感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When giving several medicines through a feeding tube, what is correct?
During a handover the nurse notices a colleague is sharing patient details loudly in a busy corridor. What should the nurse do?
条码扫描器提示药物与患者记录不符。护士应怎么做?
A 2-year-old living in a house built many decades ago has anemia, irritability and poor appetite. Which cause should the nurse suspect?
A nurse teaches a patient who uses crutches. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient on airborne precautions for suspected tuberculosis must go to the radiology department. What should the patient wear during transport?
What is one advantage of a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) such as apixaban compared with warfarin?
A patient with full mental capacity decides against a treatment that the team thinks is best. What does the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) say?
A patient taking spironolactone asks about using a salt substitute. What should the nurse explain?
A patient taking isoniazid for latent TB reports nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine. The ALT is five times the upper limit of normal. What is the best action?
During an infusion of a vesicant chemotherapy drug, the patient reports burning, and the site is swollen. What should the nurse do first?
A patient develops a dry cough on an ACE inhibitor and is switched to losartan. Why is losartan less likely to cause cough?
A patient is starting long-term amiodarone. Which teaching and monitoring are most important?
早晨给地高辛之前,患者的心尖脉搏为 54 次/分,并感到恶心。护士应怎么做?
A patient taking sodium valproate becomes tired and is vomiting, and the nurse notices yellowing of the eyes. What is the main concern?
A patient on carbamazepine is admitted confused, with a sodium of 121 mmol/L. Which explanation is most likely?
造口袋底盘的开口应剪多大?
哪条安全规则适用于长春新碱?
产后第 3 天出现恶臭的恶露,最可能提示:
A woman in active labour has been at 6 cm for 4 hours despite regular contractions. Which factor among the "5 Ps" should the nurse consider first?
At about what age do most children understand that death is permanent and happens to everyone?
A child with a head injury now has rising blood pressure, a falling heart rate and irregular breathing. What does this indicate?
哪项原则适用于身体约束的使用?
A nurse is teaching a patient who has started haloperidol for schizophrenia. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 4 ft 0 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 8.9 g/dL。请用 g/L 表示Hb。
一名体重 99 kg 的患者体表面积为 1.96 m²。医嘱为 250 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 250 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 15 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 300 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 10:30 开始用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 17:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,说出不恰当的、随机的词,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: A · Give each medicine separately and flush with water between them
Each drug is prepared and given separately, with water flushes before, between and after, to prevent tube blockage and drug interactions. A pharmacist advises on suitable forms.
答案: A · Suggest moving the handover to a private place
Information shared for care must still be protected from people who do not need it. Moving to a private area or speaking quietly at the bedside protects patient confidentiality.
答案: D · 暂停并查明原因后再给药
条码警告的作用是发现患者错误、药物错误和剂量错误。护士应暂停,核对医嘱和药品,并联系药房或开医嘱者。出于习惯而忽略警告会导致差错。
答案: C · Lead poisoning from old paint dust or chips
Lead-based paint in older housing is the main source of lead exposure in young children, who put dust and chips in their mouths. Lead can cause anemia, behavior changes and developmental problems, and a blood lead level confirms it.
答案: C · “I will lean on the crutch pads under my arms to rest.”
Leaning on the axillary pads can compress the nerves in the armpit. Weight should be taken through the hands, and the home should be made safe from trip hazards.
答案: B · A surgical mask
A patient with an airborne infection wears a surgical mask outside the isolation room to contain respiratory particles. Staff caring for the patient wear fit-tested respirators, and the receiving department is told in advance.
答案: A · It does not need routine INR monitoring
DOACs have predictable effects so INR monitoring is not needed. They still cause bleeding, have some interactions and need kidney function checked.
答案: A · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
One of the Act's principles is that making an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity. The team should check understanding, explore reasons and document the discussion.
