NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

While wearing sterile gloves, where should the nurse keep their hands?

  1. AFolded under the armpits to keep warm
  2. BResting on the edge of the sterile field
  3. CBehind the back when not in use
  4. DAbove waist level and in sight
2.护理学基础困难

一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者脉搏血氧读数为 99%,但嗜睡且头痛。为什么这个读数可能给人以虚假的安心?

  1. A烧伤使皮肤更容易透光
  2. B患者心率太快,仪器无法给出准确读数
  3. C与血红蛋白结合的一氧化碳被血氧仪当作氧气读取
  4. D烟雾使血氧仪读数偏低
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

When is a prophylactic antibiotic usually given to prevent a surgical site infection?

  1. AOnly if a fever develops after surgery
  2. BOne week before surgery
  3. CThe day after surgery, once the wound is closed
  4. DWithin about 60 minutes before the incision
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

In START triage at a mass-casualty incident, a casualty cannot walk, breathes 20 times a minute, has a radial pulse and follows simple commands. Which category applies?

  1. ABlack (expectant or dead)
  2. BYellow (delayed)
  3. CRed (immediate)
  4. DGreen (minor)
5.优先排序与委派中等

Which finding is an early sign of compartment syndrome in a patient with a lower leg fracture?

  1. AMild bruising around the fracture site on the second day
  2. BA strong pedal pulse with warm, pink toes and pain that settles with analgesia
  3. CItching under the cast during the first week after it was applied
  4. DPain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
6.优先排序与委派困难

Two hours after a femoral cardiac catheterization, the nurse sees blood spreading from the puncture site. What is the first action?

  1. AAsk the patient to bend the leg at the hip to stop the bleeding
  2. BApply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
  3. CRemove the dressing and leave the site open to the air
  4. DRaise the head of the bed so the patient can sit up
7.临床护理中等

A patient has a continuous stream of bubbles in the water seal chamber of their chest drain. What does this most likely indicate?

  1. AThe lung has fully re-expanded
  2. BThe drain is blocked
  3. CThe drain is working normally for a fluid collection only
  4. DAn air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system
8.临床护理困难

A patient has a blood pressure of 220/130 mmHg with headache, confusion and visual disturbance. Why is the blood pressure lowered in a controlled way rather than as fast as possible?

  1. ARapid lowering causes hyperglycaemia
  2. BA sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
  3. CBlood pressure cannot be lowered with drugs
  4. DRapid lowering always causes the hypertension to come back much worse
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

一名该服地高辛的患者钾为 3.1 mEq/L。为什么这个结果很重要?

  1. A低钾可保护心脏免受地高辛副作用的影响
  2. B钾与地高辛没有相互作用
  3. C低钾使地高辛无效,所以应将剂量加倍
  4. D低钾增加地高辛中毒的风险
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A nursing student has a positive interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for tuberculosis, no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray. What does this most likely mean?

  1. AActive pulmonary TB, which is contagious
  2. BPast BCG vaccination only, with no infection
  3. CLatent TB infection, which is not contagious
  4. DA false result, as the test does not detect TB
11.药理学中等

A patient is starting olanzapine. Which monitoring is most important over the following months?

  1. AHearing tests and vision tests every month
  2. BWeight, blood glucose and blood lipids
  3. CPeak expiratory flow
  4. DINR and platelet count
12.药理学困难

合用几种延长 QT 间期的药物会增加哪种危及生命的心律失常的风险?

  1. A心房颤动
  2. B一度房室传导阻滞
  3. C尖端扭转型室性心动过速
  4. D窦性心动过速
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?

  1. AA sawtooth baseline
  2. BProminent U waves
  3. CTall, peaked T waves
  4. DDelta waves before the QRS
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A nurse receives handover on four patients. Which patient should be seen first?

  1. AA patient with pneumonia on IV antibiotics who now has a temperature of 38.2 °C
  2. BA patient on day 1 after surgery who is newly restless, RR 30/min, SpO₂ 88% on 4 L/min
  3. CA patient with asthma who wants a reliever inhaler before a walk
  4. DA patient with COPD on 1 L/min whose SpO₂ has been 89% and stable throughout the night
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名服用格列齐特(一种磺脲类药物)的患者因低血糖入院。为什么需要延长监测时间?

  1. A该药作用持续多个小时,低血糖可能再次出现
  2. B该药只在夜间起作用,因此晨起检查无用
  3. C磺脲类药物自身不会引起低血糖
  4. D该药数小时的延迟后才使血糖升高
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

Six hours after a catheter is removed, a patient has not passed urine and feels uncomfortable. What should the nurse do?

  1. ADo a bladder scan to check for retention
  2. BTell the patient to drink two litres of water quickly
  3. CWait until the next morning before checking
  4. DPut the catheter back without assessing
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

造口袋底盘的开口应剪多大?

  1. A略小于造口以便紧密密封
  2. B比造口四周大约 2–3 mm
  3. C任何大小,只要盖住造口即可
  4. D比造口四周大约 2 cm
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

急性胰腺炎最初几小时,通常推荐哪种补液策略?

  1. A无论患者反应如何,都给予非常大量
  2. B以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
  3. C完全不静脉补液,只喝少量口服水
  4. D单用静脉白蛋白,不用任何晶体液
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 39 weeks with a healthy pregnancy asks about walking in early labour. What is the best advice?

  1. AWalking will cause the cord to prolapse
  2. BShe must stay in bed on her back for the whole labour
  3. CUpright positions always make labour slower
  4. DWalking and upright positions can help progress
20.产科护理困难

A woman with gestational diabetes asks if she will have diabetes after the baby is born. Which reply is accurate?

  1. AIt never returns, so no further glucose testing is needed after birth
  2. BIt usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher
  3. CIt will continue unless she stops breastfeeding
  4. DIt always becomes type 1 diabetes after birth
21.儿科护理中等

A child with a known peanut allergy is starting school. What is the most important step?

  1. AA written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
  2. BAllowing the child to eat only foods brought by classmates
  3. CKeeping the auto-injector at home, so that it cannot be lost or misused by other children
  4. DAsking the child to tell the teachers if she feels unwell
22.儿科护理困难

Which finding in an infant with suspected reflux needs prompt medical review?

  1. ASmall posseting after feeds in a contented, growing baby
  2. BSpitting up more after a large feed
  3. CHiccups after feeds that settle on their own
  4. DPoor weight gain, refusing feeds and blood in the vomit
23.精神科护理中等

Which communication approach is best with a patient who has paranoid personality disorder?

  1. AAvoid explaining anything so that the patient does not become suspicious
  2. BBe clear, honest and business-like, and explain the reasons for actions
  3. CBe very warm and joke often to put the patient at ease
  4. DTalk about the patient with colleagues in whispers within his sight
24.精神科护理困难

一名患者在出现暴力行为后刚被施以身体约束。哪项评估是最高优先级?

  1. A患者是否理解为什么使用约束
  2. B患者的饮食偏好
  3. C呼吸和循环,并持续观察
  4. D患者是否准备好重新参加团体活动
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
2.6838 mL? mL取整到 0.1 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 2.6838 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?

2.6838 mL
x = mL
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
8 mcg/min? mg/h1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注的给药速率为 8 mcg/min。请把这个剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。

8 mcg/min1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg
D = mg/h
27.剂量计算中等
45 kg10 mg/kg/天2× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 45 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 10 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

45 kg10 mg/kg/天2× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 115 微克。安瓿浓度为 0.5 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

115 mcg0.5 mg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
60 gtt/mL75 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 75 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

75 mL/h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
2 g250 mL? mL/h4 mg/min

一袋中含有 2 g 药物,溶于 250 mL。医嘱为每分钟 4 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

2 g/250 mL4 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次茶200 mL水300 mL汤150 mL冰屑120 mL静脉输液60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液200 mL尿液250 mL尿液425 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

茶: 200 mL水: 300 mL汤: 150 mL冰屑: 120 mL静脉输液: 60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 100 mL尿液: 200 mL尿液: 250 mL尿液: 425 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL→ 80 mL/h开始 15:30t总数​ = ? h125 mL/h × 2 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 15:30 开始以 125 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 80 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL125 mL/h · 2 h80 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 18 次/分,SpO₂ 98%正在补充吸氧,血压 130/78 mmHg,脉搏 104 次/分,清醒,体温 39.6 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?

RR 18SpO₂ 98%O₂SBP 130HR 104AT 39.6 °C
NEWS2 =
34.临床评估评分困难
81?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 65

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 65 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 81 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 65 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 65 mmHgSBP 81 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Above waist level and in sight

为什么是这个答案

Sterile hands are kept in front of the body, above the waist and within sight, so accidental contamination is noticed. The edge of the field is not sterile.

