NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why should reddened skin over a bony area not be massaged?

  1. AMassage is only allowed when done by a physiotherapist
  2. BMassage hides early signs of infection
  3. CMassage makes the redness spread to other areas
  4. DMassage can damage the deeper tissues further
2.护理学基础困难

Before giving a PRN dose of oral morphine, which assessment is most important?

  1. AThe respiratory rate and level of sedation
  2. BThe patient's weight and height, recorded on admission
  3. CThe patient's last bowel movement
  4. DThe patient's blood glucose level
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?

  1. ALevel B
  2. BLevel C
  3. CLevel D
  4. DLevel A
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse calculates a child’s prescribed dose and finds it is ten times higher than the usual dose for the child’s weight. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive one-tenth of the dose without telling anyone about it
  2. BGive it, because the prescriber must have a reason
  3. CGive half the dose and watch the child closely
  4. DHold the dose and verify it with the prescriber and pharmacist
5.优先排序与委派中等

During an IV vancomycin infusion, a patient develops flushing and itching of the face and neck. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ASpeed up the infusion to finish it quickly
  2. BApply a warm compress to the face and neck
  3. CIgnore it, because flushing is always harmless and passes
  4. DStop or slow the infusion and inform the provider
6.优先排序与委派困难

A team has an RN, an LPN/LVN and a nursing assistant. Which task is the best one to assign to the LPN/LVN?

  1. AMeasuring the vital signs and weights of every patient on the unit before breakfast
  2. BWriting the discharge teaching plan for a patient with new diabetes
  3. CAssessing a patient who returned from surgery 30 minutes ago
  4. DGiving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
7.临床护理中等

After removing a peripheral IV cannula, what should the nurse check?

  1. AThat the cannula is put back in its sterile packet for the next patient
  2. BThat the patient's blood glucose is normal before removal
  3. CThat the site is left uncovered and bleeding freely
  4. DThat the cannula is intact, and apply pressure until bleeding stops
8.临床护理困难

A patient with severe sepsis starts bleeding from cannula sites and the gums, with a low platelet count and prolonged clotting times. What is most likely?

  1. AAn allergic reaction to the cannula
  2. BDisseminated intravascular coagulation
  3. CVitamin C deficiency
  4. DHaemophilia A
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

一名服用华法林的患者开始每天大量食用羽衣甘蓝和菠菜。INR 已下降。哪项建议最恰当?

  1. A不告诉开医嘱者就将华法林剂量加倍
  2. B保持富含维生素 K 的食物摄入量每天稳定
  3. C永远不再吃绿叶蔬菜
  4. D在饮食恢复正常之前停用华法林
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient with a heart murmur and fever has three sets of blood cultures, taken hours apart, all growing the same Streptococcus species. What does this suggest?

  1. AContamination of all three samples during collection
  2. BPersistent bacteremia, as in infective endocarditis
  3. CA normal finding in patients with heart murmurs
  4. DA urinary tract infection that has spread to the skin
11.药理学中等

哪个因素会增加锂中毒的风险?

  1. A脱水
  2. B高盐饮食
  3. C随餐服药
  4. D多喝水
12.药理学困难

哪类药物与 ACE 抑制剂合用可能导致危及生命的高钾血症?

  1. A袢利尿剂,如大剂量静脉注射的呋塞米
  2. B质子泵抑制剂
  3. C噻嗪类利尿剂
  4. D保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient has a prosthetic heart valve. Which teaching best reduces the risk of infective endocarditis?

  1. AAvoid all physical exercise for the rest of their life
  2. BKeep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
  3. CTake a daily antibiotic tablet indefinitely
  4. DAvoid eating dairy products and raw vegetables
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with COPD who is known to retain CO₂ arrives on 15 L/min oxygen. They are now drowsy with SpO₂ 99%. What is the most appropriate action?

  1. ARemove the oxygen completely and observe
  2. BKeep the oxygen at 15 L/min because the saturation is excellent
  3. CGive a sedative to help the patient rest
  4. DReduce the oxygen to aim for 88–92% and get a blood gas
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with Conn's syndrome starts spironolactone. Which blood test should the nurse watch most closely?

  1. AGlucose
  2. BCalcium
  3. CPotassium
  4. DAmylase
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient on haemodialysis is on a medical ward. Which task can the registered nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?

  1. ADeciding which morning medicines to hold
  2. BWeighing the patient before they go to dialysis
  3. CAssessing the thrill and bruit of the fistula
  4. DTeaching the patient about fluid restriction
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Why are patients with diabetes often placed early on the operating list?

  1. ABecause their surgery always takes longer than others
  2. BBecause they need to go home before midday
  3. CTo shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
  4. DBecause their wounds heal faster in the morning
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

After surgery, a patient keeps asking for analgesia before it is due, watches the clock and rates pain 8/10. What is the most appropriate interpretation?

  1. AThe patient needs only distraction and no change in drugs
  2. BThe patient is exaggerating, so the pain scores should be ignored for now
  3. CPain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
  4. DThe patient is addicted and should have analgesia withheld
19.产科护理中等

哪种模式定义了子宫收缩过频?

  1. A10 分钟内超过 2 次宫缩
  2. B早期产程中每 5 分钟一次宫缩,每次持续 60 秒
  3. C宫缩持续 60 秒
  4. D10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均
20.产科护理困难

A preterm baby born at 28 weeks is at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage. Which nursing measure reduces this risk?

  1. AMinimal handling with the head in midline
  2. BKeeping the head of the cot lower than the feet
  3. CRapid fluid boluses to support blood pressure
  4. DFrequent handling and stimulation to keep the baby alert
21.儿科护理中等

一名 9 个月大的婴儿出现阵发性剧烈哭闹,双膝蜷起,并排出看起来像红醋栗果冻的大便。可能的原因是什么?

  1. A肠套叠
  2. B乳糜泻
  3. C幽门狭窄
  4. D便秘
22.儿科护理困难

A toddler has burns on both feet and the buttocks, with sharp "stocking" lines and no splash marks. What should the nurse consider?

  1. AA skin infection that looks like a burn
  2. BSunburn from playing outside in a paddling pool on a hot day
  3. CPossible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure
  4. DAn accidental spill from a cup of tea
23.精神科护理中等

Which question is the best way to ask a patient about suicidal thoughts?

  1. A"Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
  2. B"You're not thinking of doing anything silly, are you?"
  3. C"Things aren't that bad, are they?"
  4. D"You wouldn't hurt yourself, would you?"
24.精神科护理困难

A patient taking venlafaxine has started a second serotonergic medicine. She is restless, sweating, has a fast pulse and twitching muscles. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and check her again tomorrow
  2. BHold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
  3. CEncourage her to walk or exercise in the garden to relieve the restlessness and muscle twitching
  4. DGive the next dose of venlafaxine as planned
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
12345678910111203:50?3:50 PM2:50 AM3:50 AM5:50 AM

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 03:50(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

03:50
  1. 13:50 PM
  2. 22:50 AM
  3. 33:50 AM
  4. 45:50 AM
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
4 mcg/kg/min? mg/h83 kg1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 4 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 83 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。

4 mcg/kg/min83 kg
D = mg/h
27.剂量计算中等
2 g+ 9.2 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.2 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 240 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

2 g+ 9.2 mL → 10 mL240 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
40 mg/1 mLV = ? mL

一名患者体重 114.4 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 40 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?

114.4 lb1 mg/kg40 mg/1 mL1 kg = 2.2 lb
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
500 mL20 gtt/mL12 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

500 mL12 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mg500 mL15 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 15 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

400 mg/500 mL15 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果冻120 mL水200 mL果汁120 mL冰屑200 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液225 mL尿液325 mL伤口引流80 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果冻: 120 mL水: 200 mL果汁: 120 mL冰屑: 200 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL尿液: 225 mL尿液: 325 mL伤口引流: 80 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL50 mL 已输入100 mL/h13:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 13:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL50 mL 已输入100 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
13682SBPDBPmmHgHR 107/min · SI = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 107 次/分,血压为 136/82 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。

HR 107/minBP 136/82 mmHg
SI =
34.临床评估评分困难
令人放心中度异常低

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名练习用新生儿出生后 1 分钟时:躯干粉红,手脚青紫,心率 70 次/分,刺激时做鬼脸,四肢松软,没有肌张力,呼吸缓慢、不规则,哭声微弱。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。

  1. 1令人放心
  2. 2中度异常
  3. 3低

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further

为什么是这个答案

Massaging red, pressure-damaged areas can tear small blood vessels and worsen tissue damage. Pressure is relieved by repositioning instead.

答案

D · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
2.护理学基础

答案: A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation

为什么是这个答案

Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.

答案

A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Level A

为什么是这个答案

Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.

答案

D · Level A
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Hold the dose and verify it with the prescriber and pharmacist

为什么是这个答案

Tenfold errors are common in pediatrics, usually from decimal or unit mistakes. The nurse holds the dose and clarifies it, and never changes the dose on their own.

答案

D · Hold the dose and verify it with the prescriber and pharmacist
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Stop or slow the infusion and inform the provider

为什么是这个答案

Flushing of the upper body during vancomycin is usually an infusion reaction related to the rate. The nurse stops or slows the infusion, assesses for anaphylaxis and informs the provider.

答案

D · Stop or slow the infusion and inform the provider
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient

为什么是这个答案

LPNs/LVNs usually give scheduled injections to stable patients. A fresh postoperative assessment and teaching plans need the RN, and routine vital signs are better given to the assistant so the LPN/LVN can use their skills.

答案

D · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
7.临床护理

答案: D · That the cannula is intact, and apply pressure until bleeding stops

为什么是这个答案

The nurse checks that the whole cannula has been removed, applies pressure and a dressing, and records the removal. Any signs of phlebitis are noted.

答案

D · That the cannula is intact, and apply pressure until bleeding stops
8.临床护理

答案: B · Disseminated intravascular coagulation

为什么是这个答案

In DIC, widespread activation of clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, causing both small clots and bleeding. Treating the underlying cause and replacing blood products as needed are key.

答案

B · Disseminated intravascular coagulation
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 保持富含维生素 K 的食物摄入量每天稳定

为什么是这个答案

维生素 K 拮抗华法林,因此叶类蔬菜大量增加会使 INR 降低。患者不必避免这些食物,但应保持摄入量一致,以便正确设定剂量。核对依据: Warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Taking warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · 保持富含维生素 K 的食物摄入量每天稳定
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Persistent bacteremia, as in infective endocarditis

为什么是这个答案

Several positive cultures with the same organism, taken at different times, show continuous bacteremia, typical of infective endocarditis. Echocardiography is done and prolonged IV antibiotics are started. Contamination usually affects only one bottle.核对依据: Blood culture · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · Persistent bacteremia, as in infective endocarditis
11.药理学

答案: A · 脱水

为什么是这个答案

当机体缺水或缺钠时,肾脏会重吸收更多的锂,使其血药浓度升高。噻嗪类、ACE 抑制剂和 NSAID 也有同样的作用。

答案

A · 脱水
12.药理学

答案: D · 保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯

为什么是这个答案

ACE 抑制剂降低醛固酮,螺内酯阻断其受体;两者合用减少钾排泄,可能使血钾危险升高。

答案

D · 保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups

为什么是这个答案

Oral bacteria often enter the blood and can settle on prosthetic valves. Good oral hygiene and regular dental care are key. Patients should also report unexplained fever and avoid body piercing or tattoos where possible. Antibiotic prophylaxis policies differ between countries.

答案

B · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Reduce the oxygen to aim for 88–92% and get a blood gas

为什么是这个答案

In patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure, excess oxygen can raise PaCO₂ and cause drowsiness and acidosis. Oxygen is stepped down to a target of 88–92% (for example via a Venturi mask), not stopped abruptly, which could cause dangerous hypoxaemia. An arterial blood gas guides further treatment, which may include NIV.

答案

D · Reduce the oxygen to aim for 88–92% and get a blood gas
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Potassium

为什么是这个答案

Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist. It retains potassium, so hyperkalaemia can develop, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors. Breast enlargement is another known side effect.

