感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should the opening of a stoma bag be cut?
一名患者出现急性腹泻,疑似 Clostridioides difficile(艰难梭菌)感染。哪组措施是正确的?
A patient with poorly controlled seizures asks about activities at home. Which advice is most important?
在口服药发药过程中,一名患者要求稍后再服一片药。护士把药留在了床头柜上。主要的安全问题是什么?
对于髋关节置换术后两天的患者,哪项任务适合护理助理?
A patient at 36 weeks of pregnancy has sudden severe abdominal pain, a hard, board-like uterus and dark vaginal bleeding. What should the nurse suspect?
A nurse suspects that an older patient is being financially abused by a relative. What should the nurse do?
一名急性胰腺炎患者上腹部剧痛并放射至背部。哪项护理最重要?
为什么慢性肾脏病患者常有贫血?
Ten days after chemotherapy, a patient has a platelet count of 9 × 10³/µL and reports a sudden severe headache and blurred vision. What is the priority?
Which assessment is most important during IV mannitol therapy?
A patient taking azathioprine is prescribed allopurinol for gout. What is the main danger?
A patient is going home with a 24-hour Holter monitor. Which instruction is most important?
A hypotensive patient has a temperature of 39.2 °C, warm flushed skin, a bounding pulse and a fast heart rate. Which type of shock is most likely?
Which CSF result is most typical of bacterial meningitis?
A patient with Parkinson's disease becomes agitated and confused at night. Which newly prescribed drug should the nurse question?
Which statement about pain in older adults is correct?
A patient with diabetes has rapidly spreading redness around a small wound, severe pain out of proportion, fever and crackling under the skin. What should the nurse suspect?
宫底松软,高于脐水平,并偏向右侧。最可能的原因是什么?
A labouring woman refuses a recommended caesarean for fetal distress after a full explanation. She has decision-making capacity. What should the nurse do?
A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?
A family speaks little English. Their 10-year-old offers to translate during a discussion about consent for his sister's surgery. What should the nurse do?
对于关于早餐的提问,一名患者回答:“鸡蛋来自母鸡,母鸡住在农场,我叔叔有个农场,他开一辆红色拖拉机……”却始终没有回答问题。这称为什么?
在一次会谈中,一名患者说他打算严重伤害一位指名的邻居。正确的一般原则是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 4 lb 14 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血糖结果为 12.5 mmol/L。按葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL,求以 mg/dL 表示的c,取到最接近的整数。
一名体重 6 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一袋输液在 1000 mL 中含 50000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 2000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。10 小时后你发现袋中还剩 190 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
200 mg 药物溶于 250 mL 的输液以 5 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 08:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 50 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: A · To fit closely around the stoma without pressing on it
The opening should fit snugly so stoma output does not reach the skin, but not so tight that it damages the stoma. Stomas shrink in the weeks after surgery, so the size is re-measured.
答案: D · 隔离患者,使用手套和围裙,用肥皂和水洗手
疑似艰难梭菌感染需要及时隔离并采取接触防护。芽孢不能被酒精杀灭,因此要用肥皂和水洗手,并用含氯等杀芽孢剂清洁环境。
答案: C · Never swim or bathe alone
People with uncontrolled seizures are advised not to swim alone, to shower rather than bathe and to follow local laws on driving. Most normal activities can continue with sensible precautions.
答案: B · 护士无法确认患者是否服下,而且别人可能会拿走
除非有商定的自行服药计划,否则不应把药留在床边。护士必须看到患者服药才能正确记录,无人看管的药片可能被其他患者拿走或遗失。
答案: A · 按髋关节注意事项协助患者坐到椅子上
按护理计划中已设定的注意事项协助病情稳定的患者活动,是常规任务。检查伤口、教育和评价止痛效果需要护理评估。
答案: A · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
Painful bleeding with a rigid, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, where the placenta separates early. Mother and baby are at risk, so urgent escalation and monitoring are needed.
答案: C · Raise the concern through the local safeguarding (adult protection) procedure
Financial abuse is a form of adult abuse. Nurses report concerns through safeguarding procedures, document facts accurately and involve the patient as appropriate.
