感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
While wearing sterile gloves, where should the nurse keep their hands?
一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者脉搏血氧读数为 99%,但嗜睡且头痛。为什么这个读数可能给人以虚假的安心?
A nurse has been fit-tested for an N95 respirator. What should the nurse do each time it is put on?
A nurse teaches a patient who has had a splenectomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
一个团队包括一名 RN、一名 LPN/LVN 和一名护理助理。哪种分工最恰当?
Why is blood pressure monitored closely in a patient with an epidural infusion?
Why must blood samples for a cross-match be labelled at the bedside immediately after they are taken?
一名意识清醒的患者血糖为 54 mg/dL(3.0 mmol/L),已摄入 15 g 速效碳水化合物。应在何时复测血糖?
A patient on IV gentamicin has a trough level above the target, and the creatinine has risen since yesterday. The next dose is due. What is the best action?
How should a patient store sublingual glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) tablets?
非竞争性(不可逆)拮抗剂如何改变量效曲线?
Why are beta-blockers often started after a myocardial infarction?
After chest trauma, a patient is hypotensive with reduced breath sounds on the left. Which finding suggests a haemothorax rather than a tension pneumothorax?
一名患者卒中后出现同向性偏盲。护士起初应如何帮助?
An 89-year-old with stage 5 CKD and severe heart failure, who has capacity, decides not to start dialysis. What is the nurse's best response?
Which statement about giving medicines through a feeding tube is correct?
A patient on modified-release morphine for cancer pain has needed four breakthrough doses every day for several days. What should the nurse do?
How does breast milk jaundice usually differ from early breastfeeding jaundice?
在新生儿复苏中,何时需要进行胸外按压?
In a large ventricular septal defect, in which direction does blood mainly flow through the defect?
A 2-year-old has swallowed several of his mother's iron tablets. Why is this treated as an emergency even if he looks well?
According to DSM-5, how long must signs of the disturbance last before schizophrenia can be diagnosed?
一名锂盐治疗稳定的患者告诉护士,她因背痛开始每天服用布洛芬。护士应怎么做?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 101.9 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 3.6 mg/dL。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 µmol/L 表示的c,取到最接近的整数。
某患者体重 30 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 25 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
处方剂量为 630 微克。安瓿浓度为 1 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 10 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 100 mL 中含药 200 mg,以 20 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 12:00 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 18 次/分,SpO₂ 98%正在补充吸氧,血压 222/134 mmHg,脉搏 130 次/分,清醒,体温 37.7 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: B · Above waist level and in sight
Sterile hands are kept in front of the body, above the waist and within sight, so accidental contamination is noticed. The edge of the field is not sterile.
答案: A · 与血红蛋白结合的一氧化碳被血氧仪当作氧气读取
碳氧血红蛋白对光的吸收与氧合血红蛋白很相似,因此标准脉搏血氧仪会高估血氧饱和度。需要做带碳氧血红蛋白测定的动脉血气分析,并给予高流量吸氧。
答案: D · Perform a user seal check
A fit test confirms that a model and size suit the person. A user seal check, breathing in and out to feel for leaks at the edges, is done every time the respirator is put on.
答案: A · “Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
People without a spleen are at risk of overwhelming infection, especially from encapsulated bacteria. Fever needs prompt medical assessment, and vaccines are kept up to date.
答案: D · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案: D · RN:新入院患者;LPN/LVN:稳定患者的用药;助理:卫生护理
RN 负责评估和复杂护理,LPN/LVN 护理稳定患者并给予常规药物,助理负责常规的卫生护理和测量。其他选项把任务分配到了超出该人员工作范围的人。
答案: A · The local anaesthetic can block sympathetic nerves and cause hypotension
Epidural local anaesthetic can cause vasodilation and hypotension. Nurses also monitor sedation, respiratory rate, block height, motor function and the catheter site.
答案: C · To prevent "wrong blood in tube" errors that can cause fatal reactions
A sample labelled with the wrong patient's details can lead to incompatible blood being issued. Labelling at the bedside after positive identification is a key transfusion safety step.
