NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient's hearing aid keeps whistling. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AThe patient's hearing has improved
  2. BIt is not fitted properly in the ear
  3. CThe volume is turned right down
  4. DThe battery is completely flat
2.护理学基础困难

A patient spills hot tea on their forearm. What is the best immediate first aid?

  1. ACool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
  2. BCover it with butter or a greasy cream
  3. CPop any blisters to let the heat escape
  4. DPut ice or an ice pack directly on the burn for about 10 minutes
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why is blood glucose control important around the time of surgery?

  1. AGlucose levels only affect patients who have type 1 diabetes
  2. BHigh glucose impairs white cell function and raises the risk of surgical site infection
  3. CLow glucose is needed around surgery so that the wound edges close more quickly
  4. DHigh glucose makes anesthetic drugs work for much longer and delays waking up
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient refuses to wear an identification wristband. What should the nurse do?

  1. AForce the band onto the patient’s wrist
  2. BExplain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document
  3. CAccept the refusal and identify the patient by room number and bed space instead
  4. DStop giving the patient any care until they agree to wear the band
5.优先排序与委派中等

A parent of a child with influenza talks with the nurse. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will keep my child home from school and away from others while unwell.”
  2. B“I will give my child plenty of fluids.”
  3. C“I will give my child aspirin to bring the fever down.”
  4. D“I will call if my child has trouble breathing.”
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient with COPD on 2 L/min oxygen becomes drowsy and hard to wake. The SpO₂ is 93%. What is the priority?

  1. AAssess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
  2. BIncrease the oxygen to 6 L/min so that the saturation goes even higher than now
  3. CLet the patient sleep, because the saturation is above target
  4. DGive the as-needed sedative so the patient rests comfortably
7.临床护理中等

A rising serum creatinine most often indicates:

  1. ADehydration of the skin only
  2. BImproved liver function
  3. CIncreased muscle strength
  4. DReduced kidney function
8.临床护理困难

一名接受高流量吸氧的 COPD 患者变得嗜睡,脉搏洪大,皮肤潮红。血气显示 PaCO2 升高、pH 降低。最可能的原因是什么?

  1. A呕吐引起的代谢性碱中毒
  2. B高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭,部分由吸氧过量引起
  3. C低血糖
  4. D阿片类药物过敏
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?

  1. ANo action if there are no symptoms
  2. BStart an iron supplement only
  3. CRepeat the test in 10 years
  4. DReferral for colonoscopy
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient's bedside glucose meter shows "HI" (above its measuring range). The patient is drowsy. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASend a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
  2. BRecord "HI" and repeat the meter test at the next scheduled time
  3. CGive oral glucose in case the reading is wrong and the patient is low
  4. DAssume the meter is broken and give the usual insulin dose
11.药理学中等

A patient refuses a prescribed oral medicine. What should the nurse do?

  1. AHide the tablet in the patient's food
  2. BLeave the tablet on the bedside table for later
  3. CExplore the reason, respect the decision, document and inform the prescriber
  4. DRecord the medicine as given, so that the chart stays complete for the next shift
12.药理学困难

为什么严重高钾血症时要静脉给予胰岛素加葡萄糖?

  1. A胰岛素直接保护心肌免受钾的影响
  2. B葡萄糖在血液中与钾结合
  3. C胰岛素使钾从血液转移到细胞内
  4. D胰岛素增加肾脏的钾排泄
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Why must anti-embolism stockings be measured and fitted correctly?

  1. ALoose stockings make the patient's legs too warm at night
  2. BCorrect fit is needed only to improve the appearance
  3. CTight stockings work better, so the smallest size is always best
  4. DPoorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Twelve hours after a coronary stent, a patient has sudden severe chest pain again with new ST elevation in the same leads. What is the most likely cause?

  1. APericarditis from the catheter
  2. BIndigestion from the hospital meal
  3. CAcute stent thrombosis
  4. DNormal pain from the procedure site
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

关于静脉给予苯妥英,下列哪项说法正确?

