NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

When should blood cultures be taken in a patient with suspected sepsis?

  1. AOnly after three days of antibiotics, to see if they are working
  2. BOnly if the temperature rises above 40 °C
  3. CAfter the patient has recovered from the infection
  4. DBefore antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
2.护理学基础困难

为什么把双手放在患者腋下抬起患者("拖拽式抬举")被认为是不安全的?

  1. A它只对儿童不安全
  2. B与使用吊机或滑动垫相比,它花的时间太长
  3. C只有在患者穿病号服时才不安全
  4. D它可能损伤患者的肩关节和护士的背部
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

After teaching a patient about a new medication, how does the nurse best check understanding?

  1. AGive a printed leaflet about the drug and assume the patient will read it at home
  2. BAsk the family whether they understood the teaching
  3. CAsk “Do you understand?” and accept a yes
  4. DAsk the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient dies after a wrong-drug error, and the hospital carries out a root cause analysis. What is its main focus?

  1. ADeciding whether to tell the family about the error
  2. BEstimating the legal costs for the hospital
  3. CIdentifying which staff member made the error and should be disciplined
  4. DFinding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
5.优先排序与委派中等

在病房发生心脏骤停时,确认患者无反应且没有正常呼吸之后,首先做什么?

  1. A在呼救之前先找到患者的病历,核对复苏状态
  2. B测量血压
  3. C给两次人工呼吸,然后检查脉搏一分钟
  4. D呼救并开始胸外按压
6.优先排序与委派困难

A nursing assistant has twice not reported abnormal vital signs to the RN. What is the RN’s best action?

  1. AComplain about the assistant to the patients during care
  2. BStop delegating any tasks to the assistant for the rest of the year
  3. CTalk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
  4. DSay nothing to the assistant and quietly recheck all of the assistant’s vital signs in secret
7.临床护理中等

A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?

  1. ASodium
  2. BPhosphate
  3. CMagnesium
  4. DChloride
8.临床护理困难

Why are early surgery and early mobilisation recommended for older patients with a hip fracture?

  1. AThey allow the bone to heal fully without any need for pain relief
  2. BThey mainly reduce the cost of the operation
  3. CThey make physiotherapy and rehabilitation unnecessary after discharge
  4. DThey reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?

  1. ANo action if there are no symptoms
  2. BReferral for colonoscopy
  3. CStart an iron supplement only
  4. DRepeat the test in 10 years
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名肾功能正常、心电图正常的患者钾为 6.2 mEq/L。实验室备注样本发生了溶血。最好的解释是什么?

  1. A患者有肾衰竭
  2. B不再做进一步检查,立即用胰岛素和葡萄糖治疗
  3. C结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
  4. D钾肯定是正常的,无需随访
11.药理学中等

A patient starting sulfasalazine should be told about which harmless effect?

  1. AGreen colouring of the sweat
  2. BWhite spots on the nails
  3. CBlue colouring of the tongue and gums
  4. DOrange-yellow colouring of the urine
12.药理学困难

During an IV glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) infusion for chest pain, the patient's blood pressure drops to 82/50 mmHg and he feels faint. What is the nurse's first action?

  1. AIncrease the infusion rate to improve blood flow to the heart
  2. BGive a sublingual nitroglycerin tablet and increase the rate to relieve the remaining chest pain
  3. CStop or reduce the infusion as per protocol, lay the patient flat and notify the prescriber
  4. DSit the patient fully upright and give paracetamol for the headache
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient on theophylline develops nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate and restlessness. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ATheophylline toxicity
  2. BAn expected sign that the drug is working
  3. CA theophylline allergy causing a rash
  4. DHypoglycaemia caused by the drug
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient is listed for coronary angiography in the morning. Which pre-procedure result should the nurse report to the team?

  1. AA haemoglobin in the normal range
  2. BA blood glucose of 5.4 mmol/L (97 mg/dL)
  3. CA normal platelet count
  4. DA markedly reduced eGFR
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which complication is a particular risk in nephrotic syndrome?

  1. ABleeding from low platelets
  2. BHypoglycaemia
  3. CVenous thrombosis
  4. DLow cholesterol
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?

  1. AAsk the doctor for a sedative to stop the outbursts
  2. BExplain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
  3. CIgnore it, because it shows that the patient is seeking attention from the staff
  4. DTell the patient that crying will slow their recovery
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

哪种敷料通常适用于需要湿润的干燥、有腐肉的伤口?

  1. A泡沫
  2. B水凝胶
  3. C藻酸盐
  4. D干纱布
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, has lower abdominal discomfort and a bladder scan shows 750 mL. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARestrict fluids until the urge returns
  2. BWait another twelve hours before acting
  3. CGive a diuretic to increase urine flow
  4. DCatheterise as per protocol or prescription
19.产科护理中等

A woman says she uses cannabis daily to manage nausea in pregnancy. What is the best nursing response?

  1. AExplain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
  2. BAdvise her to switch to tobacco instead
  3. CTell her that cannabis is a natural remedy and safe in pregnancy
  4. DRefuse to continue her care until she stops
20.产科护理困难

A woman at 20 weeks presents with painless cervical dilation and bulging membranes, without contractions. She lost a previous pregnancy in the same way. What is the likely diagnosis?

  1. APreterm labour caused by infection
  2. BPlacenta praevia
  3. CPlacental abruption
  4. DCervical insufficiency
21.儿科护理中等

Which advice best prevents dog bites in young children?

  1. AChoose a small breed, as small dogs never bite
  2. BLet the child hug the dog while it eats so it gets used to children
  3. CNever leave a young child alone with a dog, even the family pet
  4. DTeach the child to stare into the dog's eyes to show who is in charge
22.儿科护理困难

一名学龄儿童将接受手术。哪种准备方式最适合这个年龄?

  1. A只使用儿语和婴儿玩具
  2. B用简单的示意图解释手术过程,允许提问,并让孩子参与选择
  3. C只与家长讨论所有事情而不与孩子讨论,以免孩子害怕
  4. D避免解释,因为这只会引起恐惧
23.精神科护理中等

应在何时采血测量患者的血锂水平?

  1. A一天中的任何时间,因为没有区别
  2. B早晨服药后立即
  3. C末次服药后 1 小时
  4. D末次服药后约 12 小时
24.精神科护理困难

Two days after surgery, a 79-year-old woman is quiet and drowsy, stares into space and gives muddled answers that vary through the day. Her daughter says she was sharp before. What is most likely?

  1. AHypoactive delirium
  2. BNormal tiredness after anaesthesia
  3. CDepression after surgery
  4. DAdvanced dementia
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
6 ft 3 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? cm

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 6 ft 3 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。

6 ft 3 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2½ tsp? mL1 tbsp? mL6 fl oz? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了2½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 6 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
80 kg10 mg/kg/天2× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 80 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 10 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

80 kg10 mg/kg/天2× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
50%储备液水 = ? mL

你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 500 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?

C₁ = 50%C₂ = 5%V₂ = 500 mL
W = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
210 mL剩余? mL/h4 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 210 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

500 mL / 10 h经过 6 h: 210 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mg50 mL30 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 30 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

400 mg/50 mL30 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果冻100 mL水240 mL牛奶200 mL冰屑100 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液275 mL尿液250 mL尿液325 mL伤口引流140 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果冻: 100 mL水: 240 mL牛奶: 200 mL冰屑: 100 mL静脉输液: 100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 275 mL尿液: 250 mL尿液: 325 mL伤口引流: 140 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL50 mL/h开始 11:0012:30: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 11:00 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 12:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

1000 mL50 mL/h11:00 → 12:30
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
11368SBPDBPmmHgHR 119/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 119 次/分,血压为 113/68 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 119/minBP 113/68 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
低风险中度风险高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 扶着家具; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 虚弱; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。

  1. 1低风险
  2. 2中度风险
  3. 3高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them

为什么是这个答案

Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.

答案

D · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
2.护理学基础

答案: D · 它可能损伤患者的肩关节和护士的背部

为什么是这个答案

拖拽式抬举对患者的肩关节和皮肤以及操作者的脊柱都造成很大压力。不能自行移动的患者应使用滑动垫、站立辅助器或移位机来移动。

答案

D · 它可能损伤患者的肩关节和护士的背部
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it

为什么是这个答案

With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.

答案

D · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error

为什么是这个答案

A root cause analysis looks beyond the individual to the system factors, such as storage, labeling, staffing or workflow, that allowed the error. The aim is to change the system so the error cannot happen again.

答案

D · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 呼救并开始胸外按压

为什么是这个答案

呼救(骤停团队和除颤器)并立即开始高质量的按压。长时间检查脉搏、延误或测量血压都是浪费时间。如有可能,应事先知道复苏状态。

答案

D · 呼救并开始胸外按压
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely

为什么是这个答案

The RN gives direct, private feedback, restates the reporting limits and increases supervision. If the problem continues, it is escalated to the manager according to policy.

答案

C · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
7.临床护理

答案: C · Magnesium

为什么是这个答案

Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.

答案

C · Magnesium
8.临床护理

答案: D · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium

为什么是这个答案

Delayed surgery and immobility increase the risk of chest infection, VTE, pressure ulcers, delirium and loss of independence. Guidelines recommend surgery within about 24–48 hours of admission (UK guidance: the day of or day after) and mobilisation soon after.

答案

D · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Referral for colonoscopy

为什么是这个答案

A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.核对依据: Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · Referral for colonoscopy
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样

为什么是这个答案

红细胞富含钾。当它们在试管中破裂(由于止血带过紧、握拳或针头太细)时,钾漏出,结果呈假性偏高。护士仍应评估患者并重复检测,因为不能漏掉真正的高钾血症。核对依据: Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

C · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
11.药理学

答案: D · Orange-yellow colouring of the urine

为什么是这个答案

Sulfasalazine can colour urine and sometimes skin and contact lenses orange-yellow. More serious adverse effects include blood disorders and rash, so blood counts are monitored.

答案

D · Orange-yellow colouring of the urine
12.药理学

答案: C · Stop or reduce the infusion as per protocol, lay the patient flat and notify the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

Hypotension is a major adverse effect of nitrates due to venous and arterial dilation. The infusion is stopped or reduced, the patient is positioned flat to improve venous return, and the prescriber is informed.

答案

C · Stop or reduce the infusion as per protocol, lay the patient flat and notify the prescriber
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Theophylline toxicity

为什么是这个答案

Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window. Toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, arrhythmias, agitation and seizures. Levels are monitored, and many drugs and smoking status change its clearance. The nurse should hold the dose and report.

答案

A · Theophylline toxicity
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · A markedly reduced eGFR

为什么是这个答案

Contrast can worsen renal function, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or dehydration. Reduced eGFR may change the plan, such as IV hydration, less contrast and review of nephrotoxic drugs. Allergy history, anticoagulants and bleeding risk are also checked.

答案

D · A markedly reduced eGFR
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Venous thrombosis

为什么是这个答案

In nephrotic syndrome, anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin are lost, and clotting factors made by the liver rise, so venous thrombosis is more likely. Infection and high cholesterol are other complications.

答案

C · Venous thrombosis
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand

为什么是这个答案

Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.

答案

B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 水凝胶

为什么是这个答案

水凝胶提供水分,促进干燥腐肉或坏死组织的自溶清创。藻酸盐和泡沫吸收渗出液,适合湿润的伤口;干纱布会粘在创面上,取下时损伤新生组织。

答案

B · 水凝胶
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription

为什么是这个答案

Urinary retention with a large residual volume needs bladder drainage to prevent discomfort, bladder damage and infection. Following local protocol, an in-and-out or indwelling catheter is used and the volume recorded.

