感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has just died. What should the nurse find out before starting last offices?
Braden 或 Waterlow 量表用于评估:
An alcohol-based skin prep has been used before surgery with electrosurgery. What must happen before the drapes are placed?
护士的哪项行为表明她遵守了手卫生五个时刻?
During an IV vancomycin infusion, a patient develops flushing and itching of the face and neck. What should the nurse do first?
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis is about to start an IV insulin infusion. The serum potassium is 3.0 mEq/L. What should the nurse do?
Why are patients with atrial fibrillation often given anticoagulants?
An acutely ill patient without COPD is on 15 L/min oxygen, and their SpO2 is now 100% and stable. What should be done?
A patient with acute pancreatitis has muscle twitching and numbness around the mouth. Which laboratory value should the nurse check?
The nurse teaches a patient with iron-deficiency anemia who is starting oral iron. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient takes isoniazid. Which advice is most important?
A woman with chronic hypertension who takes lisinopril is now pregnant. What is the key concern?
Why is aspirin chewed rather than swallowed whole in a suspected acute coronary syndrome?
一名 NSTEMI 后放置了冠状动脉支架的患者问为什么要服用两种抗血小板药。哪个回答最准确?
A woman who takes the combined contraceptive pill is starting carbamazepine. What should she be taught?
一名长期大剂量服用泼尼松龙的患者在肠道手术后第三天。他们只主诉轻度腹痛,但心率升至 115 次/分,体温 37.4 °C。为什么护士应特别担忧?
哪项陈述最能描述阿片类药物耐受?
A patient has had a large terminal ileum resection for Crohn's disease. Which long-term problems should the nurse anticipate?
Which set of findings is consistent with hypovolaemia after a postpartum haemorrhage?
A newborn's cord stump has redness spreading onto the abdominal skin and a foul discharge. What is the priority?
哪项注意事项适用于血友病患儿?
After a week in hospital without his parents, a 2-year-old has stopped crying for his mother, plays with the nurses and seems uninterested when she visits. Which stage of separation does this show?
A patient with borderline personality disorder has made superficial cuts to her arm on the ward. What is the most appropriate nursing response?
An older woman living with her son looks thin and unkempt. She says her son "looks after the money" and she is often hungry. What should the nurse do?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 39.2 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了8 fl oz / 果汁, ½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, ¼ 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 16 kg 的儿童按 5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一袋输液在 1000 mL 中含 25000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 2000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 4 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 17:00 时已输入 700 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 扶着家具; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 出生后 5 分钟,一名练习用新生儿的表现为:全身皮肤青紫或苍白,无心跳,刺激后无反应,四肢松软,没有肌张力,无呼吸。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
答案: B · The family's religious and cultural wishes
Some faiths have specific rules, for example about who may touch or wash the body and how soon burial should happen. Asking first respects the person and the family.
答案: A · 压力性损伤风险
两种量表都用于估计压力性损伤风险,并指导翻身、减压床垫和营养支持等预防措施。
答案: C · The prep must be fully dry and any pooled liquid removed
Wet alcohol prep and its vapors under drapes can be ignited by electrosurgery or lasers. The prep is allowed to dry fully, and pooling in skin folds or linen is prevented.
答案: A · 她在接触床栏之后清洁双手
接触床栏、桌子等患者周围环境会污染双手,所以之后需要手卫生。在患者之间应更换手套,无论手看起来是否脏都需要手卫生。
答案: C · Stop or slow the infusion and inform the provider
Flushing of the upper body during vancomycin is usually an infusion reaction related to the rate. The nurse stops or slows the infusion, assesses for anaphylaxis and informs the provider.
答案: C · Report the result before starting, because insulin will push potassium even lower
Insulin drives potassium into cells and can cause dangerous hypokalemia, so a low starting potassium must be reported. US (ADA) guidance delays insulin until potassium is at least 3.3 mEq/L; UK (JBDS) guidance asks for urgent senior review and potassium replacement. Either way, the prescriber decides.
答案: A · To reduce the risk of stroke from clots in the atria
In AF the atria do not contract effectively, so blood can pool and clot, especially in the left atrial appendage. A clot can travel to the brain, so anticoagulation reduces stroke risk.
答案: A · Reduce the oxygen to keep the SpO2 within the prescribed target range
Oxygen is prescribed to a target range, usually 94–98% for most patients. Once the patient is stable it should be weaned down, as unnecessary hyperoxia has no benefit and can be harmful.