  1. A应在几秒钟内快速推注
  2. B不需要监测心律或血压
  3. C用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护
  4. D可以混入任何葡萄糖输液中
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient taking amiodarone has gained weight and feels tired and cold. Which blood test is most relevant?

  1. ASerum amylase and lipase levels
  2. BBlood alcohol level
  3. CSerum ferritin
  4. DThyroid function tests
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Patients on immune checkpoint inhibitors may develop immune-related side effects. Which symptom should they report promptly?

  1. AA small bruise after a knock
  2. BMild tiredness after a busy day
  3. CSlight hair thinning over months
  4. DNew diarrhoea or abdominal pain
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

During burn resuscitation, a 70 kg adult's urine output has been 120 mL/h for 3 hours, and the face and limbs are very oedematous. What should the nurse do?

  1. ADiscuss reducing the fluid rate with the team
  2. BStop all IV fluids completely and remove the catheter
  3. CIncrease the fluid rate to keep the output high
  4. DGive a diuretic without discussing it
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 28 weeks asks why her heart rate is higher than before pregnancy. Which response is accurate?

  1. AThe heart rate rises because blood pressure is much higher in pregnancy
  2. BA rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
  3. CHeart rate normally falls in pregnancy, so this needs urgent review
  4. DA higher heart rate in pregnancy always points to heart disease
20.产科护理困难

After a severe postpartum haemorrhage, a woman cannot breastfeed because her milk does not come in, and she feels very tired. Which condition should be suspected?

  1. ASheehan syndrome
  2. BMastitis
  3. CPostpartum thyroiditis
  4. DBreast engorgement
21.儿科护理中等

A child has tinea capitis (ringworm of the scalp). Which treatment is usually needed?

  1. AOral antibiotics such as amoxicillin
  2. BShaving the head, with no medicine
  3. CA topical antifungal cream alone
  4. DAn oral antifungal medicine
22.儿科护理困难

手术后,一名 4 岁儿童一动不动地躺着,做鬼脸,腿部紧绷并呻吟。FLACC 评分为 8 分。护士应怎么做?

  1. A以为孩子累了,让他睡觉
  2. B等到孩子要求止痛
  3. C用游戏或视频分散孩子的注意力,除非孩子要求,否则不做其他处理
  4. D给予处方的镇痛药,并在药物起效后重新评估疼痛
23.精神科护理中等

How does memantine work in Alzheimer's disease?

  1. AIt increases serotonin by blocking its reuptake
  2. BIt inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine
  3. CIt blocks dopamine D2 receptors
  4. DIt blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
24.精神科护理困难

A man whose wife died a month ago is rude and angry with the nurses about small things. What is the best understanding of his behaviour?

  1. AHe has antisocial personality disorder that was not noticed before
  2. BHe does not care about his wife's death and is using it as an excuse to be rude
  3. CHis anger may be part of grief, displaced onto staff, so she should not take it personally
  4. DHe should be told that his behaviour is unacceptable and that visits will be stopped
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
1234567891011122:15 PM?02:1514:1515:1513:15

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 2:15 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

2:15 PM
  1. 102:15
  2. 214:15
  3. 315:15
  4. 413:15
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
3 fl oz? mL2 杯? mL3 tbsp? mL1½ tsp? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了3 fl oz / 果汁, 2 杯 / 茶, 3 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 fl oz = 30 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 11 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

11 kg4 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 1250 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

1250 units5000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1500 mL15 gtt/mL10 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 10 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1500 mL10 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mL20 gtt/mL32 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 400 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

32 gtt/min20 gtt/mL400 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次水240 mL果汁120 mL汤150 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液300 mL尿液300 mL尿液150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

水: 240 mL果汁: 120 mL汤: 150 mL静脉输液: 100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL150 mL 已输入80 mL/h10:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 10:30 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL150 mL 已输入80 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 130 kg,身高 174 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

130 kg174 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · It is not fitted properly in the ear

为什么是这个答案

Whistling is feedback, usually from a poor fit, earwax or a damaged tube. Refitting the aid or checking for wax usually solves it; a flat battery makes it silent.

答案

B · It is not fitted properly in the ear
2.护理学基础

答案: A · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes

为什么是这个答案

Cool running water for about 20 minutes reduces pain and depth of injury. Ice can damage tissue further, grease holds heat in, and blisters are left intact to protect the skin.

答案

A · Cool the burn under cool running water for about 20 minutes
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · High glucose impairs white cell function and raises the risk of surgical site infection

为什么是这个答案

Hyperglycemia weakens neutrophil function and slows healing, so it increases the risk of surgical site infection. Keeping glucose in the target range is part of infection prevention for surgical patients.

答案

B · High glucose impairs white cell function and raises the risk of surgical site infection
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Explain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document

为什么是这个答案

The nurse explains how the band prevents errors. If the patient still refuses, the nurse follows policy for alternative identification using two identifiers, informs the team and documents it.

答案

B · Explain why it is needed, use other ID methods per policy and document
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · “I will give my child aspirin to bring the fever down.”

为什么是这个答案

Aspirin in children with viral illnesses such as influenza or chickenpox is linked to Reye syndrome. Fluids, rest at home and reporting breathing trouble are correct.

答案

C · “I will give my child aspirin to bring the fever down.”
6.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising

为什么是这个答案

In COPD, drowsiness can be a sign of carbon dioxide retention (hypercapnia), even when the saturation is acceptable. The nurse assesses breathing, escalates and avoids extra oxygen or sedatives that could worsen it.

答案

A · Assess breathing and escalate for a blood gas, as carbon dioxide may be rising
7.临床护理

答案: D · Reduced kidney function

为什么是这个答案

Creatinine is a muscle waste product filtered by the kidneys. A rise shows the glomerular filtration rate is falling, as in acute kidney injury.

答案

D · Reduced kidney function
8.临床护理

答案: B · 高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭,部分由吸氧过量引起

为什么是这个答案

对 CO2 潴留患者不加控制地给氧会加重高碳酸血症和呼吸性酸中毒。应把氧疗滴定到 88–92%,并请医生评估,可能需要无创通气。

答案

B · 高碳酸血症性呼吸衰竭,部分由吸氧过量引起
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Referral for colonoscopy

为什么是这个答案

A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.核对依据: Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

D · Referral for colonoscopy
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once

为什么是这个答案

"HI" means the glucose exceeds the meter's range, so the true value is unknown and may be very high, as in DKA or HHS. A laboratory sample is sent, the provider is informed promptly, and the patient is assessed for dehydration and ketones.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Diabetic ketoacidosis - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

A · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
11.药理学

答案: C · Explore the reason, respect the decision, document and inform the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

Competent patients may refuse treatment. The nurse explores concerns, explains the purpose and risks, documents the refusal and informs the prescriber; covert administration needs formal legal and clinical procedures.

答案

C · Explore the reason, respect the decision, document and inform the prescriber
12.药理学

答案: C · 胰岛素使钾从血液转移到细胞内

为什么是这个答案

胰岛素激活 Na⁺/K⁺-ATP 酶,把钾驱入细胞,在数分钟内降低血钾水平。给予葡萄糖是为了防止低血糖。这种作用是暂时的,仍须把钾排出体外。

答案

C · 胰岛素使钾从血液转移到细胞内
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage

为什么是这个答案

Stockings that are the wrong size or that roll down can act like a tourniquet and cause skin and pressure damage. They are measured to the leg, checked daily, and avoided in significant peripheral arterial disease, severe neuropathy or leg skin damage.

答案

D · Poorly fitting stockings can cause pressure damage
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Acute stent thrombosis

为什么是这个答案

Acute stent thrombosis presents with recurrent ischaemic pain and ST elevation, and needs emergency return to the catheter laboratory. Missed antiplatelet doses are a major risk factor, which is why dual antiplatelet adherence is emphasised.

答案

C · Acute stent thrombosis
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护

为什么是这个答案

苯妥英在含葡萄糖的溶液中会沉淀,应使用 0.9% 氯化钠,通常通过输液管路过滤器给药。输注过快可引起低血压、心动过缓和心律失常,因此要限制速度并监测心电图和血压。

答案

C · 用 0.9% 氯化钠稀释,并进行心电监护
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Thyroid function tests

为什么是这个答案

Amiodarone is rich in iodine and can cause both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Thyroid function is checked before and during treatment. The symptoms here suggest hypothyroidism.