答案: A · 约 15 分钟后
15 法则是指摄入 15 g 速效碳水化合物,15 分钟后复测,如果血糖仍低于 70 mg/dL(3.9 mmol/L)则重复。然后再吃点心或正餐有助于预防复发。核对依据: Low blood sugar - self-care · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · Hold the dose and report the results to the prescriber
A high aminoglycoside trough with rising creatinine means the drug is accumulating, which increases the risk of kidney damage and hearing loss. The nurse holds the dose, reports to the prescriber and asks about hearing changes and tinnitus. Only the prescriber or pharmacist changes the regimen.核对依据: Gentamicin sulfate injection - Boxed Warning (US prescribing information) · Pfizer Medical Information (FDA label)
答案: B · In the original dark glass bottle, away from heat, light and moisture
Nitroglycerin tablets lose potency when exposed to light, heat, air and moisture. They are kept in their original tightly closed dark container, and expired tablets are replaced.
答案: B · 降低最大效应
竞争性拮抗剂使曲线右移,但更大剂量的激动剂仍可达到相同的最大效应。非竞争性拮抗剂会降低最大效应。
答案: B · They lower the heart's oxygen demand and reduce arrhythmias
Beta-blockers slow the heart and reduce contractility, lowering myocardial oxygen demand, and protect against arrhythmias. They are particularly beneficial when the ejection fraction is reduced. They are used cautiously in heart block, severe bradycardia, acute heart failure and asthma.
答案: A · Dullness to percussion on the affected side
Blood in the pleural space gives a dull percussion note, whereas air gives hyper-resonance. In haemothorax the neck veins are often flat because of blood loss; in tension pneumothorax they are distended. A massive haemothorax needs a large chest drain, blood replacement and surgical review.
答案: B · 从看得见的一侧接近,并教其转头扫视
起初,把重要物品放在视力完好的一侧并从该侧接近患者,可提高安全性。随着时间推移,教患者向缺失的视野侧转头扫视。遮盖一只眼没有帮助,因为双眼丢失的是同一半视野。
答案: C · Respect the decision and support symptom-focused care
A competent patient can refuse dialysis. The nurse makes sure the choice is informed, respects it and supports conservative kidney management, with symptom control, advance care planning and palliative care input.
答案: A · Modified-release tablets should not be crushed
Crushing modified-release or enteric-coated tablets can cause toxicity or loss of effect. Liquid forms are preferred; each medicine is given separately with flushes, and a pharmacist advises.
答案: A · Report it, as the regular background dose may need review
Regular need for breakthrough doses usually means the background analgesia is inadequate. The prescriber reviews and may adjust the regular dose, while side effects such as sedation are monitored.
答案: B · It appears later, after the first week, in a thriving baby
Breast milk jaundice begins after the first week and can last several weeks in an otherwise healthy, well-fed baby. It is thought to be caused by substances in milk and rarely needs breastfeeding to stop.
答案: B · 尽管已进行至少 30 秒的有效通气,心率仍低于 60 次/分
如果有效通气后心率仍低于 60 次/分,则开始按压,按压与通气之比为 3:1。大多数新生儿仅靠良好的通气就会好转。
答案: C · From left to right, increasing blood flow to the lungs
Left ventricular pressure is higher, so blood flows from left to right, overloading the lungs and right heart. This causes increased pulmonary blood flow and can lead to heart failure in infancy.
答案: D · Iron poisoning can cause gut bleeding, shock and liver failure hours later
Iron overdose damages the gut lining and disrupts cell metabolism, leading to vomiting, bleeding, shock, acidosis and liver failure, sometimes after a period when the child seems better. Urgent assessment is needed; deferoxamine is used for serious poisoning.
答案: C · At least 6 months, including at least 1 month of active symptoms
Schizophrenia needs continuous signs for at least 6 months, with at least 1 month of active-phase symptoms such as delusions or hallucinations. An episode of 1 to 6 months is schizophreniform disorder.
答案: B · 通知开医嘱者,因为布洛芬可使血锂升高到中毒水平
非甾体抗炎药会减少锂的排泄,因此血锂水平可能升至中毒范围。开医嘱者应复核疼痛治疗和锂盐监测。
答案: T = 38.8 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: c = 318 µmol/L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 250 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.63 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 33 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:33 滴/分。
答案: D = 40 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1500 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 6 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 18:00 输完。
答案: B = 15
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions