NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Which part of the stethoscope is best for hearing low-pitched sounds such as some heart murmurs?

  1. AThe bell, pressed firmly on the skin
  2. BThe bell, placed lightly on the skin
  3. CThe diaphragm, pressed firmly on the skin
  4. DThe earpieces turned backwards
2.护理学基础困难

A urine culture reports a mixed growth of several organisms. What is the most likely explanation?

  1. AThe sample was contaminated during collection
  2. BThe patient has several serious infections at once
  3. CThe patient is resistant to all antibiotics
  4. DThe laboratory used the wrong test
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A visitor with a cold wants to see a patient who has severe neutropenia. What should the nurse advise?

  1. APostpone the visit until the visitor is well
  2. BVisit only if the cold started more than a day ago
  3. CVisit but avoid touching the patient’s bed
  4. DVisit as usual after washing the hands
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一袋化疗药物泄漏到地板上。第一步是什么?

  1. A请保洁员用平常的拖把拖掉
  2. B任其干燥,下班前再清理
  3. C用纸巾和裸手迅速擦掉
  4. D穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏
5.优先排序与委派中等

Five days after starting heparin, a patient’s platelet count has fallen by more than half. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AIron deficiency anemia
  2. BAn expected effect that needs no action
  3. CHeparin-induced thrombocytopenia
  4. DVitamin K deficiency
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient admitted with a stroke this morning asks for a glass of water. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ACheck that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
  2. BAsk the family to help the patient drink while sitting upright in a chair at the bedside
  3. CGive thickened fluids without checking the swallow
  4. DGive the water through a straw so it goes down slowly
7.临床护理中等

Which is a recognised risk factor for postoperative nausea and vomiting?

  1. ABeing a smoker
  2. BBeing male
  3. CUse of opioids after surgery
  4. DA short operation under local anaesthetic
8.临床护理困难

A patient on metformin with reduced kidney function is due a CT scan with IV contrast. Why might metformin be withheld?

  1. AMetformin makes the images blurry
  2. BMetformin reacts with the contrast to cause severe hyperglycaemia
  3. CThere is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
  4. DMetformin causes severe bleeding during scans
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient on hemodialysis has an arteriovenous (AV) fistula in the left arm. Where should the nurse draw routine blood samples?

  1. AFrom the left wrist
  2. BFrom the left hand
  3. CFrom the right arm
  4. DFrom the fistula
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

The nurse teaches a patient with chronic kidney disease about a potassium-restricted diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I can leach potatoes by soaking them before cooking them"
  2. B"I'll limit bananas, oranges and potatoes in my meals"
  3. C"Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
  4. D"I'll check food labels and ask my dietitian about portion sizes"
11.药理学中等

格列齐特等磺脲类药物最重要的不良反应是什么?

  1. A高钾血症
  2. B乳酸酸中毒
  3. C低血糖
  4. D干咳
12.药理学困难

An older patient who has taken omeprazole for many years has muscle cramps, tremor and an irregular heartbeat. Which lab finding is most likely linked to the drug?

  1. AHigh serum sodium
  2. BLow serum glucose
  3. CLow serum magnesium
  4. DHigh serum calcium
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient arrives with suspected cardiac chest pain. How soon should a 12-lead ECG be recorded?

  1. AWithin 2 hours of arrival
  2. BOnly after the troponin result is available
  3. CThe following morning
  4. DWithin about 10 minutes of arrival
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with infective endocarditis is on IV gentamicin with another antibiotic. Which monitoring is most important?

  1. ABlood glucose only
  2. BDrug levels, renal function and hearing or balance changes
  3. CLiver size by daily palpation and weekly abdominal ultrasound
  4. DPeak flow readings and spirometry before and after each dose
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Before surgery for a phaeochromocytoma, why is an alpha-blocker started before any beta-blocker?

  1. AA beta-blocker alone can cause a dangerous rise in BP
  2. BBeta-blockers given first would make the tumour grow faster
  3. CThe order of the two drugs makes no difference
  4. DAlpha-blockers lower the blood glucose before surgery
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with multiple sclerosis has had worse leg weakness for one day, together with a fever and burning on passing urine. What is the most likely explanation?

  1. AA pseudo-relapse caused by infection
  2. BA change to progressive MS
  3. CA true relapse that needs high-dose steroids
  4. DA side effect of physiotherapy
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which factor can precipitate hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with cirrhosis?

  1. AA low-salt diet
  2. BConstipation
  3. CRegular gentle walking
  4. DA high fluid intake
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

At the end of an operation, the final count shows one swab missing. What should happen?

  1. ATell the surgeon, search, and X-ray if it is not found
  2. BRecord the count as correct to avoid a delay
  3. CLet the patient leave and search the theatre later
  4. DClose the wound, as the swab was probably thrown away
19.产科护理中等

一名妊娠 32 周、已知有前置胎盘的女性因出血入院。必须避免哪项操作?

  1. A阴道指诊
  2. B持续胎心监护
  3. C测量血压
  4. D建立静脉通路
20.产科护理困难

一名子痫前期的女性发生强直–阵挛性抽搐。护士应首先怎么做?

  1. A测量宫高
  2. B在她的牙齿之间放入压舌板或带垫的口咽通气道,以免她咬断舌头
  3. C约束她的四肢
  4. D呼救,留在她身边,保护她免受伤害,并在可能时将她翻成侧卧位
21.儿科护理中等

A newborn is still wet a few minutes after birth. Which heat-loss mechanism is the main concern, and how is it prevented?

  1. ARadiation; move the cot close to an outside window
  2. BEvaporation; dry the baby straight away, including the head
  3. CConduction; place the baby on a cold firm surface
  4. DConvection; leave the baby uncovered in a draught
22.儿科护理困难

The safe dose range of a drug is 25–50 mg/kg per day, divided every 8 hours. A 12 kg child is prescribed 250 mg every 8 hours. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive half the dose and inform the prescriber at the next round
  2. BGive the dose, because the minimum safe daily dose is 300 mg
  3. CGive the dose, because 250 mg is within the range for a single dose
  4. DContact the prescriber, because 750 mg a day is above the maximum of 600 mg
23.精神科护理中等

A patient with PTSD begins to dissociate during a conversation. Which grounding technique can the nurse use?

  1. AAsk her to describe the traumatic event in as much detail as she can
  2. BLeave her alone until the episode has passed on its own
  3. CAsk her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
  4. DAsk her to close her eyes and think back to the worst moment of the trauma
24.精神科护理困难

一名自愿入院、没有即时伤害风险的患者想不顾医嘱离开病房。正确的一般处理方式是什么?

  1. A锁上门阻止患者离开
  2. B藏起患者的物品
  3. C解释风险,告知团队,记录谈话内容,并依照法律和政策尊重其离开的权利
  4. D告诉患者,如果未经医生允许试图离开,工作人员会约束他们并把他们带回病房
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
167 cm1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? in

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 167 cm。按 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以英寸表示的身高h。取到一位小数。

167 cm1 in = 2.54 cm
h = in
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0021:1006:55t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 21:10 开始,到次日早晨 06:55 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。

21:1006:55
t = h
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 15 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

15 kg4 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 1 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 2000 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

1 mg2000 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1000 mL10 gtt/mL2 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 2 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1000 mL2 h10 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
900 mL15 gtt/mL40 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 40 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 900 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

40 gtt/min15 gtt/mL900 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次牛奶200 mL水300 mL冰屑100 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液400 mL尿液350 mL伤口引流120 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

牛奶: 200 mL水: 300 mL冰屑: 100 mL静脉输液: 100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL150 mL 已输入125 mL/h21:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 21:00 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL150 mL 已输入125 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟,最佳运动反应表现为:把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
低风险中度风险高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 虚弱; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。

  1. 1低风险
  2. 2中度风险
  3. 3高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · The bell, placed lightly on the skin

为什么是这个答案

The bell picks up low-pitched sounds and must be held lightly. The diaphragm, pressed firmly, is used for high-pitched sounds such as normal breath, bowel and heart sounds.

答案

B · The bell, placed lightly on the skin
2.护理学基础

答案: A · The sample was contaminated during collection

为什么是这个答案

A mixed growth usually means skin or perineal bacteria contaminated the sample. A clean-catch midstream sample, or a sample from the catheter sampling port, gives a more reliable result.

答案

A · The sample was contaminated during collection
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well

为什么是这个答案

Patients with severe neutropenia cannot fight infections well. People with respiratory or other infections should not visit until they are well; other visitors perform hand hygiene.

答案

A · Postpone the visit until the visitor is well
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · 穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏

为什么是这个答案

危险药物溢出应使用溢出处理包处理,包括经化疗药物测试的手套、隔离衣和护目装备。应封锁该区域,控制泄漏,清理后作为危险废物处置,并上报。

答案

D · 穿戴溢出处理包里的防护装备并控制泄漏
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

为什么是这个答案

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia usually appears 5–10 days after starting heparin, with a large fall in platelets and a risk of clotting. The nurse reports at once so heparin can be stopped.

答案

C · Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia
6.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth

为什么是这个答案

After a stroke, the patient stays NPO (nothing by mouth) until a swallow screen shows it is safe. Giving fluids first risks aspiration, even with a straw or thickener.

答案

A · Check that a swallow screen has been done before giving anything by mouth
7.临床护理

答案: C · Use of opioids after surgery

为什么是这个答案

Known risk factors include opioids, female sex, being a non-smoker, previous PONV or motion sickness and longer general anaesthetics. High-risk patients may be given preventive antiemetics.

答案

C · Use of opioids after surgery
8.临床护理

答案: C · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens

为什么是这个答案

Iodinated contrast can worsen kidney function, and metformin can then accumulate and cause lactic acidosis. Local policy guides when to stop and restart it.

答案

C · There is a risk of lactic acidosis if kidney function worsens
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · From the right arm

为什么是这个答案

Venipuncture, blood pressure readings and IV lines are avoided in the arm with an AV fistula or graft, to prevent damage, clotting and infection of the access. Only the dialysis team uses the access, for dialysis.

答案

C · From the right arm
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"

为什么是这个答案

Dried fruits such as apricots and raisins are very high in potassium and should be limited in kidney disease with hyperkalemia. Limiting high-potassium foods, leaching vegetables and reading labels are correct strategies.核对依据: Potassium in diet · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018)

答案

C · "Dried apricots and raisins will be a good snack for me now"
11.药理学

答案: C · 低血糖

为什么是这个答案

磺脲类关闭 β 细胞上的 ATP 敏感性钾通道,促使胰岛素释放。即使血糖已经很低,胰岛素仍会释放,因此低血糖是主要风险。

答案

C · 低血糖
12.药理学

答案: C · Low serum magnesium

为什么是这个答案

Long-term PPI use can cause hypomagnesaemia, which leads to cramps, tremor and arrhythmias. Other long-term risks include fractures, vitamin B12 deficiency and C. difficile infection.

答案

C · Low serum magnesium
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Within about 10 minutes of arrival

为什么是这个答案

A 12-lead ECG should be recorded and interpreted within about 10 minutes of first contact, because STEMI needs immediate reperfusion. Repeat ECGs are taken if the pain changes or continues. Troponin results take longer and should not delay the ECG.

答案

D · Within about 10 minutes of arrival
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Drug levels, renal function and hearing or balance changes

为什么是这个答案

Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Levels are measured to guide dosing, renal function is checked regularly and patients are asked about tinnitus, hearing loss and dizziness. Risk is greater with loop diuretics, older age and longer courses.

答案

B · Drug levels, renal function and hearing or balance changes
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · A beta-blocker alone can cause a dangerous rise in BP

为什么是这个答案

Blocking beta receptors alone leaves catecholamines acting on alpha receptors, causing severe vasoconstriction and a hypertensive crisis. Alpha blockade, such as with phenoxybenzamine, comes first, and a beta-blocker may be added later for tachycardia.

答案

A · A beta-blocker alone can cause a dangerous rise in BP
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · A pseudo-relapse caused by infection

为什么是这个答案

Infection and fever can temporarily worsen existing MS symptoms without new damage (a pseudo-relapse). The infection, here probably a UTI, is treated first. Steroids for a true relapse are considered only if the infection is excluded.

答案

A · A pseudo-relapse caused by infection
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Constipation

为什么是这个答案

Constipation, GI bleeding, infection, dehydration, low potassium and sedative drugs can trigger encephalopathy. Keeping the bowels open, for example with lactulose, reduces ammonia absorption.