答案

D · Thyroid function tests
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · New diarrhoea or abdominal pain

为什么是这个答案

Checkpoint inhibitors can cause immune-mediated colitis, pneumonitis, hepatitis, skin reactions and endocrine problems. Early reporting allows grading and treatment, often with corticosteroids.

答案

D · New diarrhoea or abdominal pain
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Discuss reducing the fluid rate with the team

为什么是这个答案

An output of about 1.7 mL/kg/h suggests over-resuscitation. Excess fluid ("fluid creep") worsens oedema and can cause pulmonary oedema and compartment syndromes, so the rate is reviewed and reduced under the burn protocol.

答案

A · Discuss reducing the fluid rate with the team
19.产科护理

答案: B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy

为什么是这个答案

Blood volume and cardiac output rise in pregnancy, and the resting heart rate typically increases by 10 to 15 beats per minute. Blood pressure usually falls slightly in the second trimester.

答案

B · A rise of about 10 to 15 beats per minute is normal in pregnancy
20.产科护理

答案: A · Sheehan syndrome

为什么是这个答案

Sheehan syndrome is pituitary necrosis from severe blood loss and hypotension. Low prolactin causes lactation failure, and other hormone deficiencies cause fatigue, low blood pressure and absent periods.

答案

A · Sheehan syndrome
21.儿科护理

答案: D · An oral antifungal medicine

为什么是这个答案

Topical creams cannot reach the fungus in the hair shafts and follicles, so tinea capitis needs an oral antifungal for several weeks, sometimes with an antifungal shampoo to reduce spread.

答案

D · An oral antifungal medicine
22.儿科护理

答案: D · 给予处方的镇痛药,并在药物起效后重新评估疼痛

为什么是这个答案

FLACC 评分 7–10 分表示重度疼痛。应给予处方的镇痛药,同时采用安抚措施,并在适当的时间重新评估效果。

答案

D · 给予处方的镇痛药,并在药物起效后重新评估疼痛
23.精神科护理

答案: D · It blocks NMDA glutamate receptors

为什么是这个答案

Memantine is an NMDA receptor antagonist used in moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It may be combined with a cholinesterase inhibitor.

答案

D · It blocks NMDA glutamate receptors
24.精神科护理

答案: C · His anger may be part of grief, displaced onto staff, so she should not take it personally

为什么是这个答案

Anger is a common part of grief and may be directed at staff who are safer targets. The nurse responds calmly, sets limits if needed and invites him to talk about his loss.

答案

C · His anger may be part of grief, displaced onto staff, so she should not take it personally
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 14:15

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

2 PM → 2 + 12 = 14

答案

14:15

答案

14:15
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 622.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL
2 杯 = 2·240 = 480 mL
3 tbsp = 3·15 = 45 mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL

相加

V = 90 + 480 + 45 + 7.5 = 622.5 mL

答案

V = 622.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 4.4 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 4·11 = 44 mg

体积

V = 44/10 = 4.4 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 4.4 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.25 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 1250/5000 = 0.25 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.25 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 38 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

10·60 = 600 min

滴速

R = 1500·15/600 = 37.5 ≈ 38 gtt/min

答案

R = 38 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:38 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 4.2 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

32·60/20 = 96 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 400/96 = 4.167 ≈ 4.2 h

答案

t = 4.2 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1410 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 240 + 120 + 150 = 510 mL
静脉输液: 100·8 = 800 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
I = 1410 mL

答案

I = 1410 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 10.6 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 150 = 850 mL

时间

t = 850/80 = 10.63 ≈ 10.6 h

答案

t = 10.6 h

约为 10 h 38 min,所以袋子大约在 21:08 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 11

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 非常受限 → 2
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 局限于椅子 → 2
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题 → 2

相加

Braden 总分 = 2 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 1 + 2 = 11

答案

B = 11
34.临床评估评分

答案: 肥胖 III 级

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 130/1.74² = 42.94

分类

肥胖 III 级

答案

肥胖 III 级

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