答案

D · Above waist level and in sight
2.护理学基础

答案: C · 与血红蛋白结合的一氧化碳被血氧仪当作氧气读取

为什么是这个答案

碳氧血红蛋白对光的吸收与氧合血红蛋白很相似,因此标准脉搏血氧仪会高估血氧饱和度。需要做带碳氧血红蛋白测定的动脉血气分析,并给予高流量吸氧。

答案

C · 与血红蛋白结合的一氧化碳被血氧仪当作氧气读取
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Within about 60 minutes before the incision

为什么是这个答案

For most drugs, prophylaxis is given within 60 minutes before the incision so tissue levels are high during surgery. Some drugs, such as vancomycin, start earlier because they are infused over longer.

答案

D · Within about 60 minutes before the incision
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Yellow (delayed)

为什么是这个答案

The casualty cannot walk, so is not green. Breathing is under 30 a minute, perfusion is adequate and they obey commands, so none of the red criteria apply. This makes them yellow, delayed.

答案

B · Yellow (delayed)
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched

为什么是这个答案

The earliest sign is severe pain that is not relieved by usual analgesia and worsens on passive stretch. Loss of pulse is a late sign, so the nurse reports pain early.

答案

D · Pain out of proportion to the injury that worsens when the toes are stretched
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site

为什么是这个答案

Direct manual pressure just above the puncture site compresses the femoral artery and stops bleeding. The patient keeps the leg straight, and the nurse checks vital signs and distal pulses and informs the provider.

答案

B · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site
7.临床护理

答案: D · An air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system

为什么是这个答案

Bubbling with breathing in a drain for pneumothorax shows air is leaving the pleural space. Continuous bubbling can also mean a leak in the connections, so the system is checked and the finding reported.

答案

D · An air leak, from the lung or from the drainage system
8.临床护理

答案: B · A sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys

为什么是这个答案

In a hypertensive emergency, autoregulation in vital organs is reset to higher pressures. Lowering BP too fast can cause ischaemia, so it is reduced gradually under close monitoring.

答案

B · A sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · 低钾增加地高辛中毒的风险

为什么是这个答案

地高辛与钠–钾泵上通常结合钾的位点结合,因此低钾会增强地高辛的作用并增加心律失常的风险。护士应在给药前报告该数值。

答案

D · 低钾增加地高辛中毒的风险
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious

为什么是这个答案

A positive IGRA with no symptoms and a normal chest X-ray indicates latent TB infection, which cannot spread to others. Treatment of latent TB is often offered to prevent later active disease. The IGRA is much less likely than the skin test to give a false-positive result after BCG vaccination.核对依据: Tuberculosis Screening · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); PPD skin test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

C · Latent TB infection, which is not contagious
11.药理学

答案: B · Weight, blood glucose and blood lipids

为什么是这个答案

Olanzapine and several other atypical antipsychotics cause weight gain, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Weight, waist size, glucose and lipids are checked regularly.

答案

B · Weight, blood glucose and blood lipids
12.药理学

答案: C · 尖端扭转型室性心动过速

为什么是这个答案

QT 间期延长会延迟复极,可诱发尖端扭转型室速,并可能转为心室颤动。某些大环内酯类、抗精神病药和抗心律失常药都会增加这一风险。

答案

C · 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Tall, peaked T waves

为什么是这个答案

Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.

答案

C · Tall, peaked T waves
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · A patient on day 1 after surgery who is newly restless, RR 30/min, SpO₂ 88% on 4 L/min

为什么是这个答案

New restlessness, tachypnoea and hypoxaemia despite oxygen suggest acute deterioration such as a PE, pneumonia or bleeding, so this patient is seen first. SpO₂ 89% is within target for a stable COPD patient, a mild fever on antibiotics is expected, and the asthma patient is well.

答案

B · A patient on day 1 after surgery who is newly restless, RR 30/min, SpO₂ 88% on 4 L/min
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 该药作用持续多个小时,低血糖可能再次出现

为什么是这个答案

磺脲类药物刺激胰腺释放胰岛素,作用持续时间长,在老年人和肾功能受损者中尤其如此。初始治疗后低血糖可能复发,因此需要延长血糖监测时间。

答案

A · 该药作用持续多个小时,低血糖可能再次出现
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Do a bladder scan to check for retention

为什么是这个答案

After catheter removal, the patient is monitored for voiding. Discomfort without voiding suggests retention. A bladder scan shows the volume, and the team decides whether to re-catheterise or use intermittent catheterisation.

答案

A · Do a bladder scan to check for retention
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 比造口四周大约 2–3 mm

为什么是这个答案

开口应剪得紧贴造口周围,留出约 2–3 mm(约 1/8 英寸)的小间隙。太大会使皮肤暴露于排出物;太小可能割伤造口。造口在最初几周内会缩小,所以要重复测量。

答案

B · 比造口四周大约 2–3 mm
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整

为什么是这个答案

胰腺炎使液体丢失到组织中,所以早期静脉补液很重要。最新指南倾向于使用哈特曼液或乳酸林格液等平衡晶体液进行适度、以目标为导向的复苏,并根据心率、血压和尿量调整,因为过于积极的补液只会增加负荷而没有益处。

答案

B · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
19.产科护理

答案: D · Walking and upright positions can help progress

为什么是这个答案

Upright positions and mobility in the first stage can shorten labour and reduce the need for epidurals. She can choose positions that feel comfortable.

答案

D · Walking and upright positions can help progress
20.产科护理

答案: B · It usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher

为什么是这个答案

Gestational diabetes usually resolves after birth, but the risk of later type 2 diabetes is much higher. She should have a glucose test after birth and regular screening, and keep up a healthy weight and activity.

答案

B · It usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher
21.儿科护理

答案: A · A written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff

为什么是这个答案

Schools need an individual action plan describing symptoms and steps, staff trained to recognise anaphylaxis and give adrenaline, and auto-injectors that are always quickly available. Avoiding the allergen and not sharing food also help.

答案

A · A written allergy action plan, with in-date auto-injectors and trained staff
22.儿科护理

答案: D · Poor weight gain, refusing feeds and blood in the vomit

为什么是这个答案

Many babies regurgitate small amounts and grow well; this needs only reassurance. Faltering growth, feed refusal, blood in the vomit, bilious vomiting or breathing problems suggest complications or another diagnosis.

答案

D · Poor weight gain, refusing feeds and blood in the vomit
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Be clear, honest and business-like, and explain the reasons for actions

为什么是这个答案

People with paranoid personality disorder are distrustful and may misread friendliness or jokes as hostility. Honesty, consistency and clear explanations reduce suspicion.

答案

B · Be clear, honest and business-like, and explain the reasons for actions
24.精神科护理

答案: C · 呼吸和循环,并持续观察

为什么是这个答案

约束期间的死亡往往由呼吸问题引起。关于原因的复盘要等患者平静后再进行。持续监测呼吸、气道、循环、皮肤和精神状态至关重要,一旦安全就应立即解除约束。

答案

C · 呼吸和循环,并持续观察
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 2.7 mL

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

十分位位上的数字

2.6838 → 6

只看下一位数字

2.6838 → 8
8 大于或等于 5,所以 6 进一。
后面的数字(38)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 2.7 mL

答案

x = 2.7 mL
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: D = 0.48 mg/h

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

列出换算链

D = 8 mcg/min × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)

计算

D = 8·60/1000 = 0.48 mg/h

答案

D = 0.48 mg/h
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 225 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

10·45 = 450 mg

每次剂量

D = 450/2 = 225 mg

答案

D = 225 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.23 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

0.5 mg/mL = 500 mcg/mL

体积

V = 115/500 = 0.23 mL

答案

V = 0.23 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 75 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

75/60 = 1.25 mL/min

滴速

R = 1.25·60 = 75 gtt/min

答案

R = 75 gtt/min

使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 30 mL/h

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

2000 mg/250 mL = 8 mg/mL

每小时剂量

4·60 = 240 mg/h

泵速

R = 240/8 = 30 mL/h

答案

R = 30 mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 755 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 200 + 300 + 150 = 650 mL
冰屑: 120/2 = 60 mL
静脉输液: 60·12 = 720 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·100 = 200 mL
总入量 = 1630 mL

总出量

200 + 250 + 425 = 875 mL

平衡

B = 1630 − 875 = 755 mL

答案

B = 755 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 11.4 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

125·2 = 250 mL
1000 − 250 = 750 mL 剩余

第二部分

750/80 = 9.375 h

总时间

t = 2 + 9.375 = 11.38 ≈ 11.4 h

答案

t = 11.4 h

约为 11 h 23 min,所以袋子大约在 02:53 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: NEWS2 = 5

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 18/min → 0
SpO₂ 98% → 0
吸氧 → 2
SBP 130 mmHg → 0
HR 104/min → 1
清醒 (A) → 0
T 39.6 °C → 2

相加

NEWS2 = 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 1 + 0 + 2 = 5

答案

NEWS2 = 5
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 57 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·65 − 81)/2 = 114/2 = 57 mmHg

答案

DBP = 57 mmHg

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