答案

B · Constipation
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Tell the surgeon, search, and X-ray if it is not found

为什么是这个答案

Any discrepancy is reported immediately, the wound is checked before closure, the area and waste are searched, and an X-ray is taken if the item is not found. The event is documented and reported.

答案

A · Tell the surgeon, search, and X-ray if it is not found
19.产科护理

答案: A · 阴道指诊

为什么是这个答案

阴道指诊可能扰动低置的胎盘并导致严重出血。监护、静脉通路、血液检查和超声检查都是合适的。

答案

A · 阴道指诊
20.产科护理

答案: D · 呼救,留在她身边,保护她免受伤害,并在可能时将她翻成侧卧位

为什么是这个答案

子痫发作时,应呼救、防止受伤,抽搐停止后将她翻成侧卧位以保持气道通畅并给氧。按医嘱给予硫酸镁,待母亲情况稳定后再评估胎儿。

答案

D · 呼救,留在她身边,保护她免受伤害,并在可能时将她翻成侧卧位
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Evaporation; dry the baby straight away, including the head

为什么是这个答案

A wet newborn loses heat rapidly through evaporation. Drying the baby at once, removing wet towels, covering the head and skin-to-skin contact all reduce heat loss.

答案

B · Evaporation; dry the baby straight away, including the head
22.儿科护理

答案: D · Contact the prescriber, because 750 mg a day is above the maximum of 600 mg

为什么是这个答案

Safe range = 12 × 25 to 12 × 50 = 300–600 mg/day. Prescribed = 250 × 3 = 750 mg/day, which is above the maximum. The nurse withholds the dose and clarifies with the prescriber, never adjusting it alone.

答案

D · Contact the prescriber, because 750 mg a day is above the maximum of 600 mg
23.精神科护理

答案: C · Ask her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now

为什么是这个答案

Grounding techniques use the senses to bring the person back to the here and now. Asking for details of the trauma during dissociation can deepen distress.

答案

C · Ask her to name things she can see, hear and touch in the room right now
24.精神科护理

答案: C · 解释风险,告知团队,记录谈话内容,并依照法律和政策尊重其离开的权利

为什么是这个答案

自愿入院的患者通常可以离开,不过在评估其风险期间可能被要求等待。拘留某人需要法律授权。护士应告知团队、评估风险并记录。

答案

C · 解释风险,告知团队,记录谈话内容,并依照法律和政策尊重其离开的权利
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 65.7 in

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

厘米换算为英寸

h = 167/2.54 = 65.75 ≈ 65.7 in

答案

h = 65.7 in
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 9.75 h

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

21:10 → 24:00 = 170 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 06:55 = 415 min

合计

170 + 415 = 585 min
t = 585/60 = 9.75 h

答案

t = 9.75 h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 6 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 4·15 = 60 mg

体积

V = 60/10 = 6 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 6 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.5 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

1 mg = 1000 mcg

体积

V = 1000/2000 = 0.5 mL

答案

V = 0.5 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 83 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

2·60 = 120 min

滴速

R = 1000·10/120 = 83.33 ≈ 83 gtt/min

答案

R = 83 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 5.6 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

40·60/15 = 160 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 900/160 = 5.625 ≈ 5.6 h

答案

t = 5.6 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1400 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 200 + 300 = 500 mL
冰屑: 100/2 = 50 mL
静脉输液: 100·8 = 800 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
I = 1400 mL

答案

I = 1400 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 2.8 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 150 = 350 mL

时间

t = 350/125 = 2.8 h

答案

t = 2.8 h

约为 2 h 48 min,所以袋子大约在 23:48 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: 重度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼 → 2
V: 只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟 → 2
M: 把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲) → 4

相加

GCS = 2 + 2 + 4 = 8

严重程度

GCS 8 → 重度

答案

重度
34.临床评估评分

答案: 高风险

Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。

为每个条目评分

过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是 → 25
次要诊断: 否 → 0
行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器 → 15
静脉输液或封管: 否 → 0
步态: 虚弱 → 10
精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限 → 15

相加

Morse 总分 = 25 + 0 + 15 + 0 + 10 + 15 = 65

风险等级

65 → 高风险

答案

高风险

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