NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why is hand hygiene still needed after removing gloves?

  1. AHand hygiene is only needed if the gloves were sterile
  2. BGloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal
  3. CIt is not needed, as the gloves protected the hands
  4. DGlove powder causes skin allergies and must always be washed off the hands
2.护理学基础困难

In an emergency a doctor gives a verbal order for a medicine. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARefuse to give any medicine until a written prescription has been completed
  2. BWrite it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
  3. CGive it and tell the doctor nothing more
  4. DAsk another nurse to remember the order
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?

  1. AHold the cane in the left hand, on the weaker side
  2. BMove the cane and the right leg forward together
  3. CHold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
  4. DKeep the cane well out to the side, away from the body
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient sitting in a chair starts to have a generalized seizure. What should the nurse do?

  1. APut a padded tongue blade between the teeth to protect the tongue and airway
  2. BLeave to get the provider, then return
  3. CHold the patient firmly in the chair until the seizure stops
  4. DEase the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient with type 1 diabetes has vomited since morning and cannot eat. Which action is most important?

  1. AStop all insulin until the patient is able to eat normally again
  2. BEncourage a large meal to settle the stomach
  3. CWait until tomorrow to see if the vomiting settles
  4. DCheck the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider
6.优先排序与委派困难

一名大手术后的患者连续两小时尿量为 15 mL/h,心率 115 次/分,双手发凉。护士应首先做什么?

  1. A鼓励患者多喝水,稍后再检查
  2. B再等两小时,看尿量是否改善
  3. C冲洗导尿管,明天早晨再检查尿量
  4. D评估休克的征象,如出血,并上报
7.临床护理中等

For a patient in skin traction on the leg, which is correct?

  1. AThe weights are removed whenever the patient feels uncomfortable
  2. BThe weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
  3. CThe rope is tied to the bed frame to keep it still
  4. DThe weights rest on the floor overnight
8.临床护理困难

A patient suddenly develops a painful red eye with blurred vision, haloes around lights and vomiting. What should be suspected?

  1. AAcute angle-closure glaucoma
  2. BDry eye syndrome
  3. CSimple conjunctivitis from a viral infection
  4. DA stye
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Which instruction is correct for a patient starting oral iron tablets?

  1. AYour stools may turn dark green or black
  2. BTake each tablet with milk to protect the stomach
  3. CYour urine will turn bright orange while you take it
  4. DTake the tablet with an antacid to improve absorption
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

An older adult with type 2 diabetes is drowsy and very dehydrated. Glucose 920 mg/dL (51 mmol/L), serum osmolality 350 mOsm/kg, pH 7.36, urine ketones negative or trace. Which condition fits best?

  1. AMetformin-related lactic acidosis
  2. BDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
  3. CSyndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
  4. DHyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
11.药理学中等

Which adverse effects are typical of donepezil?

  1. AHair loss and skin pigmentation
  2. BNausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
  3. CDry mouth, constipation and a fast heart rate
  4. DWeight gain and high blood glucose
12.药理学困难

A patient with Parkinson's disease has nausea. Why should metoclopramide be avoided?

  1. AIt blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism
  2. BIt increases dopamine levels in the brain too much and causes psychosis
  3. CIt causes severe diarrhoea in Parkinson's disease
  4. DIt inhibits the absorption of all oral drugs
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which investigation is usually used to confirm a deep vein thrombosis in the leg?

  1. AA plain chest X-ray and an ECG
  2. BAn exercise ECG
  3. CA lung function test
  4. DCompression duplex ultrasound
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Seconds after an intramuscular injection, a patient becomes pale, sweaty and faint, with a heart rate of 48/min. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling, and they recover quickly when laid flat. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AA vasovagal reaction
  2. BA tension pneumothorax
  3. CAnaphylaxis
  4. DA myocardial infarction
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名 SIADH 患者血钠 126 mmol/L,症状轻微。通常的一线治疗是什么?

  1. A限制液体
  2. B静脉输注 5% 葡萄糖
  3. C额外口服水
  4. D去氨加压素
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名 CKD 患者血红蛋白 92 g/L,开始使用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)。护士应监测什么?

  1. A血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
  2. B听力,因为 ESA 可损伤内耳
  3. C肝酶,因为 ESA 对肝脏有毒性
  4. D血糖,因为 ESA 常引起低血糖
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A patient with obstructive sleep apnoea is admitted for surgery. Which instruction is most appropriate?

  1. AAvoid sleeping at all on the night after surgery
  2. BStop all pain relief for the first three days
  3. CLie flat on their back for the first night
  4. DBring their CPAP machine to use after surgery
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

After surgery, a patient says they have "no pain" but grimaces, breathes shallowly and refuses to move or cough. What should the nurse do?

  1. ATell the patient firmly that they must stop hiding their pain from staff
  2. BInsist they walk without any analgesia
  3. CExplore their beliefs and explain how analgesia aids recovery
  4. DAccept the statement and record a pain score of 0
19.产科护理中等

Which reflex causes the newborn's toes to fan out when the sole is stroked from heel to toe?

