NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why should the same pain scale be used each time a patient's pain is assessed?

  1. ASo the patient learns the right answer to give
  2. BBecause only one scale is valid for adults
  3. CSo scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
  4. DBecause using different pain scales on one patient is against the law
2.护理学基础困难

Which task is most appropriate for a registered nurse to delegate to a healthcare assistant (nursing assistant)?

  1. AAssessing a newly admitted patient's falls risk
  2. BTeaching a patient how to use crutches
  3. CEvaluating a patient who has just fallen
  4. DHelping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Which toy is safest for a toddler?

  1. AA large toy with no small parts that can come off
  2. BA balloon to play with when an adult is out of the room
  3. CA bag of marbles to sort by color
  4. DA toy with small magnets that come out easily
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient arrives in the operating room for knee surgery, and the site has not been marked. What should happen?

  1. ADo not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
  2. BLet the circulating nurse mark the site from memory of the surgeon’s plan
  3. CMark the site after the patient is anesthetized and draped
  4. DStart the surgery, because the consent form shows the side
5.优先排序与委派中等

交班后,护士应首先看哪位患者?

  1. A一名服用利尿剂的患者,自 08:00 起已排尿 400 mL
  2. B一名骨关节炎患者,诉说每天早晨僵硬
  3. C一名想在访客到来之前得到帮助淋浴的患者
  4. D一名新打石膏的患者,说足部发麻,脚趾发凉
6.优先排序与委派困难

一名患者 45 分钟前突然说话困难。哪项行动优先级最高?

  1. A等神经科医生在早晨查房时评估患者
  2. B启动卒中团队进行紧急影像学检查,并记录最后已知正常的时间
  3. C给水,让患者服用平常的早晨药物
  4. D立即口服阿司匹林以限制血栓
7.临床护理中等

Which adverse effects should be monitored for in a patient receiving IV gentamicin?

  1. AKidney damage and hearing loss
  2. BHyperglycaemia and tremor
  3. CConstipation and urinary retention
  4. DHair loss and weight gain
8.临床护理困难

A patient with full mental capacity decides against a treatment that the team thinks is best. What does the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (England and Wales) say?

  1. AThe team may override any decision that it disagrees with if it is serious
  2. BThe family may make the decision instead if they disagree with the patient's choice
  3. CA person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
  4. DThe patient must be assessed by a psychiatrist before refusing
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

一名肝硬化患者白蛋白为 2.2 g/dL(22 g/L)。哪项发现与之最可能相关?

  1. A尿量增加
  2. B水肿和腹水
  3. C高钾血症
  4. D高血压
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

一名患者的万古霉素谷浓度为 28 mcg/mL;开医嘱者设定的目标为 15–20 mcg/mL。下一次给药时间到了。最好的措施是什么?

  1. A给予双倍剂量以更快完成疗程
  2. B暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
  3. C按计划给药,一周后复测谷浓度
  4. D缩短给药时间以减少药物暴露
11.药理学中等

Which assessment is most important before giving a dose of IV morphine?

  1. ABlood glucose and temperature, checked before each dose
  2. BPupil size and hearing
  3. CBowel sounds and urine colour
  4. DRespiratory rate and level of sedation
12.药理学困难

哪种抗癫痫药在妊娠期服用时,引起神经管缺陷和发育问题的风险是众所周知最高的?

  1. A丙戊酸钠
  2. B左乙拉西坦
  3. C加巴喷丁
  4. D拉莫三嗪
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

What is the purpose of cardiac resynchronisation therapy (a biventricular pacemaker)?

  1. ATo replace a damaged heart valve
  2. BTo slow the atrial rate in patients with atrial fibrillation
  3. CTo make both ventricles contract together and more efficiently
  4. DTo deliver a shock whenever the heart rate exceeds 100/min
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Four hours after cardiac surgery, the mediastinal drain, which had been draining steadily, suddenly stops. BP falls to 84/60 mmHg, the heart rate rises and the CVP climbs. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ANormal recovery, as the bleeding has stopped
  2. BA tension pneumothorax on the left side
  3. CCardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
  4. DFluid overload from intravenous fluids
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?