答案: D · Serum calcium
In severe pancreatitis, fatty acids released from damaged fat bind calcium (saponification), causing hypocalcemia. Twitching and perioral numbness are signs of low calcium, which can progress to tetany and seizures.核对依据: Calcium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · "I'll take my iron tablet with a big glass of milk"
Calcium in milk, as well as antacids and tea, reduces iron absorption, so iron should not be taken with them. Vitamin C improves absorption, dark stools are expected, and iron overdose is a serious poisoning risk in young children.核对依据: Iron deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Iron in diet - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · Avoid alcohol and report jaundice, dark urine or poor appetite
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, and alcohol increases the risk. Signs of liver injury are reported at once, and liver tests may be checked.
答案: C · ACE inhibitors harm fetal kidneys, so a safer drug is used
ACE inhibitors and ARBs cause fetal kidney damage, oligohydramnios and other problems, especially later in pregnancy. Drugs such as labetalol, nifedipine or methyldopa are used instead.
答案: C · Chewing speeds absorption, giving a faster antiplatelet effect
Aspirin irreversibly inhibits platelet cyclo-oxygenase, reducing thromboxane A2 and platelet aggregation. Chewing a non-enteric-coated tablet speeds absorption. It reduces mortality in acute coronary syndromes and is given unless there is a true allergy.
答案: A · 阻断了两条通路,保护支架,但出血风险增加
双联抗血小板治疗(阿司匹林加氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛或普拉格雷等 P2Y₁₂ 抑制剂)可减少复发事件和支架血栓,通常持续最长 12 个月。它会增加出血风险,没有心脏科建议不得提前停药,尤其是在支架术后。
答案: B · Carbamazepine can make the pill less effective, so other contraception is needed
Carbamazepine is a strong liver enzyme inducer, so it lowers hormone levels from the pill and can lead to an unplanned pregnancy. Contraception that is not affected, such as an IUD, is usually advised.
答案: C · 类固醇可掩盖发热、疼痛和腹膜刺激征,隐藏并发症
长期使用类固醇会减弱发热、疼痛和腹肌紧张,因此吻合口漏、脓肿或穿孔可能只表现为心动过速等细微征象。护士应全面评估并及早上报。这些患者在手术前后还需要类固醇覆盖,以预防肾上腺危象。
答案: C · 随时间推移需要更高剂量才能获得相同效果
耐受是指随着时间推移,对同一剂量的反应降低。身体依赖是指突然停药会出现戒断症状。两者都不同于成瘾(阿片类药物使用障碍),后者是不顾伤害而强迫性使用。
答案: A · Vitamin B12 deficiency and bile-acid diarrhoea
The terminal ileum absorbs vitamin B12 and bile acids. After resection, B12 replacement may be needed, and unabsorbed bile acids reaching the colon cause diarrhoea.
答案: A · Rising pulse, falling blood pressure, low urine output
Tachycardia is often the earliest sign, then narrowing pulse pressure, falling blood pressure, pale clammy skin, restlessness and oliguria. Blood pressure may stay normal until a large loss has occurred.
答案: D · Report it as possible omphalitis
Spreading redness, swelling and foul discharge suggest omphalitis, which can lead to sepsis. It needs prompt medical assessment and antibiotics.
答案: C · 尽可能避免肌内注射和测量直肠温度
应避免会引起出血的操作和药物:肌内注射、直肠测温、阿司匹林和非甾体抗炎药。关节出血采用凝血因子替代、休息、冰敷、加压和抬高来处理。
答案: B · Detachment
In detachment, the child seems to adjust and shows interest in surroundings but ignores the parent, as a way of coping with loss. It can be mistaken for settling in. Encouraging parents to stay and keeping routines helps prevent it.
答案: C · Treat the wounds in a calm, matter-of-fact way and assess her current risk and feelings
Wounds need care, and self-harm requires risk assessment. A calm, non-judgemental response avoids both punishment and unintended reinforcement, and helps the patient explore triggers and safer coping.
答案: D · Talk to her privately, document the findings and raise an adult safeguarding concern
Signs of financial abuse and neglect require a private conversation, careful documentation and reporting through safeguarding procedures. Confrontation could increase the risk to her.
答案: T = 102.6 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 307.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 1.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: R = 80 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 480 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 1.6 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 985 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 23:00 输完。
答案: MFS = 90
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 低
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
5 分钟时低于 7 分,通常每 5 分钟重复评分一次,直至 20 分钟。
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