答案: A · 充分镇痛、静脉补液以及密切监测液体平衡
急性胰腺炎可引起大量液体丢失和器官衰竭。护理重点是液体复苏、镇痛、监测尿量和血糖,并在可能时尽早营养支持。
答案: C · 肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,而它驱动红细胞的生成
患病的肾脏产生的促红细胞生成素减少,因此骨髓生成的红细胞减少。治疗可包括促红细胞生成药物和铁剂。核对依据: Anemia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Erythropoietin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · Assess neurological status and report it at once as possible brain bleeding
Platelet counts usually reach their lowest point (nadir) about 7–14 days after chemotherapy. With a count below 10 × 10³/µL, a sudden severe headache or visual change may signal intracranial bleeding, which is an emergency. The nurse assesses neurological status and reports it immediately.核对依据: Bleeding and Bruising (Thrombocytopenia) and Cancer Treatment · National Cancer Institute (NIH) (2022); Pancytopenia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2023)
答案: B · Urine output, electrolytes and signs of fluid overload
Mannitol draws fluid into the circulation before it is excreted, which can cause heart failure and pulmonary oedema. The large diuresis can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, so output and electrolytes are monitored.
答案: D · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
Azathioprine is converted to mercaptopurine, which is partly inactivated by xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol blocks this enzyme, so levels rise and dangerous myelosuppression can occur unless the dose is greatly reduced or the combination avoided.
答案: C · Keep a diary of symptoms and activities with the times
A Holter monitor records the ECG continuously during normal daily life. A diary of symptoms and activities lets the reviewer match symptoms such as palpitations or dizziness to the rhythm. The device is kept dry unless it is designed to be waterproof.
答案: C · Early septic (distributive) shock
Early septic shock often causes warm peripheries and bounding pulses because of widespread vasodilation. Cardiogenic, hypovolaemic and obstructive shock usually cause cool, clammy skin from vasoconstriction. Septic shock can later become "cold" as it progresses.
答案: C · Cloudy fluid, many neutrophils, low glucose and high protein
Bacterial meningitis usually gives turbid CSF with raised neutrophils and protein and low glucose. Viral meningitis typically shows clear fluid with lymphocytes and normal glucose.
答案: C · Haloperidol
Haloperidol is a dopamine antagonist and can severely worsen parkinsonian symptoms. Metoclopramide is avoided for the same reason. Causes of delirium should be looked for, and specialist advice is needed if a drug is required.
答案: A · They may under-report pain, so active assessment is needed
Older adults may minimise pain or have cognitive or sensory problems that hinder reporting. Regular assessment with suitable tools and careful analgesia, starting low and adjusting slowly, are recommended.
答案: B · Necrotising fasciitis
Necrotising soft tissue infection spreads rapidly along fascial planes and can cause septic shock. It is a surgical emergency needing urgent debridement, IV antibiotics and sepsis care.
答案: A · 膀胱充盈
膀胱充盈会把子宫抬高并推向一侧(通常是右侧),并使其不能良好收缩。协助产妇排空膀胱后,宫底通常会回到中线并变硬。
答案: B · Respect her decision, document it and inform the team
A woman with capacity has the right to refuse treatment, even if this may harm the fetus. The nurse ensures she has understood, documents the discussion, continues care and informs the team.
答案: A · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.
答案: B · Arrange a professional interpreter
Professional interpreters ensure accurate, confidential communication and informed consent. Using children as interpreters is avoided because they may not understand medical terms and it places an inappropriate burden on them.
答案: B · 离题(切题障碍,tangentiality)
在离题中,说话者越说越远,始终说不到重点。在病理性赘述中,有许多不必要的细节,但说话者最终会回答问题。语词杂拌是毫无意义的词语混杂。
答案: B · 对可确认身份者的风险必须告知团队,并可能需要依照法律和政策披露,以保护该人
对可确认身份者的严重威胁高于保密原则。护士应告知团队,记录该威胁,并遵循法律和政策规定的程序来保护该人。
答案: m = 2.22 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: c = 225 mg/dL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 3 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: R = 40 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 95 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: D = 66.67 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1330 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 8.8 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 8 h 48 min,所以袋子大约在 17:18 输完。
答案: B = 15
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 高风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
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