NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

How should a liquid medicine be measured in a medicine cup?

  1. AAt eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
  2. BBy pouring until it looks about right
  3. CFrom above, reading the highest point at the edge of the liquid
  4. DBy filling the cup to the very top
2.护理学基础困难

一名老年患者身上有原因不明、新旧不一的瘀青,而照护者总是替其回答问题。护士应该怎么做?

  1. A只与患者的邻居讨论此事
  2. B不予理会,因为老年人容易出现瘀青,而且照护者看起来很细心
  3. C当面质问照护者并指控其虐待
  4. D记录所见情况,并按照本单位的保护(safeguarding)程序处理
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A nurse’s hands are dry and cracked from frequent hand hygiene. What is the best approach?

  1. AUse any lotion from home, whatever its contents
  2. BStop hand hygiene until the skin heals
  3. CWear gloves all day instead of cleaning the hands between patients
  4. DUse the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名重度痴呆患者夜间独自下床,已经跌倒两次。哪种方案最恰当?

  1. A低位床、床报警器、定时如厕巡视、夜灯和防滑袜
  2. B夜间把患者绑在椅子上
  3. C每晚给予镇静剂,使患者留在床上
  4. D拉起四侧床栏,夜间关门保持安静
5.优先排序与委派中等

On a postpartum unit, which patient is the most appropriate to assign to an LPN/LVN?

  1. AOne hour after birth with heavy bleeding and a boggy uterus
  2. BSevere pre-eclampsia on a magnesium sulfate infusion
  3. CA new admission transferred from the labor ward with a fever of 38.6 °C
  4. DDay 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
6.优先排序与委派困难

A provider asks a nurse to perform a procedure that is outside the nurse’s scope of practice. What should the nurse do?

  1. AAsk a nursing assistant to do it instead
  2. BDo it, because the provider gave the instruction
  3. CDecline, explain why and suggest who can safely do it
  4. DDo it just this once and promise the provider not to do it again
7.临床护理中等

Which mask is required for staff during an aerosol-generating procedure on a patient with a respiratory infection spread by aerosols?

  1. AA fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)
  2. BA cloth face covering
  3. CA standard fluid-repellent surgical mask with a visor
  4. DNo mask, as long as gloves are worn
8.临床护理困难

一名术后患者心率 115 次/分,体温 38.6 °C,呼吸 26 次/分,快速补液后血压仍为 85/50 mmHg。这最可能提示什么?

  1. A需要危重症团队紧急评估的感染性休克
  2. B仅仅是轻度脱水
  3. C手术后最初几天的正常炎症反应
  4. D对出院的焦虑
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient's eGFR has fallen to 24 mL/min/1.73 m². Which prescribed drug should the nurse question before giving it?

  1. AAcetaminophen (paracetamol)
  2. BLevothyroxine
  3. CMetformin
  4. DInsulin glargine
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate has a respiratory rate of 9/min and absent patellar reflexes. After stopping the infusion, which medication should the nurse expect to give?

  1. ASodium bicarbonate
  2. BCalcium gluconate
  3. CProtamine sulfate
  4. DPotassium chloride
11.药理学中等

How does sucralfate help a peptic ulcer heal?

  1. AIt forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
  2. BIt blocks histamine H2 receptors in the stomach
  3. CIt neutralises acid by releasing bicarbonate
  4. DIt kills Helicobacter pylori directly
12.药理学困难

A patient taking metoprolol is also started on verapamil. Which adverse effect is most likely?

  1. ASevere bradycardia and heart block
  2. BRebound tachycardia and hypertension
  3. CHypoglycaemia and weight gain
  4. DHyperkalaemia and muscle weakness
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient with a regular narrow-complex tachycardia of 180/min is alert with a normal blood pressure. What is usually tried first?

  1. AAn immediate unsynchronised shock with the defibrillator
  2. BA large oral dose of digoxin
  3. CVagal manoeuvres such as a modified Valsalva
  4. DChest compressions until the rate slows
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名服用比索洛尔和地尔硫䓬的患者头晕,心率 38 次/分,血压 82/50 mmHg。最恰当的首要应对是什么?

  1. A呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪
  2. B记录观察结果,四小时后复查
  3. C提前给两种药物的下一次剂量,以保持心率稳定
  4. D带患者在病房里走动以提高心率
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which group of drugs is a well-known cause of SIADH and hyponatraemia, especially in older people?

