NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

When giving several medicines through a feeding tube, what is correct?

  1. AGive each medicine separately and flush with water between them
  2. BGive them without flushing to save time
  3. CCrush every tablet, including modified-release ones
  4. DMix them all together in the feed so they are given at the same time
2.护理学基础困难

During a handover the nurse notices a colleague is sharing patient details loudly in a busy corridor. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASuggest moving the handover to a private place
  2. BJoin in to finish the handover more quickly
  3. CReport the colleague to the police
  4. DIgnore it, as handover is part of care
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

条码扫描器提示药物与患者记录不符。护士应怎么做?

  1. A扫描另一位患者的腕带
  2. B忽略警告并给药
  3. C先给药,本班稍后再报告该警告
  4. D暂停并查明原因后再给药
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A 2-year-old living in a house built many decades ago has anemia, irritability and poor appetite. Which cause should the nurse suspect?

  1. ACarbon dioxide from a gas cooker
  2. BIron overload from eating too much red meat
  3. CLead poisoning from old paint dust or chips
  4. DA food allergy to cow’s milk proteins
5.优先排序与委派中等

A nurse teaches a patient who uses crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A“I will keep the crutch tips in good condition.”
  2. B“I will take my weight on my hands, not on my armpits.”
  3. C“I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
  4. D“I will remove loose rugs from the floor at home.”
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient on airborne precautions for suspected tuberculosis must go to the radiology department. What should the patient wear during transport?

  1. AA fit-tested N95 respirator
  2. BA surgical mask
  3. CGloves and a gown only
  4. DNothing, if the trip is short
7.临床护理中等

What is one advantage of a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) such as apixaban compared with warfarin?

  1. AIt does not need routine INR monitoring
  2. BIt never interacts with other drugs
  3. CIt has no risk of bleeding
  4. DIt is safe in all patients with severe kidney failure
8.临床护理困难

A patient with full mental capacity decides against a treatment that the team thinks is best. What does the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) say?

  1. AA person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
  2. BThe team may override any decision that it disagrees with if it is serious
  3. CThe patient must be assessed by a psychiatrist before refusing
  4. DThe family may make the decision instead if they disagree with the patient's choice
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?

  1. ASalt substitutes are fine as long as the patient drinks more water
  2. BMost salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
  3. CSalt substitutes are safe because they contain only sodium chloride
  4. DSalt substitutes protect against the potassium loss caused by this drug
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient taking isoniazid for latent TB reports nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine. The ALT is five times the upper limit of normal. What is the best action?

  1. ADouble the dose to finish the treatment course more quickly
  2. BContinue the isoniazid and give it with food to settle the stomach
  3. CReassure the patient that dark urine is a harmless drug effect
  4. DHold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
11.药理学中等

During an infusion of a vesicant chemotherapy drug, the patient reports burning, and the site is swollen. What should the nurse do first?

  1. ARemove the cannula at once and massage the area firmly
  2. BIncrease the infusion rate to finish quickly
  3. CFlush the line with a large volume of saline
  4. DStop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
12.药理学困难

A patient develops a dry cough on an ACE inhibitor and is switched to losartan. Why is losartan less likely to cause cough?

  1. AIt also acts as a bronchodilator
  2. BIt is excreted faster by the kidney
  3. CIt does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
  4. DIt blocks histamine receptors in the airways
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient is starting long-term amiodarone. Which teaching and monitoring are most important?

  1. AExpect orange urine and no need for blood tests
  2. BProtect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
  3. CAvoid dairy products and have the INR checked once at the start
  4. DEat extra salt and stop the drug as soon as the pulse is regular
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

早晨给地高辛之前,患者的心尖脉搏为 54 次/分,并感到恶心。护士应怎么做?

  1. A给半量,一小时后复查脉搏
  2. B给药并给止吐药,明天再复查脉搏
  3. C给药,因为只有桡动脉脉搏才算数
  4. D暂停给药并上报,因为可能发生中毒
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient taking sodium valproate becomes tired and is vomiting, and the nurse notices yellowing of the eyes. What is the main concern?

  1. AA sign that the dose is too low
  2. BA normal adjustment reaction to the drug
  3. CDehydration from drinking too little
  4. DLiver toxicity from valproate
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient on carbamazepine is admitted confused, with a sodium of 121 mmol/L. Which explanation is most likely?

  1. ACarbamazepine can cause hyponatraemia through an SIADH-like effect
  2. BConfusion is a normal, expected effect of carbamazepine and is unrelated to sodium
  3. CThe low sodium proves the patient has stopped taking the drug
  4. DCarbamazepine causes salt loss through severe diarrhoea
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

造口袋底盘的开口应剪多大?

  1. A略小于造口以便紧密密封
  2. B比造口四周大约 2 cm
  3. C比造口四周大约 2–3 mm
  4. D任何大小,只要盖住造口即可
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?

  1. A通常与其他脊髓药物一起鞘内给药
  2. B可按开处方者喜欢的任何途径给药
  3. C绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
  4. D最好在小静脉中快速静脉推注
19.产科护理中等

产后第 3 天出现恶臭的恶露,最可能提示:

  1. A子宫感染(子宫内膜炎)
  2. B脱水
  3. C充盈的膀胱压迫子宫
  4. D恶露正常
20.产科护理困难

A woman in active labour has been at 6 cm for 4 hours despite regular contractions. Which factor among the "5 Ps" should the nurse consider first?

  1. AThe past history of her mother's labour
  2. BThe pulse rate during contractions
  3. CThe passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
  4. DThe placenta: whether it is anterior or posterior
21.儿科护理中等

At about what age do most children understand that death is permanent and happens to everyone?

  1. AAbout 2 years
  2. BAbout 4 years
  3. CAbout 9 to 10 years
  4. DNot until about 18 years
22.儿科护理困难

A child with a head injury now has rising blood pressure, a falling heart rate and irregular breathing. What does this indicate?

  1. ANormal recovery after a head injury
  2. BA late sign of raised intracranial pressure; an emergency
  3. CPain from the injury that needs stronger, regular analgesia
  4. DDehydration that needs more fluids
23.精神科护理中等

哪项原则适用于身体约束的使用?

  1. A不需要记录
  2. B可以作为违反规定的惩罚
  3. C可以在忙碌的班次为方便工作人员而使用,只要事后记录并经团队复查即可
  4. D这是限制较少的措施失败后的最后手段,需密切监测,并在安全时尽快解除
24.精神科护理困难

A nurse is teaching a patient who has started haloperidol for schizophrenia. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I should get up slowly if I feel dizzy."
  2. B"I'll avoid alcohol while I'm taking this medicine."
  3. C"I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
  4. D"I should tell the nurse if my neck or jaw muscles feel stiff."
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
4 ft 0 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cmh = ? cm

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 4 ft 0 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。

4 ft 0 in1 ft = 12 in1 in = 2.54 cm
h = cm
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
8.9 g/dL? g/L1 L = 10 dL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 8.9 g/dL。请用 g/L 表示Hb。

8.9 g/dL1 L = 10 dL
Hb = g/L
27.剂量计算中等
99 kgBSA = 1.96 m²250 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名体重 99 kg 的患者体表面积为 1.96 m²。医嘱为 250 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

99 kgBSA = 1.96 m²250 mg/m²
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
50%储备液V₁ = ? mL

你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 250 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?

C₁ = 50%C₂ = 5%V₂ = 250 mL
V₁ = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
250 mL20 gtt/mL4 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

250 mL4 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
300 mL15 gtt/mL32 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 300 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

32 gtt/min15 gtt/mL300 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次水300 mL果冻100 mL汤200 mL冰屑100 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液350 mL尿液325 mL呕吐物150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

水: 300 mL果冻: 100 mL汤: 200 mL冰屑: 100 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 100 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL120 mL/h开始 10:3017:00: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 10:30 开始用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 17:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

1000 mL120 mL/h10:30 → 17:00
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,说出不恰当的、随机的词,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
无风险轻度风险中度风险高风险极高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。

  1. 1无风险
  2. 2轻度风险
  3. 3中度风险
  4. 4高风险
  5. 5极高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them

为什么是这个答案

Each drug is prepared and given separately, with water flushes before, between and after, to prevent tube blockage and drug interactions. A pharmacist advises on suitable forms.

