感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why is a patient with a suspected spinal injury moved by log-rolling?
During medicines reconciliation, the patient says they take an anticoagulant at home, but it has not been prescribed in hospital. What should the nurse do?
Why can side rails be dangerous for a confused, restless patient?
During flu season, a nurse wakes up with fever, cough and muscle aches. What is the best action?
A patient’s chest tube becomes disconnected from the drainage system. What should the nurse do first?
A patient has peripheral arterial disease with a non-healing ulcer on the toe. Which advice about leg position is correct?
Which oxygen device delivers a precise, fixed concentration of oxygen?
Which statement about oxygen in a patient with suspected acute coronary syndrome is correct?
A patient with type 1 diabetes has the flu, is eating little and has a glucose of 290 mg/dL (16.1 mmol/L). Which advice is correct?
A patient with heavy alcohol use and a poor diet has a hemoglobin of 10.1 g/dL (101 g/L), an MCV of 110 fL and a low red cell folate. Which explanation fits best?
一名患者有严重肾功能损害。某药物主要以原形经尿排泄。通常如何调整?
某药分布容积为 40 L,生物利用度为 100%。要达到 2 mg/L 的目标血浆浓度,负荷剂量应为多少?
Why is pyridoxine (vitamin B6) often given with isoniazid?
Twelve hours after a coronary stent, a patient has sudden severe chest pain again with new ST elevation in the same leads. What is the most likely cause?
How does the nurse test the facial nerve (VII)?
A patient with an acute stroke has a glucose of 15 mmol/L (270 mg/dL). They do not have known diabetes. What is appropriate?
Which monitoring is especially important for a patient receiving parenteral nutrition?
哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?
孕早期筛查的颈项透明层(NT)超声通常在何时进行?
A woman with gestational diabetes asks if she will have diabetes after the baby is born. Which reply is accurate?
一名 3 岁女孩原本能说短句,现在不再说话,也不再对自己的名字有反应。最重要的一点是什么?
A toddler with sickle cell disease suddenly becomes pale and lethargic, with a fast heart rate and an enlarging left upper abdomen. What should the nurse suspect?
在精神状态检查中,哪项发现记录在思维内容项下?
护士应首先去看哪位患者?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 37.3 °C。用 °F = °C × 9/5 + 32 把它换算为华氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注的给药速率为 10 mcg/min。请把这个剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。
一名体重 11 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者体重 66 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 2 mg/kg,储备液为 5 mL 中含 125 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
滴注以 100 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 6 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
将 100 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 60 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 08:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 12:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 92%吸室内空气,血压 118/70 mmHg,脉搏 126 次/分,清醒,体温 39.6 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · It keeps the head, neck and spine aligned as one unit
Log-rolling turns the body as a single unit while one person controls the head and neck, protecting a possibly unstable spine.
答案: D · Inform the prescriber so the omission can be reviewed
Unexplained differences between home and hospital medicines are reported to the prescriber. Missed anticoagulants can cause clots, and some omissions are deliberate, for example before surgery.
答案: B · The patient may climb over them or get trapped in gaps
Confused patients may climb over rails and fall from a greater height or become trapped between the rail and mattress. Alternatives such as low beds and close observation are often safer.
答案: B · Stay home and inform the employer according to the illness policy
Health care workers with signs of influenza should not work, because they can infect patients and colleagues. They follow the employer’s policy on when they may return.
答案: B · Place the end of the tube in a bottle of sterile water
Putting the tube end in sterile water creates a temporary water seal until a new drainage system is connected. Long clamping can cause a tension pneumothorax, and the nurse does not remove the tube.
答案: A · Keep the legs level or slightly lowered, not raised
In arterial disease, gravity helps blood reach the feet, so legs are not elevated. Elevation and compression suit venous disease, and crossing the legs reduces flow further.
答案: D · Venturi mask
A Venturi mask entrains a set amount of room air, giving a fixed oxygen percentage regardless of the patient's breathing pattern. This makes it useful for patients at risk of hypercapnia.
