感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has pneumonia in the right lung only. In which side-lying position is oxygenation usually best?
发现已经到达患者的给药差错时,正确做法是什么?
A patient has severe neutropenia after chemotherapy. Which route for measuring temperature should be avoided?
A nurse teaches a patient who has had a splenectomy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
一名患者向护理助理询问一种新药的副作用。助理应怎么做?
护士应首先关注哪位患者?
Which instruction is correct for taking weekly alendronic acid (alendronate)?
A patient with a central venous catheter develops fever and rigors shortly after the line is flushed, with no other obvious source. What should be suspected?
A blood sample drawn just after a patient ate a fatty meal is reported as "lipemic." What does this mean for the results?
Three days after starting haloperidol, a patient has a temperature of 40 °C, severe muscle rigidity and confusion. Which laboratory result would the nurse expect?
1000 mL of IV fluid is to be given over 8 hours with a pump. What rate should be set?
A man on long-term testosterone therapy has a rising haematocrit. Why is this important?
A patient uses a glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) patch for angina. Why is it usually removed for several hours each day?
一名 COPD 患者将带着长期氧疗回家。哪项宣教要点对安全最重要?
哪个格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分通常提示患者可能无法保护自己的气道?
A patient's potassium is 7.1 mmol/L, and the ECG shows peaked T waves and broad QRS complexes. What is the first treatment?
哪项陈述最能描述阿片类药物耐受?
一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者未吸氧时 SpO₂ 为 99%,但有头痛、意识混乱和樱桃红色嘴唇。护士应怎么做?
A woman is about to get out of bed for the first time after birth. What should the nurse do?
A woman who had a placenta praevia and two previous caesareans is scheduled for a caesarean. The team plans for possible hysterectomy and blood products. Why?
哪名儿童一般不应接种 MMR 等活疫苗?
Which statement by the parent of a child with peanut allergy shows a need for further teaching?
An agitated patient has not responded to verbal de-escalation. A PRN medicine is prescribed. What is the most appropriate step?
During a session, a patient asks the nurse, "Are you married? Do you have children?" Which response is most appropriate?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 105.9 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次维持输液以 40 mL/h 的速度不间断运行。24 小时内输注多少升V?
一名体重 9 kg 的儿童按 2 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 16 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 15 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 250 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 42 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 92 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 13:45 开始用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 20:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 扶着家具; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 高估或忘记自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 88%正在补充吸氧,血压 106/64 mmHg,脉搏 130 次/分,清醒,体温 35.5 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: B · Lying on the left side
Gravity sends more blood to the lower lung. Placing the healthy lung down matches more blood flow to the lung that is ventilating well, improving oxygenation.
答案: C · 评估患者情况,告知开具医嘱者,并通过不良事件系统上报
评估并监测患者,告知负责的临床医生,上报事件,并对患者坦诚。绝不能为掩盖差错而修改记录。
答案: A · Rectal
Rectal thermometers, suppositories and enemas can damage the rectal mucosa and introduce bacteria into the blood of a patient with almost no neutrophils. Other routes are used instead.
答案: C · “Now that my spleen is out, a fever is nothing to worry about.”
People without a spleen are at risk of overwhelming infection, especially from encapsulated bacteria. Fever needs prompt medical assessment, and vaccines are kept up to date.
答案: D · 说护士会来回答,并告诉护士
关于药物的患者教育是护理职责。助理把问题转交给护士,这样患者可以获得符合其情况的准确信息。
答案: D · 一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg
突发的剧烈“霹雳样”头痛可能意味着脑出血,如蛛网膜下腔出血,属于急症。其他患者的问题是已知的、稳定的,与其病史相符。
答案: C · Take it with plain water on an empty stomach and stay upright for 30 minutes
Alendronic acid must be taken with plain water before food, and the patient must stay upright to reduce oesophageal irritation. Food, milk and antacids reduce absorption.
答案: B · A catheter-related bloodstream infection
Rigors after flushing suggest bacteria colonising the catheter. Blood cultures are taken (often from the line and a peripheral vein) and the team decides whether to remove the line.
