感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When should blood cultures be taken in a patient with suspected sepsis?
为什么把双手放在患者腋下抬起患者("拖拽式抬举")被认为是不安全的?
After teaching a patient about a new medication, how does the nurse best check understanding?
A patient dies after a wrong-drug error, and the hospital carries out a root cause analysis. What is its main focus?
在病房发生心脏骤停时,确认患者无反应且没有正常呼吸之后,首先做什么?
A nursing assistant has twice not reported abnormal vital signs to the RN. What is the RN’s best action?
A patient's low potassium does not improve despite potassium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked?
Why are early surgery and early mobilisation recommended for older patients with a hip fracture?
A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?
一名肾功能正常、心电图正常的患者钾为 6.2 mEq/L。实验室备注样本发生了溶血。最好的解释是什么?
A patient starting sulfasalazine should be told about which harmless effect?
During an IV glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) infusion for chest pain, the patient's blood pressure drops to 82/50 mmHg and he feels faint. What is the nurse's first action?
A patient on theophylline develops nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate and restlessness. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient is listed for coronary angiography in the morning. Which pre-procedure result should the nurse report to the team?
Which complication is a particular risk in nephrotic syndrome?
After a stroke, a patient suddenly cries or laughs at odd moments. They say they do not feel sad. Which response is most appropriate?
哪种敷料通常适用于需要湿润的干燥、有腐肉的伤口?
Six hours after surgery, a patient has not passed urine, has lower abdominal discomfort and a bladder scan shows 750 mL. What should the nurse do?
A woman says she uses cannabis daily to manage nausea in pregnancy. What is the best nursing response?
A woman at 20 weeks presents with painless cervical dilation and bulging membranes, without contractions. She lost a previous pregnancy in the same way. What is the likely diagnosis?
Which advice best prevents dog bites in young children?
一名学龄儿童将接受手术。哪种准备方式最适合这个年龄?
应在何时采血测量患者的血锂水平?
Two days after surgery, a 79-year-old woman is quiet and drowsy, stares into space and gives muddled answers that vary through the day. Her daughter says she was sharp before. What is most likely?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 6 ft 3 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了2½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 6 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 80 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 10 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 500 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 210 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 30 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 11:00 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 12:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 119 次/分,血压为 113/68 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 扶着家具; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 虚弱; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: D · Before antibiotics are given, as long as this does not delay them
Taking cultures first gives the best chance of identifying the organism. They are collected with strict asepsis, but antibiotics must not be delayed in sepsis.
答案: D · 它可能损伤患者的肩关节和护士的背部
拖拽式抬举对患者的肩关节和皮肤以及操作者的脊柱都造成很大压力。不能自行移动的患者应使用滑动垫、站立辅助器或移位机来移动。
答案: D · Ask the patient to explain in their own words how and when to take it
With teach-back, the patient explains the information in their own words, which shows whether the teaching worked. A yes to “Do you understand?” does not confirm understanding.
答案: D · Finding the system and process weaknesses that allowed the error
A root cause analysis looks beyond the individual to the system factors, such as storage, labeling, staffing or workflow, that allowed the error. The aim is to change the system so the error cannot happen again.
答案: D · 呼救并开始胸外按压
呼救(骤停团队和除颤器)并立即开始高质量的按压。长时间检查脉搏、延误或测量血压都是浪费时间。如有可能,应事先知道复苏状态。
答案: C · Talk to the assistant privately, restate what must be reported and follow up closely
The RN gives direct, private feedback, restates the reporting limits and increases supervision. If the problem continues, it is escalated to the manager according to policy.
答案: C · Magnesium
Hypomagnesaemia increases renal potassium loss and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium must be replaced as well.
答案: D · They reduce complications such as pneumonia, pressure ulcers and delirium
Delayed surgery and immobility increase the risk of chest infection, VTE, pressure ulcers, delirium and loss of independence. Guidelines recommend surgery within about 24–48 hours of admission (UK guidance: the day of or day after) and mobilisation soon after.
