感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why should reddened skin over a bony area not be massaged?
Before giving a PRN dose of oral morphine, which assessment is most important?
In the US (EPA/OSHA) hazmat system, which level of PPE gives the highest level of protection?
A nurse calculates a child’s prescribed dose and finds it is ten times higher than the usual dose for the child’s weight. What should the nurse do?
During an IV vancomycin infusion, a patient develops flushing and itching of the face and neck. What should the nurse do first?
A team has an RN, an LPN/LVN and a nursing assistant. Which task is the best one to assign to the LPN/LVN?
After removing a peripheral IV cannula, what should the nurse check?
A patient with severe sepsis starts bleeding from cannula sites and the gums, with a low platelet count and prolonged clotting times. What is most likely?
一名服用华法林的患者开始每天大量食用羽衣甘蓝和菠菜。INR 已下降。哪项建议最恰当?
A patient with a heart murmur and fever has three sets of blood cultures, taken hours apart, all growing the same Streptococcus species. What does this suggest?
哪个因素会增加锂中毒的风险?
哪类药物与 ACE 抑制剂合用可能导致危及生命的高钾血症?
A patient has a prosthetic heart valve. Which teaching best reduces the risk of infective endocarditis?
A patient with COPD who is known to retain CO₂ arrives on 15 L/min oxygen. They are now drowsy with SpO₂ 99%. What is the most appropriate action?
A patient with Conn's syndrome starts spironolactone. Which blood test should the nurse watch most closely?
A patient on haemodialysis is on a medical ward. Which task can the registered nurse delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
Why are patients with diabetes often placed early on the operating list?
After surgery, a patient keeps asking for analgesia before it is due, watches the clock and rates pain 8/10. What is the most appropriate interpretation?
哪种模式定义了子宫收缩过频?
A preterm baby born at 28 weeks is at risk of intraventricular haemorrhage. Which nursing measure reduces this risk?
一名 9 个月大的婴儿出现阵发性剧烈哭闹,双膝蜷起,并排出看起来像红醋栗果冻的大便。可能的原因是什么?
A toddler has burns on both feet and the buttocks, with sharp "stocking" lines and no splash marks. What should the nurse consider?
Which question is the best way to ask a patient about suicidal thoughts?
A patient taking venlafaxine has started a second serotonergic medicine. She is restless, sweating, has a fast pulse and twitching muscles. What should the nurse do first?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 03:50(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 4 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 83 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.2 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 240 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
一名患者体重 114.4 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 40 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 15 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 13:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的脉搏为 107 次/分,血压为 136/82 mmHg。求休克指数SI = HR/SBP。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名练习用新生儿出生后 1 分钟时:躯干粉红,手脚青紫,心率 70 次/分,刺激时做鬼脸,四肢松软,没有肌张力,呼吸缓慢、不规则,哭声微弱。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。
答案: D · Massage can damage the deeper tissues further
Massaging red, pressure-damaged areas can tear small blood vessels and worsen tissue damage. Pressure is relieved by repositioning instead.
答案: A · The respiratory rate and level of sedation
Opioids can cause sedation and respiratory depression. Checking breathing and alertness before each dose, as well as the pain score, keeps the patient safe.
答案: D · Level A
Level A is a fully encapsulating, vapor-tight suit with self-contained breathing apparatus, used for unknown or highly toxic agents. Level D is ordinary work clothing with minimal protection.
答案: D · Hold the dose and verify it with the prescriber and pharmacist
Tenfold errors are common in pediatrics, usually from decimal or unit mistakes. The nurse holds the dose and clarifies it, and never changes the dose on their own.
答案: D · Stop or slow the infusion and inform the provider
Flushing of the upper body during vancomycin is usually an infusion reaction related to the rate. The nurse stops or slows the infusion, assesses for anaphylaxis and informs the provider.
答案: D · Giving a scheduled subcutaneous anticoagulant injection to a stable patient
LPNs/LVNs usually give scheduled injections to stable patients. A fresh postoperative assessment and teaching plans need the RN, and routine vital signs are better given to the assistant so the LPN/LVN can use their skills.
答案: D · That the cannula is intact, and apply pressure until bleeding stops
The nurse checks that the whole cannula has been removed, applies pressure and a dressing, and records the removal. Any signs of phlebitis are noted.
答案: B · Disseminated intravascular coagulation
In DIC, widespread activation of clotting consumes platelets and clotting factors, causing both small clots and bleeding. Treating the underlying cause and replacing blood products as needed are key.
答案: B · 保持富含维生素 K 的食物摄入量每天稳定
维生素 K 拮抗华法林,因此叶类蔬菜大量增加会使 INR 降低。患者不必避免这些食物,但应保持摄入量一致,以便正确设定剂量。核对依据: Warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Taking warfarin · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · Persistent bacteremia, as in infective endocarditis
Several positive cultures with the same organism, taken at different times, show continuous bacteremia, typical of infective endocarditis. Echocardiography is done and prolonged IV antibiotics are started. Contamination usually affects only one bottle.核对依据: Blood culture · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · 脱水
当机体缺水或缺钠时,肾脏会重吸收更多的锂,使其血药浓度升高。噻嗪类、ACE 抑制剂和 NSAID 也有同样的作用。
答案: D · 保钾利尿剂,如螺内酯
ACE 抑制剂降低醛固酮,螺内酯阻断其受体;两者合用减少钾排泄,可能使血钾危险升高。
答案: B · Keep teeth and gums healthy with regular dental check-ups
Oral bacteria often enter the blood and can settle on prosthetic valves. Good oral hygiene and regular dental care are key. Patients should also report unexplained fever and avoid body piercing or tattoos where possible. Antibiotic prophylaxis policies differ between countries.
答案: D · Reduce the oxygen to aim for 88–92% and get a blood gas
In patients at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure, excess oxygen can raise PaCO₂ and cause drowsiness and acidosis. Oxygen is stepped down to a target of 88–92% (for example via a Venturi mask), not stopped abruptly, which could cause dangerous hypoxaemia. An arterial blood gas guides further treatment, which may include NIV.
答案: C · Potassium
Spironolactone is an aldosterone antagonist. It retains potassium, so hyperkalaemia can develop, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors. Breast enlargement is another known side effect.
答案: B · Weighing the patient before they go to dialysis
Weighing a patient is a routine task suitable for a trained assistant. Assessing the access, making medication decisions and teaching require the registered nurse's knowledge and judgement.
答案: C · To shorten fasting and reduce swings in blood glucose
Shorter fasting reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia and makes it easier to restart normal eating and medicines. Glucose is monitored, and a variable-rate insulin infusion may be used for longer fasts.
答案: C · Pain may be undertreated; reassess and ask for a review of the plan
Clock-watching often reflects inadequate analgesia. The nurse reassesses pain and function, considers multimodal options, and asks the prescriber to review the plan rather than labelling the patient.
答案: D · 10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均
子宫收缩过频是指 10 分钟内超过五次宫缩(以 30 分钟为期取平均)。在使用缩宫素时,应通过减慢或停止输注来处理,尤其是当胎心率受到影响时。
答案: A · Minimal handling with the head in midline
Preterm babies have fragile germinal matrix vessels. Minimal handling, midline head position, slight elevation of the head and avoiding rapid fluid or pressure changes help prevent bleeding into the ventricles.
答案: A · 肠套叠
肠套叠引起间歇性绞痛、呕吐、腊肠样肿块以及带血和黏液的大便。这是急症。
答案: C · Possible deliberate immersion; follow the safeguarding procedure
Symmetrical burns with clear edges on the feet, hands or buttocks, without splash marks, suggest forced immersion in hot water. The nurse documents the findings accurately and follows local safeguarding procedures.
答案: A · "Are you having thoughts of killing yourself?"
Asking directly and calmly shows that it is safe to talk. Questions that suggest the "right" answer, or that minimise the problem, make it harder for the patient to be honest.
答案: B · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
These signs suggest serotonin syndrome. The first steps are to stop the serotonergic drugs and get urgent medical review; supportive care and monitoring follow, and severe cases need intensive care.
答案: 3:50 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 19.92 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 1.2 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 1.3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 14 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:14 滴/分。
答案: D = 12 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 610 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 4.5 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 30 min,所以袋子大约在 17:30 输完。
答案: SI = 0.79
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
高于通常的 0.5–0.7。
答案: 中度异常
Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。
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