  1. AThe parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
  2. BThe anaesthetic has caused an allergic reaction
  3. CThe thyroid hormone level has risen too high after surgery
  4. DThe patient is breathing too slowly after the operation
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient with diabetic neuropathy has a hot, red, swollen foot that is barely painful. The skin is intact, and there is no fever. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. ANormal swelling from standing too long
  2. BGout, which only needs pain relief
  3. CA sprained ankle that will settle with walking
  4. DAn acute Charcot foot, needing urgent offloading
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

伤口愈合的哪个阶段涉及肉芽组织和新生血管的形成?

  1. A成熟期
  2. B炎症期
  3. C止血(凝血)期
  4. D增殖期
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

Which medicine commonly needs enteral feeds paused before and after each dose because the feed reduces its absorption?

  1. ALactulose
  2. BParacetamol
  3. CPhenytoin
  4. DOmeprazole liquid
19.产科护理中等

A woman 2 hours after birth has a temperature of 37.8 °C (100.0 °F), a firm fundus and normal lochia. What is the most likely cause?

  1. APulmonary embolism
  2. BEndometritis
  3. CMastitis
  4. DDehydration after labour
20.产科护理困难

Just after delivery of the placenta, a woman suddenly has severe pain, heavy bleeding and shock. No fundus can be felt abdominally and a mass is seen at the vulva. What is most likely?

  1. ACervical laceration
  2. BUterine atony
  3. CUterine inversion
  4. DAmniotic fluid embolism
21.儿科护理中等

Which finding may suggest that a school-age child is being bullied?

  1. AArguing with a sibling about the TV remote
  2. BNot wanting to go to school, lost belongings and frequent stomach aches
  3. CWanting to collect trading cards and play team games with classmates
  4. DEnjoying school clubs and inviting friends home
22.儿科护理困难

A sexually active 17-year-old has no symptoms and asks why chlamydia testing is offered. What is the best answer?

  1. AChlamydia often causes no symptoms but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
  2. BChlamydia can only be caught from shared towels and toilet seats
  3. CTesting is required by law before any young person can see a nurse or doctor for any reason
  4. DChlamydia always causes severe pain, so testing is only a formality
23.精神科护理中等

Which US legal case is associated with the duty of mental health professionals to protect people who are threatened by a patient?

  1. AMiranda v Arizona
  2. BBrown v Board of Education
  3. CTarasoff v Regents of the University of California
  4. DRoe v Wade
24.精神科护理困难

A 76-year-old with no history of mental illness suddenly develops paranoid ideas and hallucinations. What is the most appropriate first step?

  1. AAssume it is normal ageing and take no action
  2. BDiagnose late-onset schizophrenia and start an antipsychotic immediately
  3. CLook for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
  4. DAdmit him to a secure psychiatric ward straight away, without any physical examination or blood tests
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
11.2695 mL? mL取整到 0.1 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 11.2695 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?

11.2695 mL
x = mL
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
8 mcg/kg/min? mg/h107 kg1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 8 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 107 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。

8 mcg/kg/min107 kg
D = mg/h
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 28 kg 的儿童按 5 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

28 kg5 mg/kg25 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 0.28 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 2000 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

0.28 mg2000 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
260 mL剩余? mL/h4 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 260 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

500 mL / 10 h经过 6 h: 260 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
4 g500 mL? mL/h1.5 mg/min

一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 500 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1.5 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

4 g/500 mL1.5 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次茶150 mL果冻120 mL冰屑120 mL静脉输液125 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液275 mL尿液325 mL尿液450 mL伤口引流100 mL呕吐物100 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

茶: 150 mL果冻: 120 mL冰屑: 120 mL静脉输液: 125 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL50 mL 已输入120 mL/h22:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 22:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL50 mL 已输入120 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,说出不恰当的、随机的词,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 10 次/分,SpO₂ 96%正在补充吸氧,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 64 次/分,清醒,体温 35.8 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 10SpO₂ 96%O₂SBP 150HR 64AT 35.8 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving

为什么是这个答案

Using one tool consistently lets the team see trends and judge whether treatment works. The tool chosen should suit the patient's age and ability to communicate.

答案

C · So scores can be compared to see whether pain is improving
2.护理学基础

答案: D · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom

为什么是这个答案

Routine help with care for a stable patient can be delegated. Assessment, teaching and evaluation need registered nurse judgement.

答案

D · Helping a stable patient walk to the bathroom
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · A large toy with no small parts that can come off

为什么是这个答案

Small parts, marbles, magnets and uninflated or broken balloons are choking hazards for young children. Toys should be large, sturdy and suited to the child’s age.

答案

A · A large toy with no small parts that can come off
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient

为什么是这个答案

Wrong-site surgery is prevented by marking the site before the procedure, ideally with the awake patient’s involvement, and confirming it at the time-out. The procedure does not begin until this is done.

答案

A · Do not start until the site is marked and verified with the patient
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 一名新打石膏的患者,说足部发麻,脚趾发凉

为什么是这个答案

石膏下麻木和脚趾发凉提示循环受损,可能是骨筋膜室综合征,数小时内即可造成永久性损害。其他发现是预期的或常规的。

答案

D · 一名新打石膏的患者,说足部发麻,脚趾发凉
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · 启动卒中团队进行紧急影像学检查,并记录最后已知正常的时间

为什么是这个答案

溶栓治疗与时间有关,且需要先做影像学检查以排除出血。最后已知正常的时间决定是否符合条件。影像学检查前不给阿司匹林,在吞咽筛查之前不经口给予任何东西。

答案

B · 启动卒中团队进行紧急影像学检查,并记录最后已知正常的时间
7.临床护理

答案: A · Kidney damage and hearing loss

为什么是这个答案

Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Blood levels and renal function are monitored, and any tinnitus, dizziness or hearing change is reported.

答案

A · Kidney damage and hearing loss
8.临床护理

答案: C · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision

为什么是这个答案

One of the Act's principles is that making an unwise decision is not, on its own, evidence of incapacity. The team should check understanding, explore reasons and document the discussion.

答案

C · A person is not treated as lacking capacity just because they make an unwise decision
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 水肿和腹水

为什么是这个答案

白蛋白提供了使液体留在血管内的大部分胶体渗透压。当它偏低时,液体漏入组织和腹腔,引起水肿和腹水,在肝硬化中还伴有门静脉高压。核对依据: Albumin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · 水肿和腹水
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能

为什么是这个答案

谷浓度高于目标意味着药物在蓄积,这会增加肾损害的风险。护士应暂停该剂量并通知开医嘱者,后者将调整剂量或间隔。同时检查肾功能。

答案

B · 暂停该剂量,通知开医嘱者并检查肾功能
11.药理学

答案: D · Respiratory rate and level of sedation

为什么是这个答案

Opioids can cause respiratory depression, which is usually preceded by increasing sedation. Both are checked before and after each dose.

答案

D · Respiratory rate and level of sedation
12.药理学

答案: A · 丙戊酸钠

为什么是这个答案

丙戊酸盐具有强致畸性,可引起神经管缺陷和其他畸形,并影响神经发育。除非没有其他有效替代药物,妊娠期应避免使用。

答案

A · 丙戊酸钠
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · To make both ventricles contract together and more efficiently

为什么是这个答案

In heart failure with a wide QRS (often left bundle branch block), the ventricles contract out of step. Pacing both ventricles restores coordinated contraction, improving symptoms and survival. Many devices also include a defibrillator.

答案

C · To make both ventricles contract together and more efficiently
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain

为什么是这个答案

A sudden stop in drainage with falling blood pressure, tachycardia and rising venous pressure suggests blood is collecting around the heart because the drain is blocked. Tamponade after cardiac surgery is an emergency: the surgeon is called at once and the chest may need to be reopened.

答案

C · Cardiac tamponade from a clotted drain
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium

为什么是这个答案

The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.

答案

A · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · An acute Charcot foot, needing urgent offloading

为什么是这个答案

Acute Charcot neuroarthropathy causes inflammation and destruction of bones and joints in a foot without protective sensation. It can look like cellulitis. Early immobilisation and offloading prevent permanent deformity.

答案

D · An acute Charcot foot, needing urgent offloading
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · 增殖期

为什么是这个答案

愈合有四个相互重叠的阶段:止血、炎症、增殖(肉芽组织、血管生成和上皮化)和成熟(胶原重塑,可持续一年或更久)。

答案

D · 增殖期
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Phenytoin

为什么是这个答案

Enteral feeds bind phenytoin and lower its levels, risking seizures. Feeds are usually paused around doses, as advised by the pharmacist, and drug levels are monitored.

答案

C · Phenytoin
19.产科护理

答案: D · Dehydration after labour

为什么是这个答案

A slight rise in temperature in the first 24 hours is often due to dehydration and the effort of labour. Fluids are encouraged and temperature rechecked. A fever of 38 °C (100.4 °F) or more, especially after 24 hours, suggests infection.

答案

D · Dehydration after labour
20.产科护理

答案: C · Uterine inversion

为什么是这个答案

An absent fundus on palpation with a mass in the vagina and shock suggest uterine inversion. Help is called immediately, oxytocin is stopped and the uterus is replaced as soon as possible by the medical team.

答案

C · Uterine inversion
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Not wanting to go to school, lost belongings and frequent stomach aches

为什么是这个答案

Children being bullied may refuse school, have unexplained injuries or lost items, complain of headaches or stomach aches, sleep poorly or seem withdrawn. Nurses should ask sensitively and involve parents and school.

答案

B · Not wanting to go to school, lost belongings and frequent stomach aches
22.儿科护理

答案: A · Chlamydia often causes no symptoms but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility

为什么是这个答案

Chlamydia is the most commonly diagnosed bacterial STI in young people and is often asymptomatic. Untreated, it can cause pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Testing is simple and treatment is effective.

答案

A · Chlamydia often causes no symptoms but can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
23.精神科护理

答案: C · Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California

为什么是这个答案

In Tarasoff (California, 1976), the court held that therapists have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect an identifiable person from a serious threat made by a patient. Similar principles exist in many jurisdictions.

答案

C · Tarasoff v Regents of the University of California
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder

为什么是这个答案

New psychosis in an older adult needs a full medical work-up. Delirium, medicine effects, infections, metabolic problems, dementia and brain lesions are common causes.

答案

C · Look for medical causes, such as delirium, medicines, infection or a neurocognitive disorder
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 11.3 mL

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

十分位位上的数字

11.2695 → 2

只看下一位数字

11.2695 → 6
6 大于或等于 5,所以 2 进一。
后面的数字(95)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 11.3 mL

答案

x = 11.3 mL
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: D = 51.36 mg/h

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

列出换算链

D = 8 mcg/kg/min × 107 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)

计算

D = 8·107·60/1000 = 51.36 mg/h

答案

D = 51.36 mg/h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 5.6 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 5·28 = 140 mg

体积

V = 140/25 = 5.6 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 5.6 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.14 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

0.28 mg = 280 mcg

体积

V = 280/2000 = 0.14 mL

答案

V = 0.14 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 65 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/10 = 50 mL/h

新速率

R = 260/4 = 65 mL/h

答案

R = 65 mL/h

这超过了 25% 的增幅:大多数医院要求你联系开医嘱者,而不是加快补输,并评估患者是否存在液体过多。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 11.25 mL/h

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

4000 mg/500 mL = 8 mg/mL

每小时剂量

1.5·60 = 90 mg/h

泵速

R = 90/8 = 11.25 mL/h

答案

R = 11.25 mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1380 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 150 + 120 = 270 mL
冰屑: 120/2 = 60 mL
静脉输液: 125·8 = 1000 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
I = 1380 mL

答案

I = 1380 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 7.9 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 50 = 950 mL

时间

t = 950/120 = 7.917 ≈ 7.9 h

答案

t = 7.9 h

约为 7 h 55 min,所以袋子大约在 05:55 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: 中度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 呼唤时睁眼 → 3
V: 说出不恰当的、随机的词 → 3
M: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势) → 3

相加

GCS = 3 + 3 + 3 = 9

严重程度

GCS 9 → 中度

答案

中度
34.临床评估评分

答案: 低

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 10/min → 1
SpO₂ 96% → 0
吸氧 → 2
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 64/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 35.8 °C → 1

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 1 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 4
没有参数得 3 分。

风险组

低

答案

低

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