NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

When are non-sterile gloves needed?

  1. AFor every patient contact, including taking a pulse or blood pressure
  2. BOnly when handling medicines
  3. COnly when the patient is known to have an infection
  4. DWhen contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.护理学基础困难

Braden 或 Waterlow 量表用于评估:

  1. A意识水平
  2. B跌倒风险
  3. C仅营养状况
  4. D压力性损伤风险
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient needs to be moved up in bed and cannot help much. Which approach is safest?

  1. AUse a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
  2. BAsk the patient to push up with their heels alone
  3. CRaise the head of the bed fully and lift the patient up by the shoulders
  4. DHave one nurse pull the patient up by the arms
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名护士到达走廊火灾现场,火势正在蔓延,附近房间里有患者。拉响警报后,护士应怎么做?

  1. A打开所有门窗让烟雾排出
  2. B关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后
  3. C尝试用灭火器独自扑灭蔓延的火
  4. D乘最近的电梯把患者送到一楼
5.优先排序与委派中等

An anxious patient is breathing very fast and has tingling fingers. The blood gas shows pH 7.51 and PaCO₂ 29 mmHg (3.9 kPa). What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive oxygen at the highest flow and leave the room
  2. BEncourage the patient to breathe even faster
  3. CGive IV sodium bicarbonate as soon as it can be found
  4. DStay with the patient and coach slow, calm breathing
6.优先排序与委派困难

A toddler with tetralogy of Fallot becomes very blue and breathless while crying. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive a large drink of water to calm the child
  2. BLay the child flat on their back
  3. CEncourage the child to keep crying to open the lungs
  4. DPlace the child in a knee-to-chest position
7.临床护理中等

A pressure ulcer shows full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone. Which category (stage) is this?

  1. ACategory 4
  2. BCategory 3
  3. CCategory 2
  4. DCategory 1
8.临床护理困难

A nurse notices that a wrong dose of a drug was prepared but was caught before it was given. What should be done?

  1. ADiscipline the nurse who prepared it on the spot in front of colleagues
  2. BSay nothing, because no harm reached the patient
  3. CReport it as a near miss through the incident reporting system
  4. DTell only the patient's family
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient on warfarin has an INR of 7.8 and a nosebleed. Which medication would the nurse expect the provider to prescribe?

  1. AAcetylcysteine
  2. BProtamine sulfate
  3. CVitamin K (phytonadione)
  4. DNaloxone hydrochloride
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名酒精使用障碍的患者尽管补钾两天,钾仍为 3.0 mEq/L。镁为 0.9 mEq/L。最恰当的下一步是什么?

  1. A将钾剂量加倍,镁留到以后再补
  2. B给予利尿剂排出过多的镁
  3. C补镁;低镁使肾脏持续丢失钾
  4. D停止所有电解质补充 24 小时后再复查
11.药理学中等

Which adverse effect of ciprofloxacin should a patient report at once?

  1. AMild tiredness in the first few days
  2. BDarker stools than usual
  3. CPain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
  4. DA slightly bitter or metallic taste for a while after each dose
12.药理学困难

A patient on heparin for 7 days has a platelet count that has fallen by more than half, and a new leg vein thrombosis. What is the most likely cause and the key action?

  1. AVitamin K deficiency; give vitamin K and continue heparin
  2. BNormal dilution of platelets; continue and recheck in a week
  3. CWarfarin skin necrosis; switch from heparin to warfarin at once
  4. DHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia; stop all heparin
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient stops ramipril because of a troublesome dry cough. Which drug class is a common alternative?

  1. AA loop diuretic such as furosemide
  2. BA non-selective beta-blocker such as propranolol
  3. CAn angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
  4. DA nitrate such as isosorbide mononitrate
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

After intubation, breath sounds are heard on the right side of the chest but not the left. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AThe tube has entered the oesophagus
  2. BThe tube cuff has burst during insertion
  3. CThe left lung has completely filled with fluid
  4. DThe tube has entered the right main bronchus
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with a suspected basal skull fracture needs a gastric tube. Which route is preferred?

  1. AThrough a fine-bore nasal tube
  2. BThrough the nose (nasogastric)
  3. CThrough the mouth (orogastric)
  4. DThrough the nose with a guidewire
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名因颈椎骨折佩戴 halo 背心的患者发生心脏骤停。必须立即备好什么?

  1. A抬高头部和肩部的枕头
  2. B用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具
  3. C用于剪断颅骨固定针的剪刀
  4. D插入背心下方的硬板
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Aspirate from a nasogastric tube has a pH of 7. What should the nurse do?