答案

A · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
2.护理学基础

答案: A · Suggest moving the handover to a private place

为什么是这个答案

Information shared for care must still be protected from people who do not need it. Moving to a private area or speaking quietly at the bedside protects patient confidentiality.

答案

A · Suggest moving the handover to a private place
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · 暂停并查明原因后再给药

为什么是这个答案

条码警告的作用是发现患者错误、药物错误和剂量错误。护士应暂停,核对医嘱和药品,并联系药房或开医嘱者。出于习惯而忽略警告会导致差错。

答案

D · 暂停并查明原因后再给药
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Lead poisoning from old paint dust or chips

为什么是这个答案

Lead-based paint in older housing is the main source of lead exposure in young children, who put dust and chips in their mouths. Lead can cause anemia, behavior changes and developmental problems, and a blood lead level confirms it.

答案

C · Lead poisoning from old paint dust or chips
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”

为什么是这个答案

Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.

答案

C · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · A surgical mask

为什么是这个答案

A patient with an airborne infection wears a surgical mask outside the isolation room to contain respiratory particles. Staff caring for the patient wear fit-tested respirators, and the receiving department is told in advance.

答案

B · A surgical mask
7.临床护理

答案: A · It does not need routine INR monitoring

为什么是这个答案

DOACs have predictable effects so INR monitoring is not needed. They still cause bleeding, have some interactions and need kidney function checked.

答案

A · It does not need routine INR monitoring
8.临床护理

答案: A · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision

为什么是这个答案

One of the Act's principles is that making an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity. The team should check understanding, explore reasons and document the discussion.

答案

A · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high

为什么是这个答案

Spironolactone blocks aldosterone, so the kidneys keep potassium. Many salt substitutes are made of potassium chloride, and combining them with spironolactone can cause dangerous hyperkalemia, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors.核对依据: Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018); High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: D · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once

为什么是这个答案

Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, which may be severe. Symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine with a markedly raised ALT mean the drug should be held and the prescriber informed. Patients are taught to avoid alcohol and report these symptoms early.

答案

D · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
11.药理学

答案: D · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol

为什么是这个答案

Suspected extravasation of a vesicant is an emergency. The infusion is stopped, the cannula is left in so that drug can be aspirated, and the protocol, which may include an antidote and cold or warm packs, is followed.

答案

D · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
12.药理学

答案: C · It does not block the breakdown of bradykinin

为什么是这个答案

ACE (kininase II) breaks down bradykinin, so ACE inhibitors raise bradykinin, which can cause cough and angioedema. ARBs block the angiotensin II receptor without affecting bradykinin breakdown.

答案

C · It does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Protect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks

为什么是这个答案

Amiodarone causes photosensitivity, thyroid dysfunction (it contains iodine), liver toxicity, pulmonary fibrosis and corneal deposits. Patients use high-factor sunscreen and have regular thyroid and liver tests and reviews for cough or breathlessness. It also interacts with warfarin and digoxin.

答案

B · Protect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · 暂停给药并上报,因为可能发生中毒

为什么是这个答案

常见规则是:如果心尖脉搏低于 60 次/分(或低于设定的参数),或出现恶心、呕吐、视觉障碍或新的心律失常等中毒表现,则暂停地高辛并通知开处方者。通常还需检查地高辛浓度、心电图、钾和肾功能。护士不得自行更改剂量。

答案

D · 暂停给药并上报,因为可能发生中毒
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Liver toxicity from valproate

为什么是这个答案

Valproate can cause serious liver injury, especially early in treatment. Jaundice, vomiting, lethargy or abdominal pain need urgent review and liver function tests. Pancreatitis is another rare but serious effect.