  1. APenicillin antibiotics
  2. BSSRI antidepressants
  3. CProton pump inhibitors
  4. DBulk-forming laxatives
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

During a TURP, a patient becomes confused and nauseated, with a slow pulse and a raised BP. The sodium is 121 mmol/L. What is most likely?

  1. AA normal reaction to the spinal anaesthetic
  2. BTURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid
  3. CAn allergic reaction to the catheter
  4. DHypoglycaemia from fasting for many hours before surgery
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Why is IV albumin often given after a large-volume paracentesis?

  1. ATo raise the blood glucose after the procedure
  2. BTo replace the clotting factors and platelets lost in the drained fluid
  3. CTo prevent low blood pressure and kidney injury from fluid shifts
  4. DTo treat infection in the ascitic fluid
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient with a PICC line develops swelling and aching of the same arm and prominent veins on the chest. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ANormal swelling after line insertion
  2. BLymphoedema from a previous operation
  3. CAn allergy to the dressing
  4. DA catheter-related deep vein thrombosis
19.产科护理中等

A preterm baby on feeds develops a swollen abdomen, bloody stools and feeding intolerance. Which condition is suspected?

  1. AHirschsprung disease
  2. BCow's milk protein allergy
  3. CInfantile pyloric stenosis
  4. DNecrotising enterocolitis
20.产科护理困难

A woman with an epidural in labour now has a temperature of 38.0 °C (100.4 °F). Which statement is most accurate?

  1. AFever with an epidural is always caused by the epidural
  2. BFever in labour can be ignored if the baby is moving
  3. CFever with an epidural always means the catheter is infected
  4. DThe epidural may cause it, but infection must be ruled out
21.儿科护理中等

What is a normal capillary refill time in a child?

  1. A15 to 20 seconds
  2. B8 to 10 seconds
  3. C5 seconds or less
  4. D2 seconds or less
22.儿科护理困难

9 个月婴儿的哪项发现最需要尽快进行发育随访?

  1. A婴儿只用一只手,忽略另一只手
  2. B婴儿还不会走
  3. C婴儿还不会说清晰的词
  4. D婴儿对陌生人害羞
23.精神科护理中等

Which effects of methadone should the nurse monitor for?

  1. AHypertensive crisis after eating aged cheese
  2. BRespiratory depression, sedation and a prolonged QT interval
  3. CAgranulocytosis and a sore throat
  4. DHair loss, weight loss and a painful red rash on the face
24.精神科护理困难

A nurse suspects that a patient is hiding his tablets in his cheek and later spitting them out. What is the best approach?

  1. ACheck his mouth after each dose, as policy allows, and explore why he does not want it
  2. BAccuse him in front of other patients so that he is embarrassed and stops
  3. CCrush all his tablets into his food without telling him
  4. DStop giving him his medicine at all, because he is not taking it anyway, and record that he refused
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
139.079 gtt/min? gtt/min取整到 1 gtt/min

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次滴速计算得到 139.079 gtt/min。 本练习的规则是:滴速取整到最接近的整滴。你记录的数值x是多少?

139.079 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
3 杯? mL1 fl oz? mL1½ tsp? mL½ tbsp? mLΣ = ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了3 杯 / 茶, 1 fl oz / 果汁, 1½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, ½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。

1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL1 fl oz = 30 mL1 tsp = 5 mL1 tbsp = 15 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
30 kg30 mg/kg/天2× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 30 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 30 mg/kg,分 2 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

30 kg30 mg/kg/天2× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
74 kg179 cmBSA = √(h·w/3600)75 mg/m²D = ? mg

一名患者身高 179 cm,体重 74 kg。医嘱为 75 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。

179 cm74 kg75 mg/m²
D = mg
29.静脉输液速度中等
250 mL60 gtt/mL5 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 5 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。

250 mL5 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
460 mL剩余? mL/h10 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 500 mL。2 小时后你发现袋中还剩 460 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

500 mL / 12 h经过 2 h: 460 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻100 mL牛奶200 mL茶150 mL静脉输液80 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液225 mL尿液200 mL尿液225 mL尿液450 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 50 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

50 kg12 h尿液: 225 mL尿液: 200 mL尿液: 225 mL尿液: 450 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 60 mL/h开始 06:00t总数​ = ? h80 mL/h × 3 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 06:00 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。3 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL80 mL/h · 3 h60 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
100?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 70

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 70 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 100 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 70 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 70 mmHgSBP 100 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface

为什么是这个答案

The cup is placed on a flat surface and read at eye level at the bottom of the meniscus. An oral syringe is more accurate for small volumes.

答案

A · At eye level, reading the lowest point of the curved surface
2.护理学基础

答案: D · 记录所见情况,并按照本单位的保护(safeguarding)程序处理

为什么是这个答案

新旧不一的瘀青和控制欲强的照护者可能是虐待的迹象。护士应尽可能单独与患者交谈,准确记录事实,并通过保护程序报告。

答案

D · 记录所见情况,并按照本单位的保护(safeguarding)程序处理
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact

为什么是这个答案

Cracked skin is harder to clean and harbors more organisms. Facility-approved lotions help keep the skin healthy without reducing the effect of hand antiseptics such as chlorhexidine.

答案

D · Use the hand lotion approved by the facility to keep the skin intact
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 低位床、床报警器、定时如厕巡视、夜灯和防滑袜

为什么是这个答案

综合措施最能减少跌倒:低位床、报警器、定时巡视和如厕、良好的照明以及防滑鞋。四侧床栏、常规使用镇静剂和约束都会增加受伤风险。

答案

A · 低位床、床报警器、定时如厕巡视、夜灯和防滑袜
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs

为什么是这个答案

A stable patient after an uncomplicated birth fits the LPN/LVN role. Heavy bleeding, magnesium infusions and new admissions with fever need RN assessment.

答案

D · Day 1 after an uncomplicated vaginal birth, stable vital signs
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Decline, explain why and suggest who can safely do it

为什么是这个答案

Nurses must work within their legal scope of practice, even when asked by a provider. The nurse declines, explains the reason and helps find a suitable professional.

答案

C · Decline, explain why and suggest who can safely do it
7.临床护理

答案: A · A fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)

为什么是这个答案

Aerosol-generating procedures, such as intubation, release small infectious particles. Respirators that are fit-tested protect the wearer, while surgical masks mainly protect against droplets.

答案

A · A fit-tested respirator mask (such as FFP3 or N95)
8.临床护理

答案: A · 需要危重症团队紧急评估的感染性休克

为什么是这个答案

感染征象伴补液无反应的低血压提示感染性休克。除抗生素和感染源控制外,很可能还需要血管活性药物和危重症团队介入。

答案

A · 需要危重症团队紧急评估的感染性休克
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Metformin

为什么是这个答案

Metformin is cleared by the kidneys, and it is contraindicated when the eGFR is below 30 mL/min/1.73 m² because of the risk of lactic acidosis. Insulin doses may also need adjustment, but insulin is not contraindicated.

答案

C · Metformin
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Calcium gluconate

为什么是这个答案

Absent reflexes and slow breathing indicate magnesium toxicity. The infusion is stopped, the provider is called, the airway and breathing are supported, and IV calcium gluconate is given as prescribed to counteract magnesium.

答案

B · Calcium gluconate
11.药理学

答案: A · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base

为什么是这个答案

Sucralfate forms a gel-like barrier that sticks to the ulcer and protects it from acid and pepsin. It is taken on an empty stomach and can reduce the absorption of other drugs taken at the same time.

答案

A · It forms a protective coating over the ulcer base
12.药理学

答案: A · Severe bradycardia and heart block

为什么是这个答案

Beta blockers and non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem) both slow heart rate and AV conduction. Together they can cause severe bradycardia, heart block and heart failure.

答案

A · Severe bradycardia and heart block
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Vagal manoeuvres such as a modified Valsalva

为什么是这个答案

In stable supraventricular tachycardia, vagal manoeuvres slow AV node conduction and can stop the rhythm. If they fail, IV adenosine is usually next. Electrical cardioversion is for patients with adverse features such as shock or chest pain.

答案

C · Vagal manoeuvres such as a modified Valsalva
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · 呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪

为什么是这个答案

β 受体阻滞剂和减慢心率的钙通道阻滞剂对窦房结和房室结有叠加作用。伴有低血压的症状性心动过缓是急症:呼叫援助、监护、暂停这些药物,并按心动过缓流程预期使用阿托品,可能还需要起搏。

答案

A · 呼叫紧急援助,进行 ABCDE 评估,并连接心脏监护仪
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · SSRI antidepressants

为什么是这个答案

SSRIs such as sertraline and citalopram can cause SIADH, particularly in older adults. Carbamazepine, some antipsychotics and some chemotherapy drugs are other causes. Sodium is checked if symptoms appear.

答案

B · SSRI antidepressants
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · TURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid

为什么是这个答案

In TURP syndrome, irrigating fluid is absorbed into the blood, causing fluid overload and dilutional hyponatraemia. Signs include confusion, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension and, if severe, seizures. It needs urgent medical treatment.