答案: B · Referral for colonoscopy
A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.核对依据: Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · 结果可能是假性偏高;评估患者并安排重新采样
红细胞富含钾。当它们在试管中破裂(由于止血带过紧、握拳或针头太细)时,钾漏出,结果呈假性偏高。护士仍应评估患者并重复检测,因为不能漏掉真正的高钾血症。核对依据: Potassium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Orange-yellow colouring of the urine
Sulfasalazine can colour urine and sometimes skin and contact lenses orange-yellow. More serious adverse effects include blood disorders and rash, so blood counts are monitored.
答案: C · Stop or reduce the infusion as per protocol, lay the patient flat and notify the prescriber
Hypotension is a major adverse effect of nitrates due to venous and arterial dilation. The infusion is stopped or reduced, the patient is positioned flat to improve venous return, and the prescriber is informed.
答案: A · Theophylline toxicity
Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic window. Toxicity causes nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, arrhythmias, agitation and seizures. Levels are monitored, and many drugs and smoking status change its clearance. The nurse should hold the dose and report.
答案: D · A markedly reduced eGFR
Contrast can worsen renal function, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease, diabetes or dehydration. Reduced eGFR may change the plan, such as IV hydration, less contrast and review of nephrotoxic drugs. Allergy history, anticoagulants and bleeding risk are also checked.
答案: C · Venous thrombosis
In nephrotic syndrome, anticoagulant proteins such as antithrombin are lost, and clotting factors made by the liver rise, so venous thrombosis is more likely. Infection and high cholesterol are other complications.
答案: B · Explain that this is emotional lability after stroke and help the family understand
Emotional lability (pseudobulbar affect) is common after stroke: crying or laughter does not match the person's mood. Explaining it, staying calm and gently distracting the patient helps. True depression is also common and should be screened for separately.
答案: B · 水凝胶
水凝胶提供水分,促进干燥腐肉或坏死组织的自溶清创。藻酸盐和泡沫吸收渗出液,适合湿润的伤口;干纱布会粘在创面上,取下时损伤新生组织。
答案: D · Catheterise as per protocol or prescription
Urinary retention with a large residual volume needs bladder drainage to prevent discomfort, bladder damage and infection. Following local protocol, an in-and-out or indwelling catheter is used and the volume recorded.
答案: A · Explain the risks without judgement and offer safer treatments
Cannabis in pregnancy is associated with low birth weight and possible effects on brain development. The nurse discusses the risks without judgement, offers safer antiemetics and support and continues care.
答案: D · Cervical insufficiency
Painless second-trimester cervical dilation without contractions suggests cervical insufficiency. A cervical cerclage may be offered in a later pregnancy.
答案: C · Never leave a young child alone with a dog, even the family pet
Most dog bites to young children are from familiar dogs, often to the face. Constant supervision, teaching children not to disturb dogs that are eating or sleeping and not to hug or stare at dogs reduces the risk.
答案: B · 用简单的示意图解释手术过程,允许提问,并让孩子参与选择
学龄儿童受益于具体、符合事实的解释、示意图和真实的器械,以及对某些选择有一定的控制权。他们可能担心失去控制以及对身体的影响。
答案: D · 末次服药后约 12 小时
血锂水平在末次服药后约 12 小时采血,通常在早晨下一次服药前,这样结果可与目标范围比较。
答案: A · Hypoactive delirium
Hypoactive delirium presents with drowsiness, slowness and reduced activity, and is often missed or mistaken for depression. Acute onset, fluctuating course and inattention point to delirium.
答案: h = 191 cm
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 207.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 400 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: W = 450 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 52.5 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: D = 240 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 500 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: V = 925 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: SI = 1.05
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
1 或更高:在这个练习病例中是休克的警示信号。
答案: 中度风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions