感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why should the same pain scale be used each time a patient's pain is assessed?
Which task is most appropriate for a registered nurse to delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?
Which toy is safest for a toddler?
A patient arrives in the operating room for knee surgery, and the site has not been marked. What should happen?
交班后,护士应首先看哪位患者?
一名患者 45 分钟前突然说话困难。哪项行动优先级最高?
Which adverse effects should be monitored for in a patient receiving IV gentamicin?
A patient with full mental capacity decides against a treatment that the team thinks is best. What does the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) say?
一名肝硬化患者白蛋白为 2.2 g/dL(22 g/L)。哪项发现与之最可能相关?
一名患者的万古霉素谷浓度为 28 mcg/mL;开医嘱者设定的目标为 15–20 mcg/mL。下一次给药时间到了。最好的措施是什么?
Which assessment is most important before giving a dose of IV morphine?
哪种抗癫痫药在妊娠期服用时,引起神经管缺陷和发育问题的风险是众所周知最高的?
What is the purpose of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (a biventricular pacemaker)?
Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?
The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?
A patient with diabetic neuropathy has a hot, red, swollen foot that is barely painful. The skin is intact, and there is no fever. What should the nurse suspect?
伤口愈合的哪个阶段涉及肉芽组织和新生血管的形成?
Which medicine commonly needs enteral feeds paused before and after each dose because the feed reduces its absorption?
A woman 2 hours after birth has a temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F), a firm fundus and normal lochia. What is the most likely cause?
Just after delivery of the placenta, a woman suddenly has severe pain, heavy bleeding and shock. No fundus can be felt abdominally and a mass is seen at the vulva. What is most likely?
Which finding may suggest that a school-age child is being bullied?
A sexually active 17-year-old has no symptoms and asks why chlamydia testing is offered. What is the best answer?
Which US legal case is associated with the duty of mental health professionals to protect people who are threatened by a patient?
A 76-year-old with no history of mental illness suddenly develops paranoid ideas and hallucinations. What is the most appropriate first step?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 11.2695 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 8 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 107 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。
一名体重 28 kg 的儿童按 5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方剂量为 0.28 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 2000 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 260 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 22:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,说出不恰当的、随机的词,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 10 次/分,SpO₂ 96%正在补充吸氧,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 64 次/分,清醒,体温 35.8 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: C · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.
答案: D · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
Routine help with care for a stable patient can be delegated. Assessment, teaching and evaluation need registered nurse judgement.
答案: A · A large toy with no small parts that can come off
Small parts, marbles, magnets and uninflated or broken balloons are choking hazards for young children. Toys should be large, sturdy and suited to the child’s age.
答案: A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
Wrong-site surgery is prevented by marking the site before the procedure, ideally with the awake patient’s involvement, and confirming it at the time-out. The procedure does not begin until this is done.
答案: D · 一名新打石膏的患者,说足部发麻,脚趾发凉
石膏下麻木和脚趾发凉提示循环受损,可能是骨筋膜室综合征,数小时内即可造成永久性损害。其他发现是预期的或常规的。
答案: B · 启动卒中团队进行紧急影像学检查,并记录最后已知正常的时间
溶栓治疗与时间有关,且需要先做影像学检查以排除出血。最后已知正常的时间决定是否符合条件。影像学检查前不给阿司匹林,在吞咽筛查之前不经口给予任何东西。
答案: A · Kidney damage and hearing loss
Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Blood levels and renal function are monitored, and any tinnitus, dizziness or hearing change is reported.
答案: C · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
One of the Act's principles is that making an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity. The team should check understanding, explore reasons and document the discussion.
答案: B · 水肿和腹水
白蛋白提供了使液体留在血管内的大部分胶体渗透压。当它偏低时,液体漏入组织和腹腔,引起水肿和腹水,在肝硬化中还伴有门静脉高压。核对依据: Albumin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
谷浓度高于目标意味着药物在蓄积,这会增加肾损害的风险。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者,后者将调整剂量或间隔。同时检查肾功能。
答案: D · Respiratory rate and level of sedation
Opioids can cause respiratory depression, which is usually preceded by increasing sedation. Both are checked before and after each dose.
答案: A · 丙戊酸钠
丙戊酸盐具有强致畸性,可引起神经管缺陷和其他畸形,并影响神经发育。除非没有其他有效替代药物,妊娠期应避免使用。
答案: C · To make both ventricles contract together and more efficiently
In heart failure with a wide QRS (often left bundle branch block), the ventricles contract out of step. Pacing both ventricles restores coordinated contraction, improving symptoms and survival. Many devices also include a defibrillator.
答案: C · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.
答案: A · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.
答案: D · An acute Charcot foot, needing urgent offloading
Acute Charcot neuroarthropathy causes inflammation and destruction of bones and joints in a foot without protective sensation. It can look like cellulitis. Early immobilisation and offloading prevent permanent deformity.
答案: D · 增殖期
愈合有四个相互重叠的阶段:止血、炎症、增殖(肉芽组织、血管生成和上皮化)和成熟(胶原重塑,可持续一年或更久)。
答案: C · Phenytoin
Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.
答案: D · Dehydration after labour
A slight rise in temperature in the first 24 hours is often due to dehydration and the effort of labour. Fluids are encouraged and temperature rechecked. A fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or more, especially after 24 hours, suggests infection.
答案: C · Uterine inversion
An absent fundus on palpation with a mass in the vagina and shock suggest uterine inversion. Help is called immediately, oxytocin is stopped and the uterus is replaced as soon as possible by the medical team.
答案: B · Not wanting to go to school, lost belongings and frequent stomach aches
Children being bullied may refuse school, have unexplained injuries or lost items, complain of headaches or stomach aches, sleep poorly or seem withdrawn. Nurses should ask sensitively and involve parents and school.
答案: A · Chlamydia often causes no symptoms but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
Chlamydia is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial STI in young people and is often asymptomatic. Untreated, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Testing is simple and treatment is effective.
答案: C · Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California
In Tarasoff (California, 1976), the court held that therapists have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect an identifiable person from a serious threat made by a patient. Similar principles exist in many jurisdictions.
答案: C · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
New psychosis in an older adult needs a full medical work-up. Delirium, medicine effects, infections, metabolic problems, dementia and brain lesions are common causes.
答案: x = 11.3 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: D = 51.36 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 5.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.14 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 65 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
这超过了 25% 的增幅:大多数医院要求你联系开医嘱者,而不是加快补输,并评估患者是否存在液体过多。
答案: R = 11.25 mL/h
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: I = 1380 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 7.9 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 7 h 55 min,所以袋子大约在 05:55 输完。
答案: 中度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。
ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions