NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

During a manual blood pressure measurement in an adult, which point is usually recorded as the diastolic pressure?

  1. AWhen the first clear tapping sound is heard
  2. BWhen the sounds disappear completely
  3. CWhen the sounds become loudest
  4. DWhen the cuff is fully deflated
2.护理学基础困难

A nurse escalated a deteriorating patient, but the doctor has not come after 30 minutes and the patient is getting worse. What should the nurse do?

  1. AEscalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
  2. BTreat the patient with drugs from the cupboard without a prescription
  3. CWrite in the notes that the doctor did not come and do nothing else
  4. DWait, since the doctor has already been told
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which technique is correct when collecting a wound culture?

  1. ASwab the old pus on the dressing that was just removed from the wound
  2. BCollect the sample only after antibiotics have been started
  3. CUse one swab to sample two different wounds
  4. DClean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A visitor is receiving an electric shock from a faulty lamp and is still touching it. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AThrow water over the lamp to stop the current
  2. BSwitch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person
  3. CStart chest compressions straight away
  4. DPull the visitor away from the lamp by the arm as quickly as possible
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient on a continuous IV heparin infusion has new black, tarry stools and an aPTT well above the target range. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive a dose of vitamin K by mouth
  2. BCheck the pump rate and leave the infusion running
  3. COffer an iron-rich meal to replace the lost blood
  4. DStop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient is admitted with suspected meningococcal meningitis. Which precautions are needed until treatment has been given for long enough?

  1. AStandard precautions only
  2. BDroplet precautions
  3. CContact precautions only
  4. DAirborne precautions
7.临床护理中等

HbA1c 测量的是什么?

  1. A大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖
  2. B餐后胰岛素水平
  3. C检测时刻的血糖
  4. D尿中的酮体含量
8.临床护理困难

开始输血后不久,患者出现气短、喘鸣、低血压和面部肿胀。护士首先应该做什么?

  1. A停止输血,保留静脉通路,并紧急呼救
  2. B迅速输完这袋血,使暴露时间尽量缩短
  3. C给予对乙酰氨基酚和抗组胺药,继续输血
  4. D减慢输血速度,一小时后复测生命体征
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient is starting dabigatran, a direct oral anticoagulant. Which laboratory test is most important to review before the first dose?

  1. ALipase, to rule out an inflamed pancreas first
  2. BTSH, to rule out an overactive thyroid gland
  3. CINR, to set the dose of the anticoagulant
  4. DKidney function (creatinine clearance)
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A trauma patient receives many units of blood quickly and then develops muscle twitching and low blood pressure. Which laboratory value is most likely to explain this?

  1. AA high serum sodium
  2. BA low serum glucose
  3. CA high serum magnesium
  4. DA low ionized calcium
11.药理学中等

Long-term use of metformin can cause a deficiency of which vitamin?

  1. AVitamin B12
  2. BVitamin A
  3. CVitamin D
  4. DVitamin K
12.药理学困难

合用几种延长 QT 间期的药物会增加哪种危及生命的心律失常的风险?

  1. A尖端扭转型室性心动过速
  2. B窦性心动过速
  3. C心房颤动
  4. D一度房室传导阻滞
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

关于阿哌沙班和利伐沙班等直接口服抗凝药,下列哪项说法正确?

  1. A漏服无关紧要,因为它们的作用可持续数周
  2. B无需常规检测 INR,但剂量取决于肾功能
  3. C需要像华法林一样每周检测 INR
  4. D给予维生素 K 可逆转其作用
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

An older ex-smoker has a dry cough and worsening breathlessness over a year, finger clubbing and fine "Velcro-like" crackles at both bases at the end of inspiration. Which condition is most likely?

  1. ASpontaneous pneumothorax
  2. BAn acute asthma attack
  3. CCommunity-acquired pneumonia
  4. DIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why is all urine strained in a patient with suspected kidney stones?

  1. ATo catch the stone so it can be analysed
  2. BTo measure the urine volume more accurately
  3. CTo remove blood clots before testing
  4. DTo stop the stone from blocking the toilet
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with a cervical spinal cord injury is helped to sit up for the first time. They become dizzy and pale, and the BP falls from 110/70 to 78/46 mmHg. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive a large meal and a strong coffee to raise the blood pressure
  2. BLower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
  3. CStand the patient up to improve the blood flow to the legs
  4. DContinue sitting them upright, because it will pass in an hour
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which treatment often relieves pain from a bone metastasis?

  1. AComplete bed rest for a month
  2. BA diet low in calcium and vitamin D
  3. CPalliative radiotherapy to the area
  4. DIron supplements by mouth for several months
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?

  1. ALevothyroxine
  2. BAmlodipine
  3. CParacetamol (acetaminophen)
  4. DOmeprazole
19.产科护理中等

在 BUBBLE-HE 的腿部检查中,目前如何评估产妇有无静脉血栓栓塞?

  1. A仅检查脚趾的毛细血管再充盈
  2. B观察单侧腿部有无肿胀、发热、发红和压痛
  3. C按摩小腿以触摸血栓
  4. D用力向上弯曲足部,依据小腿疼痛判断(Homans 征)
20.产科护理困难

一名产妇在使用缩宫素期间宫缩频繁:过去半小时内每 10 分钟 6 次。胎心监护图正常。最恰当的措施是什么?

  1. A按规程减量或停用缩宫素,并告知医疗人员
  2. B胎心率正常,无需处理
  3. C让她用力以缩短产程
  4. D增加缩宫素以更快结束产程
21.儿科护理中等

Which diet is usually advised for a child with nephrotic syndrome while there is oedema?

  1. ANo added salt
  2. BA carbohydrate-free diet to reduce fluid retention
  3. CA high-salt diet to replace losses in the urine
  4. DA protein-free diet to rest the kidneys completely
22.儿科护理困难

A 12-year-old with asthma has been prescribed a preventer inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid) to take every day. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I carry my reliever inhaler with me everywhere I go."
  2. B"I use my spacer with my inhaler, even at school."
  3. C"I rinse my mouth after using my preventer inhaler."
  4. D"I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
23.精神科护理中等

A 24-year-old woman with bipolar disorder is starting valproate. What is the most important teaching point?

  1. AIt can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential
  2. BIt will cause her to lose weight quickly, so she should eat extra meals and snacks every day
  3. CIt must be taken with grapefruit juice to be absorbed
  4. DIt is safe in pregnancy and needs no special precautions
24.精神科护理困难

A teenager says she cuts herself "to feel better, not to die." Which statement about this is correct?

  1. AShe should be told that cutting is only attention-seeking behaviour
  2. BSelf-injury without suicidal intent shows that she has no mental health problems that need any treatment
  3. CNon-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time
  4. DSelf-injury without suicidal intent never needs any assessment
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
6 ft 3 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? cm

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 6 ft 3 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。

6 ft 3 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp · 2/天 · 7 d? × 150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 12 小时一次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?

2 tsp每 12 小时一次7 天150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 40 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

40 kg4 mg/kg20 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 820 微克。安瓿浓度为 2 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

820 mcg2 mg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
860 mL剩余? mL/h6 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 860 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1500 mL / 12 h经过 6 h: 860 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
1 g500 mL? mL/h3 mg/min

一袋中含有 1 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 3 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

1 g/500 mL3 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次水200 mL果汁100 mL果冻120 mL静脉输液80 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液250 mL尿液500 mL尿液500 mL尿液325 mL呕吐物250 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

水: 200 mL果汁: 100 mL果冻: 120 mL静脉输液: 80 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 100 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL100 mL 已输入120 mL/h18:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 18:00 时已输入 100 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL100 mL 已输入120 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E1 / 4+V3 / 5+M? / 6GCS 7?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 7,其中 E1 和 V3。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 7E1V3
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 28 次/分,SpO₂ 93%吸室内空气,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 44 次/分,仅对声音有反应,体温 37.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 28SpO₂ 93%空气SBP 136HR 44VT 37.2 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · When the sounds disappear completely

为什么是这个答案

The first clear sound marks the systolic pressure; in adults the point at which the sounds disappear (phase 5) is recorded as diastolic.

