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 15:35(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 杯 / 茶, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 6 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一支肾上腺素安瓿标示为 1:1000(1 mg/mL)。医嘱为 0.3 mg 肌内注射(IM),用于严重过敏反应。你应抽取多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 173 cm,体重 51 kg。医嘱为 175 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 1500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 470 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
医嘱要求在 8 小时内输入 500 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 490 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 16:00 开始以 120 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 150 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 18 次/分,SpO₂ 98%吸室内空气,血压 124/74 mmHg,脉搏 38 次/分,清醒,体温 37.4 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · Psychomotor
The psychomotor domain covers physical skills, the cognitive domain covers knowledge and the affective domain covers attitudes and feelings. Skills are learned by demonstration and practice.
答案: C · 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped
People can still shed norovirus after symptoms settle, so staff usually stay off work until 48 hours symptom-free. This helps stop outbreaks spreading on wards.
答案: A · Using a standard format such as SBAR or I-PASS, with time for questions
Many errors happen at transitions of care. A structured handoff with an opportunity to ask questions, ideally at the bedside, reduces missed information.
答案: A · Put a mask on the child and move them into an airborne isolation room
Measles is highly contagious through airborne spread. The child is masked and placed in an airborne infection isolation room, or a closed single room if none is available, and exposed people may need follow-up.
答案: A · 红色(立即)
在 START 中,呼吸频率超过 30 次/分意味着伤员被标为立即(红色)。30 次或以下则继续进行灌注和意识状态检查。
答案: A · Decline, explain why and suggest who can safely do it
Nurses must work within their legal scope of practice, even when asked by a provider. The nurse declines, explains the reason and helps find a suitable professional.
答案: C · Spare tracheostomy tubes, including one a size smaller, and working suction
Emergency equipment such as spare tubes (same size and one smaller), suction, oxygen and tracheal dilators must be at the bedside. This allows rapid management of a blocked or displaced tube.
答案: D · 静脉注射葡萄糖酸钙
静脉注射钙剂可在数分钟内稳定心肌。随后用胰岛素加葡萄糖使钾转移到细胞内,再用其他措施将钾排出体外。
答案: A · Serum calcium
The parathyroid glands can be injured or removed during thyroidectomy, so parathyroid hormone falls and hypocalcemia can follow. The nurse monitors calcium and checks for tingling around the mouth, muscle cramps and Chvostek or Trousseau signs.
答案: A · Acute leukemia
Many circulating blasts with anemia and thrombocytopenia suggest acute leukemia: malignant cells crowd out normal production in the marrow. Despite the high white count, the patient has few working white cells and is at high risk of infection and bleeding.
答案: A · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
Zolpidem can cause next-day impairment and complex sleep behaviours such as sleep-walking or sleep-driving. Alcohol and other sedatives increase these risks.
答案: B · More phenytoin is unbound when albumin is low, so free levels rise
Phenytoin is highly protein bound. When albumin is low, the free fraction rises, so toxicity can occur with a "normal" total level; a free phenytoin level or corrected level is more useful.
答案: B · With the affected lobe uppermost so gravity drains it
Postural drainage places the patient so the affected segment is above the main bronchus, letting gravity move secretions towards the larger airways to be coughed up. It is combined with breathing techniques. Head-down positions are avoided in patients with reflux, recent surgery or breathlessness.
答案: D · Sit the patient upright with the legs down and give oxygen
This is acute pulmonary oedema. Sitting upright with the legs dependent reduces venous return and eases breathing, and oxygen is titrated to target. IV diuretics, and sometimes nitrates or CPAP, are expected. Lying flat or giving fluids would worsen the congestion.
答案: A · To catch the stone so it can be analysed
A passed stone can be sent for analysis. Its composition guides diet and drug advice to prevent recurrence. Straining also confirms that the stone has passed.
答案: A · A cholinergic crisis from too much medication
Too much cholinesterase inhibitor causes a cholinergic crisis: weakness plus muscarinic effects such as salivation, sweating, diarrhoea, miosis and bradycardia. A myasthenic crisis is weakness from under-treatment or triggers. Both can cause respiratory failure, so the airway is the priority.
答案: B · 每日体重和腹围
每日体重和在同一标记水平测量的腹围可显示腹水是在增加还是减少。还应监测液体平衡、肾功能和电解质,尤其是在使用利尿剂时。
答案: D · 寻找低氧、感染、疼痛或药物等原因,并上报
急性意识混乱伴注意力波动提示谵妄。它是一种医疗急症,可能有许多原因,如低氧、脓毒症、疼痛、药物(包括阿片类和抗胆碱能药物)、尿潴留、便秘、脱水和电解质问题。应治疗病因,采用非药物措施,镇静仅作为最后手段。
答案: A · McRoberts 手法加耻骨上加压
对于肩难产,应呼叫援助,将产妇大腿急剧屈向腹部(McRoberts),并施加耻骨上加压,而不是宫底加压。宫底加压和用力牵拉头部可能加重嵌顿并伤及婴儿。
答案: A · Report it as possible omphalitis
Spreading redness, swelling and foul discharge suggest omphalitis, which can lead to sepsis. It needs prompt medical assessment and antibiotics.
答案: A · Check glucose before playing and keep fast-acting carbohydrate at hand
Exercise increases glucose uptake by muscles, so hypoglycaemia can occur during or after sport, even overnight. Checking glucose, having extra carbohydrate and adjusting insulin as advised make sport safe and beneficial.
答案: D · Uveitis can develop without symptoms and damage vision
Children with JIA, especially some subtypes, can develop chronic anterior uveitis that causes no pain or redness at first. Regular slit-lamp screening allows early treatment and prevents vision loss.
答案: A · 肾功能和甲状腺功能
锂盐可引起甲状腺功能减退并降低肾功能(包括肾性尿崩症),因此需定期检查肾功能、甲状腺功能、血钙和体重。
答案: B · Neither confirm nor deny that he is there, and offer to pass on a message
Without the patient's consent, the nurse should not disclose that a person is receiving mental health care. Offering to pass on a message respects confidentiality while allowing the patient to decide.
答案: 3:35 PM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 457.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 0.3 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。
答案: D = 274 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 235 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
这超过了 25% 的增幅:大多数医院要求你联系开医嘱者,而不是加快补输,并评估患者是否存在液体过多。
答案: Δ = 30.67 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
这超过了 25% 的增幅:大多数医院要求你联系开医嘱者,而不是加快补输,并评估患者是否存在液体过多。
答案: I = 2350 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 3.9 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 56 min,所以袋子大约在 19:56 输完。
答案: MFS = 55
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 中低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
即使总分低,单项得 3 分也需要紧急会诊。
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