答案: C · High fat in the sample may interfere with some test results
Lipemia makes serum cloudy and can interfere with several laboratory methods, giving inaccurate results. The test may need to be repeated, often after a fast, according to laboratory advice.
答案: D · A very high creatine kinase (CK)
These signs suggest neuroleptic malignant syndrome, a medical emergency. Muscle rigidity releases CK, often to very high levels, and the white count is often raised. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys. The antipsychotic is stopped and supportive care is started.
答案: B · 125 mL/h
1000 mL ÷ 8 h = 125 mL/h. Infusion pumps are set in mL per hour.
答案: B · Testosterone raises red cell production, increasing clot risk
Testosterone increases erythropoiesis and can cause polycythaemia, which increases blood viscosity and thrombosis risk. Haematocrit is monitored, and the dose may be reduced or paused.
答案: D · A nitrate-free interval prevents tolerance
Continuous nitrate use leads to tolerance within days. A daily nitrate-free period (often overnight, when angina is least likely) keeps the drug effective. Patients are taught to rotate patch sites.
答案: B · 绝不吸烟,也不要让明火靠近氧气
吸氧时吸烟是烧伤和致命火灾的主要原因。患者必须使氧气远离火焰和热源,使用水溶性(而非油性)润滑剂,并遵循处方流量,因为无人监督地增加流量可使 CO₂ 潴留加重。
答案: C · 8 分或以下
GCS 8 分或以下通常表示昏迷,且患者有无法维持或保护气道的风险,因此需要紧急的高级医师和麻醉科评估。评分范围为 3 到 15 分,应分别报告各项(E、V、M)。
答案: C · IV calcium gluconate
ECG changes mean the heart is at risk. IV calcium is given first to stabilise the myocardium, followed by insulin with glucose (and often nebulised salbutamol) to shift potassium into cells. Binders or dialysis then remove it.
答案: A · 随时间推移需要更高剂量才能获得相同效果
耐受是指随着时间推移,对同一剂量的反应降低。身体依赖是指突然停药会出现戒断症状。两者都不同于成瘾(阿片类药物使用障碍),后者是不顾伤害而强迫性使用。
答案: B · 通过非重复呼吸面罩给予 100% 氧气,并申请碳氧血红蛋白水平检测
一氧化碳与血红蛋白的结合比氧气更牢固。标准脉搏血氧仪会把碳氧血红蛋白读成氧合血红蛋白,所以 SpO₂ 可能看起来正常。高浓度氧气可加速 CO 的清除。联合血氧测定的血气分析可测量碳氧血红蛋白。
答案: C · Help her sit, then stand slowly with support
Orthostatic hypotension is common after birth. The nurse helps her sit at the edge of the bed, dangle her legs, then stand slowly with assistance and stays close in case she feels faint.
答案: B · She is at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum
A placenta praevia overlying a previous caesarean scar greatly raises the risk of an abnormally adherent placenta. This can cause massive haemorrhage, so delivery is planned in a unit with blood bank support.
答案: B · 严重免疫抑制的儿童,例如化疗期间
活疫苗通常禁用于严重免疫抑制者和孕妇。轻微疾病和抗生素治疗不是禁忌证。
答案: C · "If she has a bad reaction, I'll give an antihistamine and wait an hour before using the auto-injector."
Adrenaline is the first treatment for anaphylaxis and must be given without delay; antihistamines do not treat airway swelling or shock. Checking expiry dates, reading labels and calling emergency services after use are correct.
答案: D · Offer the oral medicine first, before considering an injection
Offering oral medication respects choice and is less restrictive than an injection. Covert administration is only lawful in specific, documented circumstances, not as a routine approach.
答案: B · Answer briefly or decline politely, then return the focus to the patient
Patients often ask personal questions out of curiosity or to make the relationship more equal. A brief answer or a polite refusal, followed by redirecting to the patient's concerns, maintains boundaries without rejecting the patient.
答案: T = 41.1 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 0.96 L
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 1.8 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 4.8 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 42 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。
答案: t = 4.8 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 1.19 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 220 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: MFS = 110
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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