答案

C · Potassium
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis

为什么是这个答案

Weighing a patient is a routine task suitable for a trained assistant. Assessing the access, making medication decisions and teaching require the registered nurse's knowledge and judgement.

答案

B · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose

为什么是这个答案

Shorter fasting reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia and makes it easier to restart normal eating and medicines. Glucose is monitored, and a variable-rate insulin infusion may be used for longer fasts.

答案

C · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan

为什么是这个答案

Clock-watching often reflects inadequate analgesia. The nurse reassesses pain and function, considers multimodal options, and asks the prescriber to review the plan rather than labelling the patient.

答案

C · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
19.产科护理

答案: D · 10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均

为什么是这个答案

子宫收缩过频是指 10 分钟内超过五次宫缩(以 30 分钟为期取平均)。在使用缩宫素时,应通过减慢或停止输注来处理,尤其是当胎心率受到影响时。

答案

D · 10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均
20.产科护理

答案: A · Minimal handling with the head in midline

为什么是这个答案

Preterm babies have fragile germinal matrix vessels. Minimal handling, midline head position, slight elevation of the head and avoiding rapid fluid or pressure changes help prevent bleeding into the ventricles.

答案

A · Minimal handling with the head in midline
21.儿科护理

答案: A · 肠套叠

为什么是这个答案

肠套叠引起间歇性绞痛、呕吐、腊肠样肿块以及带血和黏液的大便。这是急症。

答案

A · 肠套叠
22.儿科护理

答案: C · Possible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure

为什么是这个答案

Symmetrical burns with clear edges on the feet, hands or buttocks, without splash marks, suggest forced immersion in hot water. The nurse documents the findings accurately and follows local safeguarding procedures.

答案

C · Possible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure
23.精神科护理

答案: A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"

为什么是这个答案

Asking directly and calmly shows that it is safe to talk. Questions that suggest the "right" answer, or that minimise the problem, make it harder for the patient to be honest.

答案

A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently

为什么是这个答案

These signs suggest serotonin syndrome. The first steps are to stop the serotonergic drugs and get urgent medical review; supportive care and monitoring follow, and severe cases need intensive care.

答案

B · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 3:50 AM

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

03 → 3 AM

答案

3:50 AM

答案

3:50 AM
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: D = 19.92 mg/h

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

列出换算链

D = 4 mcg/kg/min × 83 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)

计算

D = 4·83·60/1000 = 19.92 mg/h

答案

D = 19.92 mg/h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 1.2 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

2000 mg/10 mL = 200 mg/mL

体积

V = 240/200 = 1.2 mL

答案

V = 1.2 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 1.3 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

体重 (kg)

114.4/2.2 = 52 kg

剂量

1·52 = 52 mg

体积

V = (52/40)·1 = 1.3 mL

答案

V = 1.3 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 14 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

12·60 = 720 min

滴速

R = 500·20/720 = 13.89 ≈ 14 gtt/min

答案

R = 14 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:14 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 12 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

400/500 = 0.8 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 0.8·15 = 12 mg/h

答案

D = 12 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 610 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 120 + 200 + 120 = 440 mL
冰屑: 200/2 = 100 mL
静脉输液: 75·8 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1240 mL

总出量

225 + 325 + 80 = 630 mL

平衡

B = 1240 − 630 = 610 mL

答案

B = 610 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4.5 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 50 = 450 mL

时间

t = 450/100 = 4.5 h

答案

t = 4.5 h

约为 4 h 30 min,所以袋子大约在 17:30 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: SI = 0.79

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

休克指数

SI = 107/136 = 0.7868 ≈ 0.79

答案

SI = 0.79

高于通常的 0.5–0.7。

34.临床评估评分

答案: 中度异常

Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。

为每项体征评分

外观: 躯干粉红,手脚青紫 → 1
脉搏: 70/min → 1
反射: 刺激时做鬼脸 → 1
活动: 四肢松软,没有肌张力 → 0
呼吸: 呼吸缓慢、不规则,哭声微弱 → 1

相加

APGAR = 1 + 1 + 1 + 0 + 1 = 4

解读

4 → 中度异常

答案

中度异常

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