答案

D · Liver toxicity from valproate
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Carbamazepine can cause hyponatraemia through an SIADH-like effect

为什么是这个答案

Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can increase the effect of ADH, leading to water retention and hyponatraemia. Severe hyponatraemia causes confusion and seizures. The drug and sodium need urgent medical review.

答案

A · Carbamazepine can cause hyponatraemia through an SIADH-like effect
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · 比造口四周大约 2–3 mm

为什么是这个答案

开口应剪得紧贴造口周围,留出约 2–3 mm(约 1/8 英寸)的小间隙。太大会使皮肤暴露于排出物;太小可能割伤造口。造口在最初几周内会缩小,所以要重复测量。

答案

C · 比造口四周大约 2–3 mm
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用

为什么是这个答案

鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。

答案

C · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
19.产科护理

答案: A · 子宫感染(子宫内膜炎)

为什么是这个答案

恶臭的恶露,尤其伴有发热、子宫压痛和心动过速时,提示子宫内膜炎,应上报。

答案

A · 子宫感染(子宫内膜炎)
20.产科护理

答案: C · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation

为什么是这个答案

When contractions are adequate but labour stalls, causes include a malpositioned or large fetus (passenger) or a narrow pelvis (passageway). Position changes, hydration and support of the psyche can also help progress.

答案

C · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
21.儿科护理

答案: C · About 9 to 10 years

为什么是这个答案

By about 9–10 years most children understand that death is irreversible, universal and has a biological cause. Younger children may see it as temporary or as a punishment.

答案

C · About 9 to 10 years
22.儿科护理

答案: B · A late sign of raised intracranial pressure; an emergency

为什么是这个答案

Hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respirations is Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure and possible brain herniation. Immediate emergency treatment is needed.

答案

B · A late sign of raised intracranial pressure; an emergency
23.精神科护理

答案: D · 这是限制较少的措施失败后的最后手段,需密切监测,并在安全时尽快解除

为什么是这个答案

仅在降级处理失败后,为防止迫在眉睫的伤害,并依照法律和政策才使用约束。应持续监测患者的呼吸、循环和健康状况,并记录一切。

答案

D · 这是限制较少的措施失败后的最后手段,需密切监测,并在安全时尽快解除
24.精神科护理

答案: C · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."

为什么是这个答案

Antipsychotics are continued after symptoms improve, because stopping them early is a major cause of relapse. Any change should be discussed with the prescriber.

答案

C · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: h = 122 cm

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

以英寸表示的身高

4·12 + 0 = 48 in

英寸换算为厘米

h = 48·2.54 = 121.9 ≈ 122 cm

答案

h = 122 cm
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: Hb = 89 g/L

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

Hb = 8.9 g/dL × 10 dL/L = 89 g/L

答案

Hb = 89 g/L
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 490 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

剂量

D = 250·1.96 = 490 mg

答案

D = 490 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V₁ = 25 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 5·250/50 = 25 mL

答案

V₁ = 25 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 21 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

4·60 = 240 min

滴速

R = 250·20/240 = 20.83 ≈ 21 gtt/min

答案

R = 21 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:21 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 2.3 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

32·60/15 = 128 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 300/128 = 2.344 ≈ 2.3 h

答案

t = 2.3 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1450 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 300 + 100 + 200 = 600 mL
冰屑: 100/2 = 50 mL
静脉输液: 75·8 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·100 = 200 mL
I = 1450 mL

答案

I = 1450 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 220 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

10:30 → 17:00 = 6.5 h

已输入体积

120·6.5 = 780 mL

剩余体积

V = 1000 − 780 = 220 mL

答案

V = 220 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: 重度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼 → 2
V: 说出不恰当的、随机的词 → 3
M: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势) → 3

相加

GCS = 2 + 3 + 3 = 8

严重程度

GCS 8 → 重度

答案

重度
34.临床评估评分

答案: 无风险

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 无损害 → 4
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 偶尔步行 → 3
活动能力: 不受限制 → 4
营养: 极好 → 4
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 4 + 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 1 = 19

风险等级

19 → 无风险

答案

无风险

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