感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?
某患者的氧饱和度目标为 88–92%。哪种疾病最可能解释这个较低的目标?
对于采取接触传播预防的患者,下列哪种设备使用方法是正确的?
The fire alarm sounds, but the nurse does not know where the fire is. What should the nurse do?
An older patient who has been constipated for days now has small amounts of liquid stool leaking. What should the nurse suspect?
一名心力衰竭患者气短,双肺有湿啰音。哪种行动顺序是正确的?
一名术后患者心率 125 次/分,血压 88/50 mmHg,敷料被血浸透。发生了什么?
Soon after starting chemotherapy for a high-grade lymphoma, a patient has rising potassium, phosphate and uric acid with falling urine output. What is the most likely cause?
After surgery for colon cancer, a patient's CEA had fallen to normal, but it has been rising over the last two checks. What does this most likely suggest?
一名患者在大量呕血 30 分钟后到达。心率 125 次/分,但首次血红蛋白为 13.0 g/dL(130 g/L)。为什么血红蛋白具有误导性?
How can the absorption of oral iron be improved?
为什么庆大霉素的给药需要监测血药浓度?
Which position is usually best for the legs of a patient with chronic venous insufficiency and ankle swelling?
一名服用达比加群的患者发生严重消化道出血。可使用哪种特异性逆转剂?
Which measure best detects a decline in breathing in a patient with Guillain–Barré syndrome?
A drowsy patient's glucose meter shows "HI". What should the nurse do?
Which finding suggests a deep tissue pressure injury?
一名已知有食管静脉曲张的患者呕出大量鲜血。内镜检查前,护士应预期哪些治疗?
一名妊娠 32 周、已知有前置胎盘的女性因出血入院。必须避免哪项操作?
A newborn's cord stump has redness spreading onto the abdominal skin and a foul discharge. What is the priority?
Which injury in an infant is most suggestive of physical abuse?
A 4-year-old says it is wrong to hit his sister "because then I get a time-out". Which level of Kohlberg's moral development does this reflect?
A patient stopped paroxetine suddenly a few days ago. She now has dizziness, irritability, flu-like symptoms and brief "electric shock" feelings. What is the most likely cause?
The daughter of a man with moderate dementia says she is exhausted, is not sleeping and feels guilty for getting angry with him. What is the most helpful nursing response?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 6 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 1.6 mg/dL。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 µmol/L 表示的c,取到最接近的整数。
一名体重 12 kg 的儿童按 15 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 155 cm,体重 43 kg。医嘱为 75 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
医嘱要求以 30 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 10 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
25 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 6 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 13:00 开始用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 19:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名练习用新生儿出生后 1 分钟时:躯干粉红,手脚青紫,心率 60 次/分,刺激时做鬼脸,四肢松软,没有肌张力,无呼吸。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
答案: B · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.
答案: D · 有高碳酸血症风险的慢阻肺(COPD)
对于有高碳酸性呼吸衰竭风险的慢阻肺患者,给氧过多可能使 CO₂ 升高,因此采用 88–92% 的目标。
答案: A · 为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带
听诊器、袖带等非关键设备应专用于该患者,或在用于其他患者之前进行清洁和消毒。
答案: C · Close the doors to patient rooms, stay on the unit and wait for instructions
Closing doors limits the spread of smoke and fire. Staff follow the fire plan, keep corridors clear and prepare for evacuation, but do not evacuate until directed or the fire is in their area.
答案: B · Fecal impaction with liquid stool passing around it
In fecal impaction, liquid stool from higher in the bowel leaks around the hard mass. Giving an antidiarrheal would make things worse; the nurse assesses and reports.
答案: D · 坐起,按医嘱给氧,然后联系医疗人员
坐直可减少回心血量并缓解呼吸,氧气治疗缺氧。然后联系医疗人员并准备利尿剂。平躺或静脉补液会加重肺淤血。
答案: D · 出血导致的低血容量性休克
心动过速、低血压加上可见的失血提示失血性(低血容量性)休克。应压迫止血、紧急呼救,并准备补液或输血。
答案: D · Tumour lysis syndrome
Rapid tumour cell death releases potassium, phosphate and nucleic acids (forming uric acid), which can cause AKI and arrhythmias. Prevention includes IV hydration and drugs to lower uric acid.
答案: C · Possible recurrence that needs further assessment
CEA is not specific enough for screening, but a rising level after successful treatment can signal recurrence, so imaging and further assessment are usually arranged. Smoking and some benign conditions can also raise CEA.
答案: A · 丢失的是全血,所以浓度数小时后才会下降
出血早期,红细胞和血浆一起丢失,因此浓度起初保持正常。在最初几小时,心率和血压是判断失血更好的指标。
答案: A · Take it with vitamin C, such as orange juice, on an empty stomach
Vitamin C keeps iron in its more absorbable ferrous form. Milk, antacids, tea and some antibiotics reduce iron absorption. If the stomach becomes upset, it may be taken with food, accepting lower absorption.
答案: C · 它有肾毒性和耳毒性,且治疗指数窄
庆大霉素等氨基糖苷类可损伤肾脏和内耳。它们经肾清除,肾功能受损时浓度升高,因此需要监测。
答案: B · Raised above the level of the heart when resting
Elevating the legs above heart level reduces venous pressure and oedema. Compression therapy, walking and avoiding long periods of standing also help. By contrast, patients with arterial disease often find that lowering the legs eases pain.
答案: A · 依达赛珠单抗
依达赛珠单抗与达比加群结合,数分钟内逆转其作用。Xa 因子抑制剂使用安得克萨(andexanet alfa)(无此药时用凝血酶原复合物浓缩剂)。鱼精蛋白逆转肝素,维生素 K 逆转华法林。氨甲环酸可辅助止血,但不是逆转剂。
答案: B · Regular forced vital capacity measurements
In Guillain–Barré syndrome, the breathing muscles weaken progressively. A falling vital capacity shows this early, long before oxygen saturation drops. A weak cough and difficulty counting in one breath are other warning signs.
答案: C · Treat it as very high, check ketones and escalate
"HI" means the glucose is above the meter's upper range. In a drowsy patient this may be DKA or HHS. A laboratory glucose, ketones, observations and urgent medical review are needed.
答案: B · Intact skin that is purple or maroon over a bony area
A deep tissue injury appears as persistent purple, maroon or dark discolouration, or a blood-filled blister, from pressure and shear on underlying tissue. It may quickly turn into a deep wound.
答案: A · 在复苏期间使用奥曲肽或特利加压素,并加用静脉抗生素
在疑似静脉曲张出血时,血管活性药物(美国用奥曲肽,或在已获批准的地区用特利加压素)降低门静脉压,预防性使用头孢曲松等抗生素可减少肝硬化患者的感染和死亡。复苏应谨慎,以免升高门静脉压。内镜下套扎是确定性治疗。
答案: C · 阴道指诊
阴道指诊可能扰动低置的胎盘并导致严重出血。监护、静脉通路、血液检查和超声检查都是合适的。
答案: B · Report it as possible omphalitis
Spreading redness, swelling and foul discharge suggest omphalitis, which can lead to sepsis. It needs prompt medical assessment and antibiotics.
答案: D · Posterior rib fractures
Posterior rib fractures in infants are highly suggestive of abuse because they usually result from forceful squeezing of the chest. Bruises on the shins and grazes are common in mobile children.
答案: A · Preconventional level
At the preconventional level, typical of young children, right and wrong are judged by punishment and reward. Formal operational is one of Piaget's cognitive stages, not a Kohlberg level.
答案: C · Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
Stopping an SSRI or SNRI suddenly, especially one with a short half-life such as paroxetine, can cause discontinuation symptoms. Antidepressants should be reduced gradually under medical guidance.
答案: A · Acknowledge her strain and discuss support such as respite care and carers' groups
Caregiver strain is common and can affect both the carer and the patient. Recognising it, and offering respite, practical support and carers' groups, helps the carer continue safely.
答案: m = 3.81 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: c = 141 µmol/L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 3.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 102 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 5 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 10 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: B = 655 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: V = 550 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 12
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 低
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
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