  1. AFlush with 50 mL of air and start the feed
  2. BGive the medicines but not the feed
  3. CDo not use it; re-test later or arrange an X-ray as per policy
  4. DStart the feed slowly and watch the patient closely for coughing
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

During radiotherapy to the chest, a patient develops pain on swallowing and is eating less. What is the most likely cause and nursing focus?

  1. AA heart attack; give aspirin and arrange an ECG
  2. BRadiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support
  3. CNormal ageing; no action needed
  4. DA stomach ulcer; give an antacid after meals only
19.产科护理中等

Which newborn complication is particularly linked to a forceps birth?

  1. AUmbilical hernia
  2. BHip dysplasia
  3. CNeonatal jaundice from ABO incompatibility
  4. DFacial nerve palsy
20.产科护理困难

胎心监护图显示基线变异消失,并反复出现晚期减速。该图形如何分类,需要怎样处理?

  1. AⅠ类:正常,常规护理
  2. B胎儿睡眠期间的正常图形
  3. CⅢ类:异常图形,需要及时干预并准备尽快分娩
  4. DⅡ类:不确定的图形,只需继续常规观察和记录
21.儿科护理中等

A child with type 1 diabetes has a stomach bug and is eating very little. What is the correct advice about insulin?

  1. AGive insulin only if the child is vomiting
  2. BStop all insulin until the child is eating normally again, then restart at the usual dose
  3. CGive double the usual insulin to prevent ketones
  4. DKeep giving insulin, check glucose and ketones more often and follow the sick-day plan
22.儿科护理困难

A child develops the "slapped cheek" rash of fifth disease. The parent asks whether the child is still infectious. What is the best answer?

  1. AYes, for 6 weeks after the rash appears
  2. BYes, until every trace of the rash has faded from the cheeks and limbs
  3. CUsually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
  4. DThe illness is not infectious at any stage
23.精神科护理中等

A 4-year-old asks when her grandmother, who died last week, will come back. How should the nurse explain this to the parents?

  1. AThe child is in denial and needs psychiatric treatment
  2. BYoung children often do not yet see death as permanent, so simple, honest words help
  3. CThe child does not care about her grandmother and has not been affected by the death
  4. DThe child should not be told anything about the death until she is older
24.精神科护理困难

A patient in alcohol withdrawal had a CIWA-Ar score of 8 four hours ago. It is now 22, and he is sweating heavily and very anxious. What should the nurse do?

  1. AWait for the next routine score in four hours before deciding
  2. BEncourage him to drink a large glass of wine to settle the symptoms
  3. CGive the prescribed symptom-triggered benzodiazepine, increase monitoring and inform the prescriber
  4. DReduce monitoring, because a higher score on this scale means that his withdrawal is improving
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
0.14642 mL? mL取整到 0.01 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次小剂量注射的计算得到 0.14642 mL。 本练习的规则是:低于 1 mL 的体积取到最接近的百分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?

0.14642 mL
x = mL
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1 tsp? mL1½ tbsp? mL1½ 杯? mL3 fl oz? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ 杯 / 茶, 3 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
70 kg7.5 mg/kgD = ? mg

某患者体重 70 kg,医嘱为单次给药 7.5 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。

70 kg7.5 mg/kg
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
66 kg158 cmBSA = √(h·w/3600)75 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名患者身高 158 cm,体重 66 kg。医嘱为 75 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

158 cm66 kg75 mg/m²
D = mg
29.静脉输液速度中等
500 mL10 gtt/mL3 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 3 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

500 mL3 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
200 mL15 gtt/mL42 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 42 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 200 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

42 gtt/min15 gtt/mL200 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果汁120 mL果冻100 mL茶240 mL冰屑200 mL静脉输液50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液300 mL尿液350 mL尿液250 mL伤口引流30 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果汁: 120 mL果冻: 100 mL茶: 240 mL冰屑: 200 mL静脉输液: 50 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 100 mL/h开始 13:30t总数​ = ? h120 mL/h × 3 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 13:30 开始以 120 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 100 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL120 mL/h · 3 h100 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
无风险轻度风险中度风险高风险极高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。

  1. 1无风险
  2. 2轻度风险
  3. 3中度风险
  4. 4高风险
  5. 5极高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected

为什么是这个答案

Under standard precautions, gloves are worn when exposure to blood or body fluids is likely. Wearing them for all contact gives false security and can spread germs if not changed.