答案

B · TURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · To prevent low blood pressure and kidney injury from fluid shifts

为什么是这个答案

Removing large volumes of ascites can lead to hypotension and kidney injury as fluid moves from the blood into the abdomen. Albumin keeps fluid in the circulation; BP and urine output are monitored.

答案

C · To prevent low blood pressure and kidney injury from fluid shifts
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · A catheter-related deep vein thrombosis

为什么是这个答案

PICCs increase the risk of upper limb DVT. Arm swelling, pain and dilated superficial veins are reported for ultrasound assessment and possible anticoagulation; the line is not used until reviewed.

答案

D · A catheter-related deep vein thrombosis
19.产科护理

答案: D · Necrotising enterocolitis

为什么是这个答案

Necrotising enterocolitis mainly affects preterm babies. Signs include abdominal distension, bilious aspirates, bloody stools and instability. Feeds are stopped and the baby is urgently reviewed. Breast milk lowers the risk.

答案

D · Necrotising enterocolitis
20.产科护理

答案: D · The epidural may cause it, but infection must be ruled out

为什么是这个答案

Epidurals are associated with a rise in maternal temperature, but this cannot be assumed. Intra-amniotic infection must be considered, especially with prolonged rupture of membranes or fetal tachycardia.

答案

D · The epidural may cause it, but infection must be ruled out
21.儿科护理

答案: D · 2 seconds or less

为什么是这个答案

A capillary refill time of 2 seconds or less is normal. A longer time suggests poor perfusion, as in dehydration or shock, though a cold environment can also prolong it.

答案

D · 2 seconds or less
22.儿科护理

答案: A · 婴儿只用一只手,忽略另一只手

为什么是这个答案

约 18 个月之前出现明显的利手偏好,可能提示另一侧无力,例如脑瘫。不会走、怕生和没有清晰的词是 9 个月时的典型表现。

答案

A · 婴儿只用一只手,忽略另一只手
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Respiratory depression, sedation and a prolonged QT interval

为什么是这个答案

Methadone can cause respiratory depression, especially when starting or with other sedatives, and it can prolong the QT interval. It has a long half-life, so toxicity can build up over several days.

答案

B · Respiratory depression, sedation and a prolonged QT interval
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Check his mouth after each dose, as policy allows, and explore why he does not want it

为什么是这个答案

Mouth checks or liquid forms, as permitted, can confirm that medicine is taken. Understanding the reasons, such as side effects or beliefs about the drug, helps the team address the problem with the patient.

答案

A · Check his mouth after each dose, as policy allows, and explore why he does not want it
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 139 gtt/min

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

1 位位上的数字

139.079 → 9

只看下一位数字

139.079 → 0
0 小于或等于 4,所以 9 不变。
后面的数字(79)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 139 gtt/min

答案

x = 139 gtt/min
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 765 mL

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

每一项的 mL 数

3 杯 = 3·240 = 720 mL
1 fl oz = 1·30 = 30 mL
1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL
½ tbsp = 0.5·15 = 7.5 mL

相加

V = 720 + 30 + 7.5 + 7.5 = 765 mL

答案

V = 765 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 450 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

30·30 = 900 mg

每次剂量

D = 900/2 = 450 mg

答案

D = 450 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: D = 143.9 mg

Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).

体表面积

BSA = √(179·74/3600) = √3.679 = 1.918 m²

剂量

D = 75·1.918 = 143.9 mg

答案

D = 143.9 mg
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 50 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

5·60 = 300 min

滴速

R = 250·60/300 = 50 gtt/min

答案

R = 50 gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 10.4 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/12 = 41.67 mL/h

新速率

R = 460/10 = 46 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (46 − 41.67)/41.67·100% = 10.4%

答案

Δ = 10.4%

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.83 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

225 + 200 + 225 + 450 = 1100 mL

每千克每小时

U = 1100/(50·12) = 1.833 ≈ 1.83 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.83 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 7.3 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

80·3 = 240 mL
500 − 240 = 260 mL 剩余

第二部分

260/60 = 4.333 h

总时间

t = 3 + 4.333 = 7.333 ≈ 7.3 h

答案

t = 7.3 h

约为 7 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 13:20 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 14

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 非常受限 → 2
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 卧床不起 → 1
活动能力: 轻度受限 → 3
营养: 极好 → 4
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 2 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 4 + 1 = 14

答案

B = 14
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 55 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·70 − 100)/2 = 110/2 = 55 mmHg

答案

DBP = 55 mmHg

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