感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient's hearing aid keeps whistling. What is the most likely cause?
A patient spills hot tea on their forearm. What is the best immediate first aid?
Why is blood glucose control important around the time of surgery?
A patient refuses to wear an identification wristband. What should the nurse do?
A parent of a child with influenza talks with the nurse. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient with COPD on 2 L/min oxygen becomes drowsy and hard to wake. The SpO₂ is 93%. What is the priority?
A rising serum creatinine most often indicates:
一名接受高流量吸氧的 COPD 患者变得嗜睡,脉搏洪大,皮肤潮红。血气显示 PaCO2 升高、pH 降低。最可能的原因是什么?
A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?
A patient's bedside glucose meter shows "HI" (above its measuring range). The patient is drowsy. What should the nurse do?
A patient refuses a prescribed oral medicine. What should the nurse do?
为什么严重高钾血症时要静脉给予胰岛素加葡萄糖?
Why must anti-embolism stockings be measured and fitted correctly?
Twelve hours after a coronary stent, a patient has sudden severe chest pain again with new ST elevation in the same leads. What is the most likely cause?
关于静脉给予苯妥英,下列哪项说法正确?
A patient taking amiodarone has gained weight and feels tired and cold. Which blood test is most relevant?
Patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors may develop immune-related side effects. Which symptom should they report promptly?
During burn resuscitation, a 70 kg adult's urine output has been 120 mL/h for 3 hours, and the face and limbs are very oedematous. What should the nurse do?
A woman at 28 weeks asks why her heart rate is higher than before pregnancy. Which response is accurate?
After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?
A child has tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). Which treatment is usually needed?
手术后,一名 4 岁儿童一动不动地躺着,做鬼脸,腿部紧绷并呻吟。FLACC 评分为 8 分。护士应怎么做?
How does memantine work in Alzheimer's disease?
A man whose wife died a month ago is rude and angry with the nurses about small things. What is the best understanding of his behaviour?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 2:15 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了3 fl oz / 果汁, 2 杯 / 茶, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 11 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方为 1250 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 10 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 400 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 10:30 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 130 kg,身高 174 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: B · It is not fitted properly in the ear
Whistling is feedback, usually from a poor fit, earwax or a damaged tube. Refitting the aid or checking for wax usually solves it; a flat battery makes it silent.
答案: A · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.
答案: B · High glucose impairs white cell function and raises the risk of surgical site infection
Hyperglycemia weakens neutrophil function and slows healing, so it increases the risk of surgical site infection. Keeping glucose in the target range is part of infection prevention for surgical patients.
答案: B · Explain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document
The nurse explains how the band prevents errors. If the patient still refuses, the nurse follows policy for alternative identification using two identifiers, informs the team and documents it.
答案: C · “I will give my child aspirin to bring the fever down.”
Aspirin in children with viral illnesses such as influenza or chickenpox is linked to Reye syndrome. Fluids, rest at home and reporting breathing trouble are correct.
答案: A · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.
答案: D · Reduced kidney function
Creatinine is a muscle waste product filtered by the kidneys. A rise shows the glomerular filtration rate is falling, as in acute kidney injury.
答案: B · 高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭,部分由吸氧过量引起
对 CO2 潴留患者不加控制地给氧会加重高碳酸血症和呼吸性酸中毒。应把氧疗滴定到 88–92%,并请医生评估,可能需要无创通气。
答案: D · Referral for colonoscopy
A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.核对依据: Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
"HI" means the glucose exceeds the meter's range, so the true value is unknown and may be very high, as in DKA or HHS. A laboratory sample is sent, the provider is informed promptly, and the patient is assessed for dehydration and ketones.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Diabetic ketoacidosis - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Explore the reason, respect the decision, document and inform the prescriber
Competent patients may refuse treatment. The nurse explores concerns, explains the purpose and risks, documents the refusal and informs the prescriber; covert administration needs formal legal and clinical procedures.
答案: C · 胰岛素使钾从血液转移到细胞内
胰岛素激活 Na⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶,把钾驱入细胞,在数分钟内降低血钾水平。给予葡萄糖是为了防止低血糖。这种作用是暂时的,仍须把钾排出体外。
答案: D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
Stockings that are the wrong size or that roll down can act like a tourniquet and cause skin and pressure damage. They are measured to the leg, checked daily, and avoided in significant peripheral arterial disease, severe neuropathy or leg skin damage.
答案: C · Acute stent thrombosis
Acute stent thrombosis presents with recurrent ischaemic pain and ST elevation, and needs emergency return to the catheter laboratory. Missed antiplatelet doses are a major risk factor, which is why dual antiplatelet adherence is emphasised.
答案: C · 用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护
苯妥英在含葡萄糖的溶液中会沉淀,应使用 0.9% 氯化钠,通常通过输液管路过滤器给药。输注过快可引起低血压、心动过缓和心律失常,因此要限制速度并监测心电图和血压。
答案: D · Thyroid function tests
Amiodarone is rich in iodine and can cause both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function is checked before and during treatment. The symptoms here suggest hypothyroidism.
答案: D · New diarrhoea or abdominal pain
Checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-mediated colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, skin reactions and endocrine problems. Early reporting allows grading and treatment, often with corticosteroids.
答案: A · Discuss reducing the fluid rate with the team
An output of about 1.7 mL/kg/h suggests over-resuscitation. Excess fluid ("fluid creep") worsens oedema and can cause pulmonary oedema and compartment syndromes, so the rate is reviewed and reduced under the burn protocol.
答案: B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
Blood volume and cardiac output rise in pregnancy, and the resting heart rate typically increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute. Blood pressure usually falls slightly in the second trimester.
答案: A · Sheehan syndrome
Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.
答案: D · An oral antifungal medicine
Topical creams cannot reach the fungus in the hair shafts and follicles, so tinea capitis needs an oral antifungal for several weeks, sometimes with an antifungal shampoo to reduce spread.
答案: D · 给予处方的镇痛药,并在药物起效后重新评估疼痛
FLACC 评分 7–10 分表示重度疼痛。应给予处方的镇痛药,同时采用安抚措施,并在适当的时间重新评估效果。
答案: D · It blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist used in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It may be combined with a cholinesterase inhibitor.
答案: C · His anger may be part of grief, displaced onto staff, so she should not take it personally
Anger is a common part of grief and may be directed at staff who are safer targets. The nurse responds calmly, sets limits if needed and invites him to talk about his loss.
答案: 14:15
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 622.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 4.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.25 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 38 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:38 滴/分。
答案: t = 4.2 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1410 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 10.6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 10 h 38 min,所以袋子大约在 21:08 输完。
答案: B = 11
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 肥胖 III 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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