感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why is hand hygiene still needed after removing gloves?
In an emergency a doctor gives a verbal order for a medicine. What should the nurse do?
A patient has a weak left leg. Which instruction about using a cane is correct?
A patient sitting in a chair starts to have a generalized seizure. What should the nurse do?
A patient with type 1 diabetes has vomited since morning and cannot eat. Which action is most important?
一名大手术后的患者连续两小时尿量为 15 mL/h,心率 115 次/分,双手发凉。护士应首先做什么?
For a patient in skin traction on the leg, which is correct?
A patient suddenly develops a painful red eye with blurred vision, haloes around lights and vomiting. What should be suspected?
Which instruction is correct for a patient starting oral iron tablets?
An older adult with type 2 diabetes is drowsy and very dehydrated. Glucose 920 mg/dL (51 mmol/L), serum osmolality 350 mOsm/kg, pH 7.36, urine ketones negative or trace. Which condition fits best?
Which adverse effects are typical of donepezil?
A patient with Parkinson's disease has nausea. Why should metoclopramide be avoided?
Which investigation is usually used to confirm a deep vein thrombosis in the leg?
Seconds after an intramuscular injection, a patient becomes pale, sweaty and faint, with a heart rate of 48/min. There is no rash, wheeze or swelling, and they recover quickly when laid flat. What is the most likely cause?
一名 SIADH 患者血钠 126 mmol/L,症状轻微。通常的一线治疗是什么?
一名 CKD 患者血红蛋白 92 g/L,开始使用促红细胞生成刺激剂(ESA)。护士应监测什么?
A patient with obstructive sleep apnoea is admitted for surgery. Which instruction is most appropriate?
After surgery, a patient says they have "no pain" but grimaces, breathes shallowly and refuses to move or cough. What should the nurse do?
Which reflex causes the newborn's toes to fan out when the sole is stroked from heel to toe?
A woman needs an emergency caesarean under general anaesthesia. Why is she given an antacid such as sodium citrate before induction?
18 个月检查时,哪项发现需要转诊做发育评估?
A family with a 2-year-old has a swimming pool in the garden. Which measure gives the most protection against drowning?
一名患者使用“glimpotrance”这个词,并解释说它的意思是控制他思想的力量。这是什么?
A 6-month-old has a spiral fracture of the arm. The parents say he "rolled off the sofa". The nurse also notices bruises of different colours on his back. What is the most appropriate action?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 160 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 10 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 79 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。
某患者体重 90 kg,医嘱为单次给药 10 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
处方为 540 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 75 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 10 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 58 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 14:30 开始以 150 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 104 次/分,血压为 78/47 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: B · Gloves can have tiny holes and hands can be contaminated during removal
Gloves reduce, but do not remove, the risk of hand contamination. Hand hygiene is performed after glove removal every time.
答案: B · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.
答案: C · Hold the cane in the right hand, on the stronger side
The cane is held on the strong side and moved forward with the weak leg, so it shares the weight that the weak leg cannot take. It is kept close to the body for stability.
答案: D · Ease the patient to the floor, protect the head and turn them on their side
The nurse guides the patient gently to the floor, cushions the head, moves objects away and turns the patient on their side to protect the airway. The nurse stays, times the seizure and calls for help.
答案: D · Check the blood glucose and ketones and contact the provider
Vomiting in type 1 diabetes can lead quickly to diabetic ketoacidosis. Glucose and ketones are checked and the provider is contacted; insulin is usually not stopped completely during illness.
答案: D · 评估休克的征象,如出血,并上报
这些征象合起来提示低血容量或休克。护士应评估整个患者,寻找出血并上报。应排除导尿管问题,但不应延误对休克的识别。
答案: B · The weights hang freely and do not rest on the bed or floor
Weights must hang freely so the pull is continuous and in line. Nurses also check the skin, circulation and sensation of the limb.
答案: A · Acute angle-closure glaucoma
Acute angle-closure glaucoma causes a rapid rise in eye pressure, with pain, visual disturbance, haloes and vomiting. It is an emergency that can cause permanent sight loss without urgent treatment.
答案: A · Your stools may turn dark green or black
Oral iron commonly darkens the stools, which is harmless, but black tarry stools with abdominal pain should be reported. Milk, antacids and tea reduce absorption; vitamin C or orange juice can improve it.核对依据: Ferrograd C patient information leaflet (ferrous sulfate + vitamin C) · electronic medicines compendium (eMC), UK (2018)
答案: D · Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
HHS causes extreme hyperglycemia and high osmolality with severe dehydration, but enough insulin is present to prevent significant ketosis, so the pH is near normal. DKA has ketones and acidosis; SIADH has low osmolality.核对依据: Ketoacidosis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023); Osmolality blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · Nausea, diarrhoea and a slow heart rate
Cholinesterase inhibitors cause cholinergic effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and bradycardia. Patients are watched for dizziness and fainting from a slow pulse.
答案: A · It blocks dopamine receptors in the brain and can worsen the parkinsonism
Metoclopramide crosses the blood–brain barrier and antagonises D2 receptors. In Parkinson's disease this worsens rigidity and bradykinesia, so antiemetics that do not block central dopamine receptors are preferred.
答案: D · Compression duplex ultrasound
Compression ultrasound shows whether a deep vein is compressible and whether flow is normal; a vein containing clot does not compress. A low clinical probability with a negative D-dimer can rule out DVT without imaging.
答案: A · A vasovagal reaction
Vasovagal reactions cause bradycardia, pallor, sweating and fainting, and resolve quickly when lying flat. Anaphylaxis usually causes tachycardia, airway or breathing problems and often skin changes, and does not settle on its own. If in doubt, treat as anaphylaxis.
答案: A · 限制液体
在 SIADH 中,机体潴留水分。对轻至中度病例,一线治疗是限制液体,并治疗病因。低渗液体和去氨加压素会使血钠进一步降低。严重症状(惊厥、意识下降)需要在监护环境下使用高渗盐水。
答案: A · 血压和血红蛋白,因为超过目标会增加血栓风险
ESA 可引起高血压,当血红蛋白被提升得过高时,还会增加血栓形成和卒中的风险。血红蛋白应控制在适中的范围(通常约 100–120 g/L)。应检查铁储备,因为缺铁会限制疗效。
答案: D · Bring their CPAP machine to use after surgery
OSA increases the risk of airway obstruction and respiratory depression after anaesthesia, especially with opioids. Using CPAP, careful opioid use, sitting up and close monitoring reduce this risk.
答案: C · Explore their beliefs and explain how analgesia aids recovery
Patients may under-report pain because of beliefs, fear of addiction or not wanting to bother staff. Exploring these concerns and explaining that good analgesia helps breathing and mobility supports a shared plan.
答案: C · Babinski reflex
The Babinski reflex, fanning of the toes with dorsiflexion of the big toe, is normal in infants until about 1 year. Pressing the sole near the toes gives the plantar grasp instead.
答案: C · To make aspirated stomach contents less acidic
Pregnant women are at high risk of aspirating stomach contents under general anaesthesia. Sodium citrate neutralises gastric acid, reducing the severity of lung injury if aspiration happens.
答案: C · 孩子还不能独立行走
到约 18 个月仍不会走是一个危险信号。只会几个词、平行游戏和怕生是这个年龄的典型表现。
答案: A · A four-sided fence with a self-closing, self-latching gate, plus constant supervision
Isolation fencing that fully separates the pool from the house and garden, combined with active adult supervision, is the most effective protection. Flotation aids and lessons do not replace supervision, and toddlers cannot reliably follow safety rules.
答案: A · 新语症
新语症是自创的词,或被赋予私人含义的真实词汇,是思维紊乱的征象。
答案: D · Report the concerns through child protection procedures and ensure the child's safety
Injuries that do not fit the child's developmental stage or the history, and bruises of different ages, are warning signs of abuse. The nurse documents objectively and reports through safeguarding procedures.
答案: h = 63 in
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 47.4 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 900 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.54 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 75 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: D = 25 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 1.67 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 13.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 13 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 04:10 输完。
答案: SI = 1.33
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。
答案: 高风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
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