答案: B · Most salt substitutes contain potassium and can raise the level too high
Spironolactone blocks aldosterone, so the kidneys keep potassium. Many salt substitutes are made of potassium chloride, and combining them with spironolactone can cause dangerous hyperkalemia, especially with kidney disease or ACE inhibitors.核对依据: Spironolactone · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2018); High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Hold the isoniazid and report the findings to the prescriber at once
Isoniazid can cause hepatitis, which may be severe. Symptoms such as nausea, loss of appetite and dark urine with a markedly raised ALT mean the drug should be held and the prescriber informed. Patients are taught to avoid alcohol and report these symptoms early.
答案: D · Stop the infusion, leave the cannula in and follow the protocol
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant is an emergency. The infusion is stopped, the cannula is left in so that drug can be aspirated, and the protocol, which may include an antidote and cold or warm packs, is followed.
答案: C · It does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
ACE (kininase II) breaks down bradykinin, so ACE inhibitors raise bradykinin, which can cause cough and angioedema. ARBs block the angiotensin II receptor without affecting bradykinin breakdown.
答案: B · Protect skin from sunlight and have thyroid, liver and lung checks
Amiodarone causes photosensitivity, thyroid dysfunction (it contains iodine), liver toxicity, pulmonary fibrosis and corneal deposits. Patients use high-factor sunscreen and have regular thyroid and liver tests and reviews for cough or breathlessness. It also interacts with warfarin and digoxin.
答案: D · 暂停给药并上报,因为可能发生中毒
常见规则是:如果心尖脉搏低于 60 次/分(或低于设定的参数),或出现恶心、呕吐、视觉障碍或新的心律失常等中毒表现,则暂停地高辛并通知开处方者。通常还需检查地高辛浓度、心电图、钾和肾功能。护士不得自行更改剂量。
答案: D · Liver toxicity from valproate
Valproate can cause serious liver injury, especially early in treatment. Jaundice, vomiting, lethargy or abdominal pain need urgent review and liver function tests. Pancreatitis is another rare but serious effect.
答案: A · Carbamazepine can cause hyponatraemia through an SIADH-like effect
Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can increase the effect of ADH, leading to water retention and hyponatraemia. Severe hyponatraemia causes confusion and seizures. The drug and sodium need urgent medical review.
答案: C · 比造口四周大约 2–3 mm
开口应剪得紧贴造口周围,留出约 2–3 mm(约 1/8 英寸)的小间隙。太大会使皮肤暴露于排出物;太小可能割伤造口。造口在最初几周内会缩小,所以要重复测量。
答案: C · 绝不能鞘内给药;以小袋装供静脉专用
鞘内注射长春新碱几乎总是致命的。为防止给药途径错误,它被稀释在小袋中供静脉使用,标注“仅供静脉使用,其他途径给药可致命”,并与鞘内药物分开存放。
答案: A · 子宫感染(子宫内膜炎)
恶臭的恶露,尤其伴有发热、子宫压痛和心动过速时,提示子宫内膜炎,应上报。
答案: C · The passenger: fetal size, position or presentation
When contractions are adequate but labour stalls, causes include a malpositioned or large fetus (passenger) or a narrow pelvis (passageway). Position changes, hydration and support of the psyche can also help progress.
答案: C · About 9 to 10 years
By about 9–10 years most children understand that death is irreversible, universal and has a biological cause. Younger children may see it as temporary or as a punishment.
答案: B · A late sign of raised intracranial pressure; an emergency
Hypertension with a widening pulse pressure, bradycardia and irregular respirations is Cushing's triad, a late sign of raised intracranial pressure and possible brain herniation. Immediate emergency treatment is needed.
答案: D · 这是限制较少的措施失败后的最后手段,需密切监测,并在安全时尽快解除
仅在降级处理失败后,为防止迫在眉睫的伤害,并依照法律和政策才使用约束。应持续监测患者的呼吸、循环和健康状况,并记录一切。
答案: C · "I can stop taking it as soon as the voices go away."
Antipsychotics are continued after symptoms improve, because stopping them early is a major cause of relapse. Any change should be discussed with the prescriber.
答案: h = 122 cm
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: Hb = 89 g/L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 490 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: V₁ = 25 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 21 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:21 滴/分。
答案: t = 2.3 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1450 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 220 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: 重度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 无风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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