答案

D · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription
19.产科护理

答案: A · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments

为什么是这个答案

Cannabis in pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and possible effects on brain development. The nurse discusses the risks without judgement, offers safer antiemetics and support and continues care.

答案

A · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
20.产科护理

答案: D · Cervical insufficiency

为什么是这个答案

Painless second-trimester cervical dilation without contractions suggests cervical insufficiency. A cervical cerclage may be offered in a later pregnancy.

答案

D · Cervical insufficiency
21.儿科护理

答案: C · Never leave a young child alone with a dog, even the family pet

为什么是这个答案

Most dog bites to young children are from familiar dogs, often to the face. Constant supervision, teaching children not to disturb dogs that are eating or sleeping and not to hug or stare at dogs reduces the risk.

答案

C · Never leave a young child alone with a dog, even the family pet
22.儿科护理

答案: B · 用简单的示意图解释手术过程,允许提问,并让孩子参与选择

为什么是这个答案

学龄儿童受益于具体、符合事实的解释、示意图和真实的器械,以及对某些选择有一定的控制权。他们可能担心失去控制以及对身体的影响。

答案

B · 用简单的示意图解释手术过程,允许提问,并让孩子参与选择
23.精神科护理

答案: D · 末次服药后约 12 小时

为什么是这个答案

血锂水平在末次服药后约 12 小时采血,通常在早晨下一次服药前,这样结果可与目标范围比较。

答案

D · 末次服药后约 12 小时
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Hypoactive delirium

为什么是这个答案

Hypoactive delirium presents with drowsiness, slowness and reduced activity, and is often missed or mistaken for depression. Acute onset, fluctuating course and inattention point to delirium.

答案

A · Hypoactive delirium
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 191 cm

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

以英寸表示的身高

6·12 + 3 = 75 in

英寸换算为厘米

h = 75·2.54 = 190.5 ≈ 191 cm

答案

h = 191 cm
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 207.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

2½ tsp = 2.5·5 = 12.5 mL
1 tbsp = 1·15 = 15 mL
6 fl oz = 6·30 = 180 mL

相加

V = 12.5 + 15 + 180 = 207.5 mL

答案

V = 207.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 400 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

10·80 = 800 mg

每次剂量

D = 800/2 = 400 mg

答案

D = 400 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: W = 450 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 5·500/50 = 50 mL

需加水量

W = 500 − 50 = 450 mL

答案

W = 450 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 52.5 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/10 = 50 mL/h

新速率

R = 210/4 = 52.5 mL/h

答案

R = 52.5 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 240 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

400/50 = 8 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 8·30 = 240 mg/h

答案

D = 240 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 500 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 100 + 240 + 200 = 540 mL
冰屑: 100/2 = 50 mL
静脉输液: 100·8 = 800 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1490 mL

总出量

275 + 250 + 325 + 140 = 990 mL

平衡

B = 1490 − 990 = 500 mL

答案

B = 500 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 925 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

11:00 → 12:30 = 1.5 h

已输入体积

50·1.5 = 75 mL

剩余体积

V = 1000 − 75 = 925 mL

答案

V = 925 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 1.05

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 119/113 = 1.053 ≈ 1.05

答案

SI = 1.05

1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。

34.临床评估评分

答案: 中度风险

Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。

为每个条目评分

过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否 → 0
次要诊断: 否 → 0
行走辅助: 扶着家具 → 30
静脉输液或封管: 否 → 0
步态: 虚弱 → 10
精神状态: 了解自身局限 → 0

相加

Morse 总分 = 0 + 0 + 30 + 0 + 10 + 0 = 40

风险等级

40 → 中度风险

答案

中度风险

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