感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
At what angle is a subcutaneous injection usually given?
测量了卧位和立位血压。哪项结果符合直立性低血压的通常定义?
A nurse who wears prescription glasses must irrigate a wound where splashing is likely. Which eye protection is suitable?
Shortly after a patient falls, the team holds a brief “post-fall huddle”. What is its main purpose?
哪项发现是非预期的,需要及时跟进?
An adult has burns over 40% of the body with no signs of airway injury. Which treatment is the priority during the first hours?
What happens in third-degree (complete) heart block?
Which action is most important in protecting a patient with severe neutropenia from infection?
A patient taking empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) has glucose in the urine but a normal blood glucose. What is the best interpretation?
A young man has a swollen knee after minor trauma. His aPTT is prolonged, but his PT/INR and platelet count are normal. Which condition fits best?
A patient taking levodopa finds that the drug works poorly after large meals. Which advice is most appropriate?
A 19-year-old woman is starting isotretinoin for severe acne. Which requirement is most important?
一名外周动脉疾病患者夜间腿痛。哪种体位可能缓解疼痛?
A one-way speaking valve is fitted to a patient's tracheostomy tube while the cuff is still inflated. What is the danger?
Where is the zero point of an external ventricular drain usually levelled?
During haemodialysis, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain, and air is seen in the line. What should the nurse do first?
In the SBAR communication tool, what belongs under "A"?
哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?
A woman at 39 weeks with a healthy pregnancy asks about walking in early labour. What is the best advice?
A woman at 30 weeks reports a sudden gush of clear fluid from the vagina without contractions. What is the priority nursing action?
一名呼吸窘迫的儿童出现心动过缓。这意味着什么?
A healthy breastfed baby has lost 7% of her birth weight on day 3. What is the best interpretation?
Which nursing action at mealtimes is most appropriate for a patient with anorexia nervosa?
A teenager says she cuts herself "to feel better, not to die." Which statement about this is correct?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 101.8 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 109 g/L。请用 g/dL 表示Hb。
一名体重 9 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方为 2200 单位的药物,药液规格为 10000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 1500 mL。5 小时后你发现袋中还剩 920 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 110 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 08:45 开始用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 13:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 14,其中 E3 和 V5。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 虚弱; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: C · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.
答案: C · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
直立性低血压通常定义为站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降至少 20 mmHg 或舒张压下降至少 10 mmHg。它是跌倒评估中的重要发现。
答案: A · Goggles or a face shield worn over the glasses
Prescription glasses do not protect against splashes from the sides, top or bottom. Goggles or a face shield that fit over them are worn when splashes are likely.
答案: C · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
A post-fall huddle brings the team together soon after the fall to identify causes such as toileting, medication or footwear and to update the plan. It supports a just culture rather than blame.
答案: D · 一名使用肝素输注的患者出现新的黑色柏油样大便
黑色柏油样大便(黑便)提示上消化道出血,是抗凝治疗的危险并发症。腹腔镜手术后因使用的气体而出现肩痛很常见,COPD 的桶状胸和肝硬化稳定的黄疸是预期的。
答案: C · Large-volume IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output
Once the airway is secure, the early priority in major burns is fluid resuscitation to prevent burn shock. Urine output is a key guide to whether enough fluid is being given.
答案: B · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
In complete heart block the atria and ventricles are dissociated, and a slow escape rhythm drives the ventricles. Patients may be dizzy or collapse and often need pacing.
答案: C · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
Hand hygiene is the single most effective measure to protect neutropenic patients. Rectal procedures and IM injections are avoided because they can cause mucosal or tissue injury and bleeding.
答案: C · An expected effect of the drug
SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, so glycosuria is expected even with normal blood glucose. Urine glucose cannot be used to monitor control in these patients. The drugs also raise the risk of genital infections and DKA.核对依据: Ketones blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
Hemophilia A is an X-linked lack of factor VIII, which belongs to the intrinsic pathway, so only the aPTT is prolonged. Bleeding into joints and muscles is typical. Vitamin K deficiency and DIC prolong the PT as well, and ITP lowers the platelets.核对依据: Hemophilia A · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH)
答案: D · Avoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
Dietary amino acids compete with levodopa for absorption in the gut and transport into the brain. Spreading protein through the day or timing doses away from high-protein meals improves the effect.
答案: B · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects. Pregnancy prevention programmes require effective contraception and regular pregnancy tests before, during and after treatment.
答案: D · 双腿垂在床边
缺血性静息痛常通过放低双腿而缓解,因为重力可改善动脉血流。抬高会加重缺血。明显动脉疾病禁用加压,直接热敷可烫伤感觉迟钝的缺血皮肤。
答案: A · The patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate
A speaking valve opens on inspiration and closes on expiration, so exhaled air must pass around the tube and up through the larynx. If the cuff is inflated, air cannot escape, causing air trapping and respiratory arrest. The cuff must be fully deflated first.
答案: A · At the tragus of the ear
The EVD is levelled at the tragus, which approximates the foramen of Monro. If the head of the bed is changed, the drain must be re-levelled, because its height decides how much CSF drains.
答案: A · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
In suspected air embolism, the blood lines are clamped at once, the pump stopped, and the patient positioned on the left side with the head down to trap air in the right atrium. Oxygen is given and emergency help called.
答案: B · The nurse's assessment of what the problem is
SBAR is Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation. Under Assessment, the nurse gives the findings and their interpretation, for example "I think the patient may be bleeding".
答案: B · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。
答案: D · Walking and upright positions can help progress
Upright positions and mobility in the first stage can shorten labour and reduce the need for epidurals. She can choose positions that feel comfortable.
答案: C · Assess the fetal heart rate and check the fluid, and avoid a digital examination
Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes is suspected. The nurse assesses the fetal heart rate and the fluid's colour, amount and odour, and avoids digital examinations, which raise the risk of infection.
答案: B · 严重缺氧以及可能即将发生心脏骤停的征象
儿童缺氧引起的心动过缓是不祥的心脏骤停前征象。需要立即给予气道和呼吸支持并呼叫急救。
答案: B · This is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight
Newborns commonly lose up to about 7–10% of birth weight in the first days and usually regain it by about 2 weeks. At this level, observing a feed, checking latch and nappy output and rechecking weight are appropriate.
答案: A · Supervise the meal and observe the patient for an agreed period afterwards
Supervised meals and observation afterwards reduce hiding or discarding food, vomiting and excessive exercise. Mealtimes should be calm, with conversation that is not focused on food or weight.
答案: C · Non-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time
Self-harm is a strong predictor of later suicide, even when the person does not intend to die. Each episode needs a compassionate assessment of risk, triggers and the function of the behaviour.
答案: T = 38.8 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: Hb = 10.9 g/dL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 3.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.22 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: Δ = 22.67 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: U = 1.39 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 125 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: M = 6
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 高风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions