NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

At what angle is a subcutaneous injection usually given?

  1. AAlways exactly 15 degrees, with the skin stretched flat
  2. B90 degrees after stretching the skin flat
  3. C45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
  4. DAlways parallel to the skin
2.护理学基础困难

测量了卧位和立位血压。哪项结果符合直立性低血压的通常定义?

  1. A站立时心率增加每分钟 5 次
  2. B站立时收缩压上升 20 mmHg
  3. C站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
  4. D静止站立 10 分钟后收缩压下降 5 mmHg 或以上
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A nurse who wears prescription glasses must irrigate a wound where splashing is likely. Which eye protection is suitable?

  1. AGoggles or a face shield worn over the glasses
  2. BThe prescription glasses alone
  3. CThe glasses with a surgical mask
  4. DNo eye protection, if the nurse stands to one side
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

Shortly after a patient falls, the team holds a brief “post-fall huddle”. What is its main purpose?

  1. ATo agree on what the team will tell the patient’s lawyer and the family
  2. BTo complete the patient’s discharge paperwork
  3. CTo find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
  4. DTo decide which staff member was to blame for the fall
5.优先排序与委派中等

哪项发现是非预期的,需要及时跟进?

  1. A一名已知肝硬化的患者皮肤黄染,没有变化
  2. B一名腹腔镜胆囊手术后一天的患者出现右肩疼痛
  3. C一名长期 COPD 患者有桶状胸
  4. D一名使用肝素输注的患者出现新的黑色柏油样大便
6.优先排序与委派困难

An adult has burns over 40% of the body with no signs of airway injury. Which treatment is the priority during the first hours?

  1. AGiving a high-protein meal to support healing
  2. BApplying antibiotic cream to all the burns before anything else
  3. CLarge-volume IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output
  4. DStarting physiotherapy to prevent contractures straight away
7.临床护理中等

What happens in third-degree (complete) heart block?

  1. AEvery impulse reaches the ventricles, but each one is slightly delayed
  2. BNo impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
  3. CThe atria beat chaotically with no P waves, and the ventricular rate is irregular
  4. DThe ventricles beat very fast and regularly
8.临床护理困难

Which action is most important in protecting a patient with severe neutropenia from infection?

  1. AGiving routine intramuscular injections
  2. BTaking rectal temperatures regularly
  3. CStrict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
  4. DKeeping fresh flowers and plants in the room to help the patient's mood
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient taking empagliflozin (an SGLT2 inhibitor) has glucose in the urine but a normal blood glucose. What is the best interpretation?

  1. AA urinary tract infection
  2. BUncontrolled diabetes needing insulin
  3. CAn expected effect of the drug
  4. DA sign of kidney failure
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A young man has a swollen knee after minor trauma. His aPTT is prolonged, but his PT/INR and platelet count are normal. Which condition fits best?

  1. AImmune thrombocytopenia (ITP)
  2. BVitamin K deficiency from poor diet
  3. CDisseminated intravascular coagulation
  4. DHemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
11.药理学中等

A patient taking levodopa finds that the drug works poorly after large meals. Which advice is most appropriate?

  1. ATake the drug only at bedtime
  2. BDouble the dose after each meal
  3. CTake every dose with a large glass of milk and a protein snack
  4. DAvoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
12.药理学困难

A 19-year-old woman is starting isotretinoin for severe acne. Which requirement is most important?

  1. AA high-vitamin A diet to boost the effect
  2. BReliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
  3. CTaking the drug only at weekends
  4. DWeekly hearing tests and monthly eye examinations during treatment
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

一名外周动脉疾病患者夜间腿痛。哪种体位可能缓解疼痛?

  1. A把热水袋直接放在脚上
  2. B用加压绷带包裹双腿
  3. C用枕头把双腿抬到高于心脏的位置
  4. D双腿垂在床边
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A one-way speaking valve is fitted to a patient's tracheostomy tube while the cuff is still inflated. What is the danger?

  1. AThe patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate
  2. BThe patient will speak too loudly
  3. CThe valve will humidify the air too much
  4. DThere is no danger, as the valve works with any cuff
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Where is the zero point of an external ventricular drain usually levelled?

  1. AAt the tragus of the ear
  2. BAt the mid-axillary line of the chest
  3. CAt the top of the head
  4. DAt the level of the umbilicus
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

During haemodialysis, a patient suddenly becomes breathless with chest pain, and air is seen in the line. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AClamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
  2. BSpeed up the pump to clear the air into the patient
  3. CSit the patient upright and give a drink of water
  4. DContinue the session and recheck in 30 minutes
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

In the SBAR communication tool, what belongs under "A"?

  1. AA list of the patient's allergies only
  2. BThe nurse's assessment of what the problem is
  3. CThe patient's admission date only
  4. DThe address and phone number of the patient's next of kin
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?

  1. A可按开处方者喜欢的任何途径给药
  2. B绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
  3. C最好在小静脉中快速静脉推注
  4. D通常与其他脊髓药物一起鞘内给药
19.产科护理中等

A woman at 39 weeks with a healthy pregnancy asks about walking in early labour. What is the best advice?

  1. AWalking will cause the cord to prolapse
  2. BShe must stay in bed on her back for the whole labour
  3. CUpright positions always make labour slower
  4. DWalking and upright positions can help progress
20.产科护理困难

A woman at 30 weeks reports a sudden gush of clear fluid from the vagina without contractions. What is the priority nursing action?

  1. AAdvise a warm bath to see whether the leaking stops
  2. BPerform a digital vaginal examination to check dilation
  3. CAssess the fetal heart rate and check the fluid, and avoid a digital examination
  4. DReassure her that it is urine and send her home
21.儿科护理中等

一名呼吸窘迫的儿童出现心动过缓。这意味着什么?

  1. A氧疗的副作用
  2. B严重缺氧以及可能即将发生心脏骤停的征象
  3. C睡眠时的正常反应
  4. D孩子正在恢复并平静下来
22.儿科护理困难

A healthy breastfed baby has lost 7% of her birth weight on day 3. What is the best interpretation?

  1. AThis shows breastfeeding has failed, so formula should replace breast milk from now on
  2. BThis is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight
  3. CThis weight loss is only normal in formula-fed babies
  4. DThis is severe dehydration and needs immediate IV fluids
23.精神科护理中等

Which nursing action at mealtimes is most appropriate for a patient with anorexia nervosa?

  1. ASupervise the meal and observe the patient for an agreed period afterwards
  2. BAllow the patient to choose to skip meals if she says she feels full or unwell
  3. CTalk with the patient at length about calories during the meal
  4. DLet the patient eat alone in her room for privacy
24.精神科护理困难

A teenager says she cuts herself "to feel better, not to die." Which statement about this is correct?

  1. AShe should be told that cutting is only attention-seeking behaviour
  2. BSelf-injury without suicidal intent never needs any assessment
  3. CNon-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time
  4. DSelf-injury without suicidal intent shows that she has no mental health problems that need any treatment
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C101.8 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 101.8 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

101.8 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
109 g/L? g/dL1 L = 10 dL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 109 g/L。请用 g/dL 表示Hb。

109 g/L1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/dL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 9 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

9 kg20 mg/kg50 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 2200 单位的药物,药液规格为 10000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

2200 units10000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1000 mL60 gtt/mL12 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1000 mL12 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
920 mL剩余? mL/h5 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 1500 mL。5 小时后你发现袋中还剩 920 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

1500 mL / 10 h经过 5 h: 920 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次茶150 mL水200 mL冰屑100 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液225 mL尿液475 mL尿液225 mL尿液300 mL伤口引流90 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 110 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

110 kg8 h尿液: 225 mL尿液: 475 mL尿液: 225 mL尿液: 300 mL伤口引流: 90 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL75 mL/h开始 08:4513:45: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 08:45 开始用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 13:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

500 mL75 mL/h08:45 → 13:45
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
E3 / 4+V5 / 5+M? / 6GCS 14?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 14,其中 E3 和 V5。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 14E3V5
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
低风险中度风险高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 虚弱; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。

  1. 1低风险
  2. 2中度风险
  3. 3高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat

为什么是这个答案

The angle depends on needle length and body fat. A short needle at 90 degrees suits most adults; in thin patients a pinch of skin or a 45-degree angle avoids reaching muscle.

答案

C · 45 to 90 degrees, depending on the amount of fat
2.护理学基础

答案: C · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上

为什么是这个答案

直立性低血压通常定义为站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降至少 20 mmHg 或舒张压下降至少 10 mmHg。它是跌倒评估中的重要发现。

答案

C · 站立后 3 分钟内收缩压下降 20 mmHg 或以上
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Goggles or a face shield worn over the glasses

为什么是这个答案

Prescription glasses do not protect against splashes from the sides, top or bottom. Goggles or a face shield that fit over them are worn when splashes are likely.

答案

A · Goggles or a face shield worn over the glasses
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another

为什么是这个答案

A post-fall huddle brings the team together soon after the fall to identify causes such as toileting, medication or footwear and to update the plan. It supports a just culture rather than blame.

答案

C · To find out quickly why the fall happened and change the care plan to prevent another
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 一名使用肝素输注的患者出现新的黑色柏油样大便

为什么是这个答案

黑色柏油样大便(黑便)提示上消化道出血,是抗凝治疗的危险并发症。腹腔镜手术后因使用的气体而出现肩痛很常见,COPD 的桶状胸和肝硬化稳定的黄疸是预期的。

答案

D · 一名使用肝素输注的患者出现新的黑色柏油样大便
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Large-volume IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output

为什么是这个答案

Once the airway is secure, the early priority in major burns is fluid resuscitation to prevent burn shock. Urine output is a key guide to whether enough fluid is being given.

答案

C · Large-volume IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output
7.临床护理

答案: B · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently

为什么是这个答案

In complete heart block the atria and ventricles are dissociated, and a slow escape rhythm drives the ventricles. Patients may be dizzy or collapse and often need pacing.

答案

B · No impulses from the atria reach the ventricles, so they beat independently
8.临床护理

答案: C · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient

为什么是这个答案

Hand hygiene is the single most effective measure to protect neutropenic patients. Rectal procedures and IM injections are avoided because they can cause mucosal or tissue injury and bleeding.

答案

C · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who has contact with the patient
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · An expected effect of the drug

为什么是这个答案

SGLT2 inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule, so glycosuria is expected even with normal blood glucose. Urine glucose cannot be used to monitor control in these patients. The drugs also raise the risk of genital infections and DKA.核对依据: Ketones blood test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

C · An expected effect of the drug
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)

为什么是这个答案

Hemophilia A is an X-linked lack of factor VIII, which belongs to the intrinsic pathway, so only the aPTT is prolonged. Bleeding into joints and muscles is typical. Vitamin K deficiency and DIC prolong the PT as well, and ITP lowers the platelets.核对依据: Hemophilia A · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH)

答案

D · Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency)
11.药理学

答案: D · Avoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals

为什么是这个答案

Dietary amino acids compete with levodopa for absorption in the gut and transport into the brain. Spreading protein through the day or timing doses away from high-protein meals improves the effect.

答案

D · Avoid taking doses at the same time as high-protein meals
12.药理学

答案: B · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic

为什么是这个答案

Isotretinoin causes severe birth defects. Pregnancy prevention programmes require effective contraception and regular pregnancy tests before, during and after treatment.

答案

B · Reliable contraception and pregnancy tests, as it is highly teratogenic
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · 双腿垂在床边

为什么是这个答案

缺血性静息痛常通过放低双腿而缓解,因为重力可改善动脉血流。抬高会加重缺血。明显动脉疾病禁用加压,直接热敷可烫伤感觉迟钝的缺血皮肤。

答案

D · 双腿垂在床边
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · The patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate

为什么是这个答案

A speaking valve opens on inspiration and closes on expiration, so exhaled air must pass around the tube and up through the larynx. If the cuff is inflated, air cannot escape, causing air trapping and respiratory arrest. The cuff must be fully deflated first.

答案

A · The patient cannot breathe out and may suffocate
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · At the tragus of the ear

为什么是这个答案

The EVD is levelled at the tragus, which approximates the foramen of Monro. If the head of the bed is changed, the drain must be re-levelled, because its height decides how much CSF drains.

答案

A · At the tragus of the ear
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low

为什么是这个答案

In suspected air embolism, the blood lines are clamped at once, the pump stopped, and the patient positioned on the left side with the head down to trap air in the right atrium. Oxygen is given and emergency help called.

答案

A · Clamp the lines and lay the patient left side down, head low
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · The nurse's assessment of what the problem is

为什么是这个答案

SBAR is Situation, Background, Assessment and Recommendation. Under Assessment, the nurse gives the findings and their interpretation, for example "I think the patient may be bleeding".

答案

B · The nurse's assessment of what the problem is
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用

为什么是这个答案

鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。

答案

B · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
19.产科护理

答案: D · Walking and upright positions can help progress

为什么是这个答案

Upright positions and mobility in the first stage can shorten labour and reduce the need for epidurals. She can choose positions that feel comfortable.

答案

D · Walking and upright positions can help progress
20.产科护理

答案: C · Assess the fetal heart rate and check the fluid, and avoid a digital examination

为什么是这个答案

Preterm prelabour rupture of membranes is suspected. The nurse assesses the fetal heart rate and the fluid's colour, amount and odour, and avoids digital examinations, which raise the risk of infection.

答案

C · Assess the fetal heart rate and check the fluid, and avoid a digital examination
21.儿科护理

答案: B · 严重缺氧以及可能即将发生心脏骤停的征象

为什么是这个答案

儿童缺氧引起的心动过缓是不祥的心脏骤停前征象。需要立即给予气道和呼吸支持并呼叫急救。

答案

B · 严重缺氧以及可能即将发生心脏骤停的征象
22.儿科护理

答案: B · This is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight

为什么是这个答案

Newborns commonly lose up to about 7–10% of birth weight in the first days and usually regain it by about 2 weeks. At this level, observing a feed, checking latch and nappy output and rechecking weight are appropriate.

答案

B · This is within the usual range; observe a feed and follow the weight
23.精神科护理

答案: A · Supervise the meal and observe the patient for an agreed period afterwards

为什么是这个答案

Supervised meals and observation afterwards reduce hiding or discarding food, vomiting and excessive exercise. Mealtimes should be calm, with conversation that is not focused on food or weight.

答案

A · Supervise the meal and observe the patient for an agreed period afterwards
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Non-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time

为什么是这个答案

Self-harm is a strong predictor of later suicide, even when the person does not intend to die. Each episode needs a compassionate assessment of risk, triggers and the function of the behaviour.

答案

C · Non-suicidal self-injury still increases the long-term risk of suicide, so risk is assessed each time
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 38.8 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

101.8 − 32 = 69.8

乘以 5/9

T = 69.8·5/9 = 38.78 ≈ 38.8 °C

答案

T = 38.8 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: Hb = 10.9 g/dL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

Hb = 109 g/L × (1 L/10 dL) = 10.9 g/dL

答案

Hb = 10.9 g/dL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 3.6 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 20·9 = 180 mg

体积

V = 180/50 = 3.6 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 3.6 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.22 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 2200/10000 = 0.22 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.22 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 83 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

12·60 = 720 min

滴速

R = 1000·60/720 = 83.33 ≈ 83 gtt/min

答案

R = 83 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 22.67 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1500/10 = 150 mL/h

新速率

R = 920/5 = 184 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (184 − 150)/150·100% = 22.67%

答案

Δ = 22.67%

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.39 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

225 + 475 + 225 + 300 = 1225 mL

每千克每小时

U = 1225/(110·8) = 1.392 ≈ 1.39 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.39 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 125 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

08:45 → 13:45 = 5 h

已输入体积

75·5 = 375 mL

剩余体积

V = 500 − 375 = 125 mL

答案

V = 125 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 6

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 14 − 3 − 5 = 6
M6: 遵嘱动作

答案

M = 6
34.临床评估评分

答案: 高风险

Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。

为每个条目评分

过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否 → 0
次要诊断: 是 → 15
行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器 → 15
静脉输液或封管: 是 → 20
步态: 虚弱 → 10
精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限 → 15

相加

Morse 总分 = 0 + 15 + 15 + 20 + 10 + 15 = 75

风险等级

75 → 高风险

答案

高风险

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