答案: C · Oxygen is given if the SpO2 is below the target range
Current guidance recommends oxygen in ACS only for hypoxaemia, as routine oxygen in patients with normal saturations has not been shown to help. Urgent ECG, analgesia and antiplatelet treatment remain priorities.
答案: A · Keep taking insulin and check blood or urine ketones
During illness, stress hormones raise glucose, so insulin is continued even when eating less. Glucose and ketones are checked often, fluids are taken, and the provider is contacted if ketones are moderate or high or vomiting prevents fluids.核对依据: Diabetes - when you are sick · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: B · Folate deficiency, made worse by a direct alcohol effect
Poor diet and alcohol reduce folate intake and absorption, causing macrocytic anemia, and alcohol itself also raises the MCV. Iron deficiency and thalassemia cause small cells. Folate is replaced after B12 deficiency is excluded, and thiamine is also commonly given.核对依据: Folate-deficiency anemia - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: D · 减少剂量或延长给药间隔
肾清除率下降时,经肾排泄的药物会蓄积。应根据肾功能并尽可能根据血药浓度降低剂量或减少给药频次。
答案: B · 80 mg
负荷剂量 = 40 L × 2 mg/L = 80 mg。负荷剂量取决于 Vd,而维持剂量取决于清除率。
答案: A · To prevent peripheral neuropathy
Isoniazid increases pyridoxine loss, which can cause peripheral neuropathy, especially in people with diabetes, alcohol dependence, malnutrition or HIV. Pyridoxine prevents this. Isoniazid can also cause hepatitis. Ethambutol affects vision; pyrazinamide can cause gout.
答案: C · Acute stent thrombosis
Acute stent thrombosis presents with recurrent ischaemic pain and ST elevation, and needs emergency return to the catheter laboratory. Missed antiplatelet doses are a major risk factor, which is why dual antiplatelet adherence is emphasised.
答案: B · Ask them to raise the eyebrows, shut the eyes tightly and smile
The facial nerve moves the muscles of the face. Asking the patient to raise the eyebrows, close the eyes, puff the cheeks and smile shows any weakness. Facial sensation is carried by the trigeminal nerve.
答案: D · Report it and monitor glucose, as it can worsen outcome
Hyperglycaemia is common after stroke and is linked to worse outcomes. It is reported, monitored and treated in line with local protocols, while avoiding hypoglycaemia. The patient may also be tested for undiagnosed diabetes.
答案: C · Blood glucose and signs of line infection
PN can cause hyperglycaemia and electrolyte disturbance, and the central line is a route for bloodstream infection. Glucose, electrolytes, fluid balance, weight and temperature are monitored closely.
答案: A · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。
答案: B · 约 11 至 14 周
颈项透明层在约 11 至 14 周之间测量,常与血液标志物联合检测。详细的胎儿结构超声在约 18–22 周进行。
答案: A · It usually resolves, but her risk of type 2 diabetes stays higher
Gestational diabetes usually resolves after birth, but the risk of later type 2 diabetes is much higher. She should have a glucose test after birth and regular screening, and keep up a healthy weight and activity.
答案: C · 任何年龄出现已获得技能的丧失,都需要及时评估
退行,即语言、社交或运动技能的丧失,始终是危险信号,需要及时进行发育和医学评估。
答案: B · Splenic sequestration crisis, an emergency
In splenic sequestration, sickled cells are trapped in the spleen, which enlarges quickly while haemoglobin falls sharply, leading to shock. It needs urgent fluids and transfusion; parents are taught to feel the spleen and seek help.
答案: A · 强迫观念和妄想
思维内容包括妄想、强迫观念、恐惧症以及自杀或杀人的想法。思维过程(形式)包括联想松弛、离题和思维奔逸。
答案: B · 一名新入院的患者,说声音在告诉他从窗户跳出去
要求自伤的命令性幻听提示即时的安全风险。细微震颤是锂盐常见的副作用,其他要求可以稍候。
答案: T = 99.1 °F
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: D = 0.6 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 4.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 2.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 600 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: R = 20 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1130 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 325 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 13
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 中
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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