答案

D · When contact with blood, body fluids or broken skin is expected
2.护理学基础

答案: D · 压力性损伤风险

为什么是这个答案

两种量表都用于估计压力性损伤风险,并指导翻身、减压床垫和营养支持等预防措施。

答案

D · 压力性损伤风险
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated

为什么是这个答案

Lowering the head of the bed, if the patient tolerates it, and using a slide sheet with two or more staff reduces the force needed. Pulling on arms can injure shoulders, and dragging damages skin.

答案

A · Use a friction-reducing sheet with enough staff, with the bed flat if tolerated
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · 关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后

为什么是这个答案

关门可减缓烟和火的蔓延。处于紧急危险中的患者应水平转移到防火门后的安全区域,必要时再进一步疏散。不使用电梯,蔓延中的火应交给消防员处理。

答案

B · 关闭房门,并将处于危险中的患者水平转移到防火门后
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Stay with the patient and coach slow, calm breathing

为什么是这个答案

These results show respiratory alkalosis caused by hyperventilation. Calming the patient and coaching slower breathing lets carbon dioxide return to normal; the nurse also looks for physical causes.

答案

D · Stay with the patient and coach slow, calm breathing
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Place the child in a knee-to-chest position

为什么是这个答案

In a hypercyanotic (“tet”) spell, the knee-chest position raises systemic vascular resistance and sends more blood to the lungs. Oxygen and prescribed medication follow.

答案

D · Place the child in a knee-to-chest position
7.临床护理

答案: A · Category 4

为什么是这个答案

Category 4 involves full-thickness tissue loss with exposed bone, tendon or muscle. Category 3 is full-thickness skin loss without exposed bone or tendon. US (NPIAP) terminology calls these stages rather than categories.

答案

A · Category 4
8.临床护理

答案: C · Report it as a near miss through the incident reporting system

为什么是这个答案

Near misses are reported so that causes can be studied and systems improved. A just, open culture encourages reporting without blame.

答案

C · Report it as a near miss through the incident reporting system
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Vitamin K (phytonadione)

为什么是这个答案

Warfarin blocks vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, and vitamin K restores their production over hours. For serious bleeding, a prothrombin complex concentrate may also be given to replace factors at once. The warfarin is held.核对依据: Label: WARFARIN SODIUM tablet · DailyMed (NLM/FDA) (2012)

答案

C · Vitamin K (phytonadione)
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · 补镁;低镁使肾脏持续丢失钾

为什么是这个答案

低镁使肾脏丢失钾,因此在补镁之前低钾血症无法纠正。两者在酒精使用障碍中都很常见。核对依据: Low blood potassium · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)

答案

C · 补镁;低镁使肾脏持续丢失钾
11.药理学

答案: C · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon

为什么是这个答案

Fluoroquinolones can cause tendinitis and tendon rupture. Patients should stop exercise and report tendon pain promptly.

答案

C · Pain or swelling in a tendon, such as the Achilles tendon
12.药理学

答案: D · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; stop all heparin

为什么是这个答案

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is caused by antibodies against heparin–platelet factor 4 complexes. It usually starts 5–10 days after heparin begins and causes thrombosis, so all heparin is stopped and a non-heparin anticoagulant is used.

答案

D · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia; stop all heparin
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · An angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan

为什么是这个答案

Angiotensin receptor blockers (ending in -sartan) block the effects of angiotensin II without inhibiting ACE, so bradykinin does not build up and cough is much less common. They share other effects, such as raising potassium, and ACE inhibitors and ARBs are not normally combined.

答案

C · An angiotensin II receptor blocker such as losartan
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · The tube has entered the right main bronchus

为什么是这个答案

The right main bronchus is more in line with the trachea, so a tube pushed too far usually enters it and only the right lung is ventilated. The tube is withdrawn slightly by the team and position is rechecked. Oesophageal intubation gives no breath sounds and gastric gurgling.

答案

D · The tube has entered the right main bronchus
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Through the mouth (orogastric)

为什么是这个答案

A tube passed through the nose could enter the cranial vault through the fractured skull base. An orogastric route avoids this. Nasal suction and nose blowing are also avoided.

答案

C · Through the mouth (orogastric)
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具

为什么是这个答案

用于松开背心前部的工具应一直固定在背心上,以便在心肺复苏或气道管理时迅速打开。针孔部位需要定期护理以防感染,并需要教导患者背心下的皮肤护理。

答案

B · 用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Do not use it; re-test later or arrange an X-ray as per policy

为什么是这个答案

A pH above 5.5 may mean the tube is in the lung or oesophagus, or the stomach acid is reduced by drugs or feed. Nothing is given until position is confirmed according to local policy.

答案

C · Do not use it; re-test later or arrange an X-ray as per policy
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Radiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support

为什么是这个答案

Radiotherapy to the chest can inflame the oesophagus, causing painful swallowing. Analgesia (sometimes before meals), soft moist food, nutritional supplements, dietitian input and monitoring weight are important.

答案

B · Radiation oesophagitis; analgesia, soft food and nutrition support
19.产科护理

答案: D · Facial nerve palsy

为什么是这个答案

Pressure from forceps blades on the facial nerve can cause temporary facial palsy, with asymmetry when the baby cries. It usually resolves within weeks.

答案

D · Facial nerve palsy
20.产科护理

答案: C · Ⅲ类:异常图形,需要及时干预并准备尽快分娩

为什么是这个答案

在三级分类系统中,变异消失并伴有反复的晚期或变异减速,或伴有心动过缓,属于Ⅲ类。应立即开始宫内复苏,呼叫团队,如果图形不能缓解则尽快娩出胎儿。

答案

C · Ⅲ类:异常图形,需要及时干预并准备尽快分娩
21.儿科护理

答案: D · Keep giving insulin, check glucose and ketones more often and follow the sick-day plan

为什么是这个答案

Stress hormones during illness raise blood glucose and the risk of ketoacidosis. Insulin is never stopped; glucose and ketones are checked more often, fluids are encouraged and doses are adjusted according to the sick-day rules.

答案

D · Keep giving insulin, check glucose and ketones more often and follow the sick-day plan
22.儿科护理

答案: C · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared

为什么是这个答案

In fifth disease the child is most infectious during the mild illness before the rash. By the time the rash appears, the child is usually no longer infectious and does not need to be kept off school.

答案

C · Usually not; the child was most infectious before the rash appeared
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Young children often do not yet see death as permanent, so simple, honest words help

为什么是这个答案

Preschool children often see death as temporary or reversible. Clear, simple language, such as "her body stopped working", and avoiding phrases like "gone to sleep" help the child understand.

答案

B · Young children often do not yet see death as permanent, so simple, honest words help
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Give the prescribed symptom-triggered benzodiazepine, increase monitoring and inform the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

A rising CIWA-Ar score shows worsening withdrawal. Symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment, closer observation and medical review help prevent seizures and delirium tremens.

答案

C · Give the prescribed symptom-triggered benzodiazepine, increase monitoring and inform the prescriber
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 0.15 mL

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

百分位位上的数字

0.14642 → 4

只看下一位数字

0.14642 → 6
6 大于或等于 5,所以 4 进一。
后面的数字(42)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 0.15 mL

答案

x = 0.15 mL
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 477.5 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

1 tsp = 1·5 = 5 mL
1½ tbsp = 1.5·15 = 22.5 mL
1½ 杯 = 1.5·240 = 360 mL
3 fl oz = 3·30 = 90 mL

相加

V = 5 + 22.5 + 360 + 90 = 477.5 mL

答案

V = 477.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 525 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

剂量

7.5·70 = 525 mg

答案

D = 525 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: D = 127.6 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

体表面积

BSA = √(158·66/3600) = √2.897 = 1.702 m²

剂量

D = 75·1.702 = 127.6 mg

答案

D = 127.6 mg
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 28 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

3·60 = 180 min

滴速

R = 500·10/180 = 27.78 ≈ 28 gtt/min

答案

R = 28 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:28 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 1.2 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

42·60/15 = 168 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 200/168 = 1.19 ≈ 1.2 h

答案

t = 1.2 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1060 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 120 + 100 + 240 = 460 mL
冰屑: 200/2 = 100 mL
静脉输液: 50·8 = 400 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
I = 1060 mL

答案

I = 1060 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4.4 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

120·3 = 360 mL
500 − 360 = 140 mL 剩余

第二部分

140/100 = 1.4 h

总时间

t = 3 + 1.4 = 4.4 h

答案

t = 4.4 h

约为 4 h 24 min,所以袋子大约在 17:54 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 17

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 无损害 → 4
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 局限于椅子 → 2
活动能力: 完全不能活动 → 1
营养: 极好 → 4
摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题 → 3

相加

Braden 总分 = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 4 + 3 = 17

答案

B = 17
34.临床评估评分

答案: 无风险

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 轻度受限 → 3
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 经常步行 → 4
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 充足 → 3
摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题 → 3

相加

Braden 总分 = 3 + 3 + 4 + 3 + 3 + 3 = 19

风险等级

19 → 无风险

答案

无风险

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