感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
During a manual blood pressure measurement in an adult, which point is usually recorded as the diastolic pressure?
A nurse escalated a deteriorating patient, but the doctor has not come after 30 minutes and the patient is getting worse. What should the nurse do?
Which technique is correct when collecting a wound culture?
A visitor is receiving an electric shock from a faulty lamp and is still touching it. What should the nurse do first?
A patient on a continuous IV heparin infusion has new black, tarry stools and an aPTT well above the target range. What should the nurse do first?
A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?
HbA1c 测量的是什么?
开始输血后不久,患者出现气短、喘鸣、低血压和面部肿胀。护士首先应该做什么?
A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?
A trauma patient receives many units of blood quickly and then develops muscle twitching and low blood pressure. Which laboratory value is most likely to explain this?
Long-term use of metformin can cause a deficiency of which vitamin?
合用几种延长 QT 间期的药物会增加哪种危及生命的心律失常的风险?
关于阿哌沙班和利伐沙班等直接口服抗凝药,下列哪项说法正确?
An older ex-smoker has a dry cough and worsening breathlessness over a year, finger clubbing and fine "Velcro-like" crackles at both bases at the end of inspiration. Which condition is most likely?
Why is all urine strained in a patient with suspected kidney stones?
A patient with a cervical spinal cord injury is helped to sit up for the first time. They become dizzy and pale, and the BP falls from 110/70 to 78/46 mmHg. What should the nurse do?
Which treatment often relieves pain from a bone metastasis?
A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?
在 BUBBLE-HE 的腿部检查中,目前如何评估产妇有无静脉血栓栓塞?
一名产妇在使用缩宫素期间宫缩频繁:过去半小时内每 10 分钟 6 次。胎心监护图正常。最恰当的措施是什么?
Which diet is usually advised for a child with nephrotic syndrome while there is oedema?
A 12-year-old with asthma has been prescribed a preventer inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid) to take every day. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A 24-year-old woman with bipolar disorder is starting valproate. What is the most important teaching point?
A teenager says she cuts herself "to feel better, not to die." Which statement about this is correct?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 6 ft 3 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 12 小时一次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
一名体重 40 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方剂量为 820 微克。安瓿浓度为 2 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 860 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋中含有 1 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 3 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 18:00 时已输入 100 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 7,其中 E1 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 28 次/分,SpO₂ 93%吸室内空气,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 44 次/分,仅对声音有反应,体温 37.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: B · When the sounds disappear completely
The first clear sound marks the systolic pressure; in adults the point at which the sounds disappear (phase 5) is recorded as diastolic.
答案: A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
If a response is delayed and the patient deteriorates, the nurse follows the escalation policy to the next level and keeps monitoring and supporting ABCDE. Each step is documented.
答案: D · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
Old exudate contains surface bacteria that may not be causing the infection. The wound is cleaned with sterile saline and then swabbed over clean, viable tissue, ideally before antibiotics start.
答案: B · Switch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person
The rescuer must not touch someone still in contact with live current. The power is switched off or the plug pulled first, then the person is assessed and resuscitation is started if needed.
答案: D · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
Black, tarry stools suggest upper GI bleeding, and a high aPTT shows too much anticoagulation. The nurse stops the heparin, checks vital signs and informs the provider, who may prescribe protamine sulfate. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.
答案: B · Droplet precautions
Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.
答案: A · 大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖
HbA1c 反映红细胞生命周期内血红蛋白的糖化程度,可用来估计长期血糖控制情况。
答案: A · 停止输血,保留静脉通路,并紧急呼救
严重输血反应(包括过敏性休克)需要立即停止输血,保留静脉通路,按 ABCDE 方法处理,并用肌注肾上腺素治疗过敏性休克。
答案: D · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据: Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · A low ionized calcium
Stored blood contains citrate, which binds calcium. During massive transfusion, citrate can lower ionized calcium, causing tetany, hypotension and arrhythmias. Ionized calcium is monitored and replaced as prescribed.
答案: A · Vitamin B12
Metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Deficiency can cause anaemia and neuropathy, so levels may be checked in long-term users.
答案: A · 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
QT 间期延长会延迟复极,可诱发尖端扭转型室速,并可能转为心室颤动。某些大环内酯类、抗精神病药和抗心律失常药都会增加这一风险。
答案: B · 无需常规检测 INR,但剂量取决于肾功能
DOAC 的作用可预测,因此不需要常规的凝血监测。剂量取决于肾功能、体重、年龄和相互作用的药物。由于药效在一两天内消退,漏服很重要。维生素 K 不能逆转其作用;有特异性的逆转剂。
答案: D · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis causes progressive breathlessness, a dry cough, clubbing and fine end-inspiratory crackles. Spirometry shows a restrictive pattern and CT shows fibrosis. Treatment includes antifibrotic drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen and palliative care.
答案: A · To catch the stone so it can be analysed
A passed stone can be sent for analysis. Its composition guides diet and drug advice to prevent recurrence. Straining also confirms that the stone has passed.
答案: B · Lower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
Loss of sympathetic tone causes orthostatic hypotension after high spinal injuries. The patient is reclined, and later raised gradually, often with compression stockings, an abdominal binder and sometimes medicines.
答案: C · Palliative radiotherapy to the area
A single fraction or short course of radiotherapy relieves pain from bone metastases in many patients. Analgesia, including NSAIDs where suitable, and bone-targeted drugs are also used.
答案: D · Omeprazole
PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.
答案: B · 观察单侧腿部有无肿胀、发热、发红和压痛
Homans 征不可靠,已不再推荐。应评估单侧肿胀、发热、发红和疼痛,并立即上报呼吸困难或胸痛。按摩小腿可能使血栓脱落。
答案: A · 按规程减量或停用缩宫素,并告知医疗人员
10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩即为宫缩过频。即使监护图正常,也应按规程减量或停用缩宫素,因为胎儿可能很快出现窘迫。
答案: A · No added salt
During the oedematous phase, salt is limited to reduce fluid retention, and fluids may be restricted if advised. Protein is not stopped; a normal, balanced intake for age is usually recommended.
答案: D · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
Preventer (inhaled corticosteroid) inhalers reduce airway inflammation and must be taken daily as prescribed, even when the child feels well. Carrying a reliever, rinsing the mouth and using a spacer are correct.
答案: A · It can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential
Valproate is highly teratogenic, causing neural tube defects and developmental problems. Women who could become pregnant need clear information, effective contraception and specialist review.
答案: C · Non-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time
Self-harm is a strong predictor of later suicide, even when the person does not intend to die. Each episode needs a compassionate assessment of risk, triggers and the function of the behaviour.
答案: h = 191 cm
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: N = 1
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 8 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.41 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 143.3 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: R = 90 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1160 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 3.3 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 21:20 输完。
答案: M = 3
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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