  1. AStepping reflex
  2. BPlantar grasp reflex
  3. CBabinski reflex
  4. DMoro reflex
20.产科护理困难

A woman needs an emergency caesarean under general anaesthesia. Why is she given an antacid such as sodium citrate before induction?

  1. ATo speed up gastric emptying for surgery
  2. BTo prevent nausea after the operation
  3. CTo make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
  4. DTo lower her blood pressure before surgery
21.儿科护理中等

18 个月检查时,哪项发现需要转诊做发育评估?

  1. A孩子只会说几个词
  2. B孩子在其他孩子旁边玩,而不是和他们一起玩
  3. C孩子还不能独立行走
  4. D孩子害怕陌生人
22.儿科护理困难

A family with a 2-year-old has a swimming pool in the garden. Which measure gives the most protection against drowning?

  1. AA four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
  2. BArm floats whenever the child is near the pool
  3. CSwimming lessons from age 2, so that close supervision is no longer needed
  4. DExplaining to the child that the pool is dangerous
23.精神科护理中等

一名患者使用“glimpotrance”这个词,并解释说它的意思是控制他思想的力量。这是什么?

  1. A新语症
  2. B音联联想
  3. C模仿言语
  4. D病理性赘述
24.精神科护理困难

A 6-month-old has a spiral fracture of the arm. The parents say he "rolled off the sofa". The nurse also notices bruises of different colours on his back. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. AAccept the parents' explanation, because babies often fall
  2. BDischarge the child quickly so that the parents do not become angry and stop bringing him for medical care
  3. CTell the parents that the nurse knows they are abusing the child
  4. DReport the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
160 cm1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? in

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 160 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。

160 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
10 mcg/kg/min? mg/h79 kg1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 79 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。

10 mcg/kg/min79 kg
D = mg/h
27.剂量计算中等
90 kg10 mg/kgD = ? mg

某患者体重 90 kg,医嘱为单次给药 10 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。

90 kg10 mg/kg
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 540 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

540 units1000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
60 gtt/mL75 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 75 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

75 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
250 mg100 mL10 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 10 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

250 mg/100 mL10 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次牛奶200 mL果冻120 mL茶240 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液250 mL尿液200 mL尿液325 mL伤口引流80 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 58 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

58 kg8 h尿液: 250 mL尿液: 200 mL尿液: 325 mL伤口引流: 80 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL→ 60 mL/h开始 14:30t总数​ = ? h150 mL/h × 2 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 14:30 开始以 150 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL150 mL/h · 2 h60 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
7847SBPDBPmmHgHR 104/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 104 次/分,血压为 78/47 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 104/minBP 78/47 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
低风险中度风险高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。

  1. 1低风险
  2. 2中度风险
  3. 3高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · Gloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal

为什么是这个答案

Gloves reduce, but do not remove, the risk of hand contamination. Hand hygiene is performed after glove removal every time.

答案

B · Gloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal
2.护理学基础

答案: B · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy

为什么是这个答案

Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.

答案

B · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side

为什么是这个答案

The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.

答案

C · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side

为什么是这个答案

The nurse guides the patient gently to the floor, cushions the head, moves objects away and turns the patient on their side to protect the airway. The nurse stays, times the seizure and calls for help.

答案

D · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Check the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider

为什么是这个答案

Vomiting in type 1 diabetes can lead quickly to diabetic ketoacidosis. Glucose and ketones are checked and the provider is contacted; insulin is usually not stopped completely during illness.

答案

D · Check the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 评估休克的征象,如出血,并上报

为什么是这个答案

这些征象合起来提示低血容量或休克。护士应评估整个患者,寻找出血并上报。应排除导尿管问题,但不应延误对休克的识别。

答案

D · 评估休克的征象,如出血,并上报
7.临床护理

答案: B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor

为什么是这个答案

Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.

答案

B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
8.临床护理

答案: A · Acute angle-closure glaucoma

为什么是这个答案

Acute angle-closure glaucoma causes a rapid rise in eye pressure, with pain, visual disturbance, haloes and vomiting. It is an emergency that can cause permanent sight loss without urgent treatment.

答案

A · Acute angle-closure glaucoma
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Your stools may turn dark green or black

为什么是这个答案

Oral iron commonly darkens the stools, which is harmless, but black tarry stools with abdominal pain should be reported. Milk, antacids and tea reduce absorption; vitamin C or orange juice can improve it.核对依据: Ferrograd C patient information leaflet (ferrous sulfate + vitamin C) · electronic medicines compendium (eMC), UK (2018)

答案

A · Your stools may turn dark green or black
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

为什么是这个答案

HHS causes extreme hyperglycemia and high osmolality with severe dehydration, but enough insulin is present to prevent significant ketosis, so the pH is near normal. DKA has ketones and acidosis; SIADH has low osmolality.核对依据: Ketoacidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
11.药理学

答案: B · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate

为什么是这个答案

Cholinesterase inhibitors cause cholinergic effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and bradycardia. Patients are watched for dizziness and fainting from a slow pulse.

答案

B · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
12.药理学

答案: A · It blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism

为什么是这个答案

Metoclopramide crosses the blood–brain barrier and antagonises D2 receptors. In Parkinson's disease this worsens rigidity and bradykinesia, so antiemetics that do not block central dopamine receptors are preferred.

答案

A · It blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Compression duplex ultrasound

为什么是这个答案

Compression ultrasound shows whether a deep vein is compressible and whether flow is normal; a vein containing clot does not compress. A low clinical probability with a negative D-dimer can rule out DVT without imaging.

答案

D · Compression duplex ultrasound
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · A vasovagal reaction

为什么是这个答案

Vasovagal reactions cause bradycardia, pallor, sweating and fainting, and resolve quickly when lying flat. Anaphylaxis usually causes tachycardia, airway or breathing problems and often skin changes, and does not settle on its own. If in doubt, treat as anaphylaxis.

答案

A · A vasovagal reaction
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 限制液体

为什么是这个答案

在 SIADH 中,机体潴留水分。对轻至中度病例,一线治疗是限制液体,并治疗病因。低渗液体和去氨加压素会使血钠进一步降低。严重症状(惊厥、意识下降)需要在监护环境下使用高渗盐水。

答案

A · 限制液体
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险

为什么是这个答案

ESA 可引起高血压,当血红蛋白被提升得过高时,还会增加血栓形成和卒中的风险。血红蛋白应控制在适中的范围(通常约 100–120 g/L)。应检查铁储备,因为缺铁会限制疗效。

答案

A · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Bring their CPAP machine to use after surgery

为什么是这个答案

OSA increases the risk of airway obstruction and respiratory depression after anaesthesia, especially with opioids. Using CPAP, careful opioid use, sitting up and close monitoring reduce this risk.

答案

D · Bring their CPAP machine to use after surgery
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Explore their beliefs and explain how analgesia aids recovery

为什么是这个答案

Patients may under-report pain because of beliefs, fear of addiction or not wanting to bother staff. Exploring these concerns and explaining that good analgesia helps breathing and mobility supports a shared plan.

答案

C · Explore their beliefs and explain how analgesia aids recovery
19.产科护理

答案: C · Babinski reflex

为什么是这个答案

The Babinski reflex, fanning of the toes with dorsiflexion of the big toe, is normal in infants until about 1 year. Pressing the sole near the toes gives the plantar grasp instead.

答案

C · Babinski reflex
20.产科护理

答案: C · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic

为什么是这个答案

Pregnant women are at high risk of aspirating stomach contents under general anaesthesia. Sodium citrate neutralises gastric acid, reducing the severity of lung injury if aspiration happens.

答案

C · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
21.儿科护理

答案: C · 孩子还不能独立行走

为什么是这个答案

到约 18 个月仍不会走是一个危险信号。只会几个词、平行游戏和怕生是这个年龄的典型表现。

答案

C · 孩子还不能独立行走
22.儿科护理

答案: A · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision

为什么是这个答案

Isolation fencing that fully separates the pool from the house and garden, combined with active adult supervision, is the most effective protection. Flotation aids and lessons do not replace supervision, and toddlers cannot reliably follow safety rules.

答案

A · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
23.精神科护理

答案: A · 新语症

为什么是这个答案

新语症是自创的词,或被赋予私人含义的真实词汇,是思维紊乱的征象。

答案

A · 新语症
24.精神科护理

答案: D · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety

为什么是这个答案

Injuries that do not fit the child's developmental stage or the history, and bruises of different ages, are warning signs of abuse. The nurse documents objectively and reports through safeguarding procedures.

答案

D · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 63 in

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

厘米换算为英寸

h = 160/2.54 = 62.99 ≈ 63 in

答案

h = 63 in
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: D = 47.4 mg/h

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

列出换算链

D = 10 mcg/kg/min × 79 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)

计算

D = 10·79·60/1000 = 47.4 mg/h

答案

D = 47.4 mg/h
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 900 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

剂量

10·90 = 900 mg

答案

D = 900 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.54 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 540/1000 = 0.54 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.54 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 75 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

75/60 = 1.25 mL/min

滴速

R = 1.25·60 = 75 gtt/min

答案

R = 75 gtt/min

使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 25 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

250/100 = 2.5 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 2.5·10 = 25 mg/h

答案

D = 25 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.67 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

250 + 200 + 325 = 775 mL

每千克每小时

U = 775/(58·8) = 1.67 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.67 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 13.7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

150·2 = 300 mL
1000 − 300 = 700 mL 剩余

第二部分

700/60 = 11.67 h

总时间

t = 2 + 11.67 = 13.67 ≈ 13.7 h

答案

t = 13.7 h

约为 13 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 04:10 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 1.33

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 104/78 = 1.333 ≈ 1.33

答案

SI = 1.33

1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。

34.临床评估评分

答案: 高风险

Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。

为每个条目评分

过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是 → 25
次要诊断: 是 → 15
行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器 → 15
静脉输液或封管: 否 → 0
步态: 受损 → 20
精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限 → 15

相加

Morse 总分 = 25 + 15 + 15 + 0 + 20 + 15 = 90

风险等级

90 → 高风险

答案

高风险

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