答案

B · When the sounds disappear completely
2.护理学基础

答案: A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team

为什么是这个答案

If a response is delayed and the patient deteriorates, the nurse follows the escalation policy to the next level and keeps monitoring and supporting ABCDE. Each step is documented.

答案

A · Escalate further, for example to a senior doctor or the rapid response team
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue

为什么是这个答案

Old exudate contains surface bacteria that may not be causing the infection. The wound is cleaned with sterile saline and then swabbed over clean, viable tissue, ideally before antibiotics start.

答案

D · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Switch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person

为什么是这个答案

The rescuer must not touch someone still in contact with live current. The power is switched off or the plug pulled first, then the person is assessed and resuscitation is started if needed.

答案

B · Switch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider

为什么是这个答案

Black, tarry stools suggest upper GI bleeding, and a high aPTT shows too much anticoagulation. The nurse stops the heparin, checks vital signs and informs the provider, who may prescribe protamine sulfate. Vitamin K reverses warfarin, not heparin.

答案

D · Stop the heparin infusion and inform the provider
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Droplet precautions

为什么是这个答案

Neisseria meningitidis spreads by respiratory droplets, so a surgical mask is worn within close range. Droplet precautions continue until the patient has received effective antibiotics for about 24 hours.

答案

B · Droplet precautions
7.临床护理

答案: A · 大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖

为什么是这个答案

HbA1c 反映红细胞生命周期内血红蛋白的糖化程度,可用来估计长期血糖控制情况。

答案

A · 大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖
8.临床护理

答案: A · 停止输血,保留静脉通路,并紧急呼救

为什么是这个答案

严重输血反应(包括过敏性休克)需要立即停止输血,保留静脉通路,按 ABCDE 方法处理,并用肌注肾上腺素治疗过敏性休克。

答案

A · 停止输血,保留静脉通路,并紧急呼救
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)

为什么是这个答案

Dabigatran is excreted mainly by the kidneys, so poor kidney function raises the drug level and bleeding risk. Kidney function is checked before starting and regularly afterwards. Routine INR monitoring is not used for direct oral anticoagulants.核对依据: Dabigatran · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

D · Kidney function (creatinine clearance)
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · A low ionized calcium

为什么是这个答案

Stored blood contains citrate, which binds calcium. During massive transfusion, citrate can lower ionized calcium, causing tetany, hypotension and arrhythmias. Ionized calcium is monitored and replaced as prescribed.

答案

D · A low ionized calcium
11.药理学

答案: A · Vitamin B12

为什么是这个答案

Metformin reduces vitamin B12 absorption in the ileum. Deficiency can cause anaemia and neuropathy, so levels may be checked in long-term users.

答案

A · Vitamin B12
12.药理学

答案: A · 尖端扭转型室性心动过速

为什么是这个答案

QT 间期延长会延迟复极,可诱发尖端扭转型室速,并可能转为心室颤动。某些大环内酯类、抗精神病药和抗心律失常药都会增加这一风险。

答案

A · 尖端扭转型室性心动过速
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · 无需常规检测 INR,但剂量取决于肾功能

为什么是这个答案

DOAC 的作用可预测,因此不需要常规的凝血监测。剂量取决于肾功能、体重、年龄和相互作用的药物。由于药效在一两天内消退,漏服很重要。维生素 K 不能逆转其作用;有特异性的逆转剂。

答案

B · 无需常规检测 INR,但剂量取决于肾功能
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

为什么是这个答案

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis causes progressive breathlessness, a dry cough, clubbing and fine end-inspiratory crackles. Spirometry shows a restrictive pattern and CT shows fibrosis. Treatment includes antifibrotic drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen and palliative care.

答案

D · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · To catch the stone so it can be analysed

为什么是这个答案

A passed stone can be sent for analysis. Its composition guides diet and drug advice to prevent recurrence. Straining also confirms that the stone has passed.

答案

A · To catch the stone so it can be analysed
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Lower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later

为什么是这个答案

Loss of sympathetic tone causes orthostatic hypotension after high spinal injuries. The patient is reclined, and later raised gradually, often with compression stockings, an abdominal binder and sometimes medicines.

答案

B · Lower the patient back towards lying, then raise them gradually later
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Palliative radiotherapy to the area

为什么是这个答案

A single fraction or short course of radiotherapy relieves pain from bone metastases in many patients. Analgesia, including NSAIDs where suitable, and bone-targeted drugs are also used.

答案

C · Palliative radiotherapy to the area
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Omeprazole

为什么是这个答案

PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.

答案

D · Omeprazole
19.产科护理

答案: B · 观察单侧腿部有无肿胀、发热、发红和压痛

为什么是这个答案

Homans 征不可靠,已不再推荐。应评估单侧肿胀、发热、发红和疼痛,并立即上报呼吸困难或胸痛。按摩小腿可能使血栓脱落。

答案

B · 观察单侧腿部有无肿胀、发热、发红和压痛
20.产科护理

答案: A · 按规程减量或停用缩宫素,并告知医疗人员

为什么是这个答案

10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩即为宫缩过频。即使监护图正常,也应按规程减量或停用缩宫素,因为胎儿可能很快出现窘迫。

答案

A · 按规程减量或停用缩宫素,并告知医疗人员
21.儿科护理

答案: A · No added salt

为什么是这个答案

During the oedematous phase, salt is limited to reduce fluid retention, and fluids may be restricted if advised. Protein is not stopped; a normal, balanced intake for age is usually recommended.

答案

A · No added salt
22.儿科护理

答案: D · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."

为什么是这个答案

Preventer (inhaled corticosteroid) inhalers reduce airway inflammation and must be taken daily as prescribed, even when the child feels well. Carrying a reliever, rinsing the mouth and using a spacer are correct.

答案

D · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
23.精神科护理

答案: A · It can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential

为什么是这个答案

Valproate is highly teratogenic, causing neural tube defects and developmental problems. Women who could become pregnant need clear information, effective contraception and specialist review.

答案

A · It can seriously harm an unborn baby, so effective contraception and specialist advice are essential
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Non-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time

为什么是这个答案

Self-harm is a strong predictor of later suicide, even when the person does not intend to die. Each episode needs a compassionate assessment of risk, triggers and the function of the behaviour.

答案

C · Non-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 191 cm

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

以英寸表示的身高

6·12 + 3 = 75 in

英寸换算为厘米

h = 75·2.54 = 190.5 ≈ 191 cm

答案

h = 191 cm
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: N = 1

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

总体积

10 mL × 2 × 7 = 140 mL

瓶数

140/150 = 0.9333 → N = 1

答案

N = 1
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 8 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 4·40 = 160 mg

体积

V = 160/20 = 8 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 8 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.41 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

2 mg/mL = 2000 mcg/mL

体积

V = 820/2000 = 0.41 mL

答案

V = 0.41 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 143.3 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1500/12 = 125 mL/h

新速率

R = 860/6 = 143.3 mL/h

答案

R = 143.3 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 90 mL/h

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

1000 mg/500 mL = 2 mg/mL

每小时剂量

3·60 = 180 mg/h

泵速

R = 180/2 = 90 mL/h

答案

R = 90 mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1160 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 200 + 100 + 120 = 420 mL
静脉输液: 80·8 = 640 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·100 = 100 mL
I = 1160 mL

答案

I = 1160 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 3.3 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 100 = 400 mL

时间

t = 400/120 = 3.333 ≈ 3.3 h

答案

t = 3.3 h

约为 3 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 21:20 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 3

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 7 − 1 − 3 = 3
M3: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)

答案

M = 3
34.临床评估评分

答案: 高

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 28/min → 3
SpO₂ 93% → 2
吸空气 → 0
SBP 136 mmHg → 0
HR 44/min → 1
仅对声音有反应 (V) → 3
T 37.2 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 3 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 3 + 0 = 9
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

高

答案

高

总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。

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