感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
什么时候应该用肥皂和水洗手,而不是使用含酒精的手消毒剂?
On the morning of surgery, a patient who signed the consent form says they do not understand what the operation involves. What should the nurse do?
Why does a nurse wear chemotherapy-tested gloves and a gown when emptying the urinal of a patient who recently had chemotherapy?
Which patient with a suspected infection meets at least two SIRS criteria?
A patient is booked for a CT scan with iodinated contrast. Which of the patient’s medications may need to be held according to protocol?
A patient on airborne precautions for suspected tuberculosis must go to the radiology department. What should the patient wear during transport?
为什么对疑似脓毒症的患者要测定血清乳酸?
一名输注肝素的患者在开始五天后血小板突然下降。应怀疑什么?
一名已呕吐两天的患者 BUN 为 32 mg/dL(尿素 11.4 mmol/L),肌酐正常。最可能的原因是什么?
A young woman with frequent self-induced vomiting has swollen salivary glands. Which laboratory pattern is most likely?
How should a hyoscine (scopolamine) patch for motion sickness be used?
How does levonorgestrel emergency contraception mainly work?
Unless fluids are restricted, why are patients with pneumonia encouraged to drink plenty?
A smoker has severe shoulder and arm pain, a drooping eyelid, a small pupil and reduced sweating on the same side of the face. What should be suspected?
急性肾损伤(KDIGO)的哪项标准与尿量有关?
A patient with polycystic kidney disease suddenly has the worst headache of their life and neck stiffness. What should the nurse suspect?
关于轻症急性胰腺炎的喂养,下列哪项说法符合目前的指南?
一名肝硬化伴腹水的患者出现新发热、腹部压痛和意识混乱加重。应怀疑哪种并发症?
A preterm baby at 30 weeks has repeated pauses in breathing of more than 20 seconds. Which drug is commonly used?
产程中胎膜刚破裂,一名女性突然变得非常气促、发绀和低血压。应怀疑哪种情况?
为什么儿童通常避免使用阿司匹林,而在川崎病中却使用它?
After a week in hospital without his parents, a 2-year-old has stopped crying for his mother, plays with the nurses and seems uninterested when she visits. Which stage of separation does this show?
哪种药物最可能升高患者的血锂水平?
一名神经性贪食患者的血清钾为 2.8 mmol/L。主要担忧是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 6 lb 9 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 fl oz / 果汁, 1½ 杯 / 茶, 2½ tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.2 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 600 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?
一名体重 18 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 20 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 250 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
滴注以 25 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 6 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 500 mg,以 8 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 06:30 开始用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 09:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,能说成句子但意识模糊,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 83 kg,身高 150 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: B · 手上有肉眼可见的污垢或污染时
手上有可见污垢或被体液污染时,需要用肥皂和水洗手。对于看起来干净的手,含酒精的手消毒剂在大多数"五个时刻"中都快速有效。
答案: C · Inform the surgeon so consent can be discussed again before surgery
Consent is valid only if the patient understands the procedure, risks and alternatives. The nurse advocates for the patient and asks the person doing the procedure to discuss it again.
答案: A · The body fluids can contain active drug for a time after treatment
Many hazardous drugs are excreted in urine, stool and vomit for a period after treatment. Staff wear protective gloves and gowns when handling these fluids, according to policy.
答案: A · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
SIRS criteria include a temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate above 90/min, respiratory rate above 20/min and a WBC above 12,000 or below 4,000/mm3. Only the first patient meets two.
答案: A · Metformin
If contrast causes kidney injury, metformin can build up and cause lactic acidosis. Protocols often hold metformin around the procedure, especially when kidney function is reduced.
答案: D · A surgical mask
A patient with an airborne infection wears a surgical mask outside the isolation room to contain respiratory particles. Staff caring for the patient wear fit-tested respirators, and the receiving department is told in advance.
答案: C · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
组织灌注不良时乳酸会升高。脓毒症中乳酸高提示病情更重,并用于指导液体复苏。
答案: A · 肝素诱导的血小板减少症
HIT 通常在开始使用肝素 5–10 天后出现,血小板下降超过 50%,并有血栓风险。应停用肝素,改用非肝素类抗凝药。
答案: B · 脱水
当身体缺水时,肾脏重吸收更多尿素,因此 BUN 的升高与肌酐不成比例(BUN 与肌酐之比高于 20:1)。肝衰竭和低蛋白饮食会使 BUN 降低。核对依据: BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: B · Low potassium, high bicarbonate and high amylase
Repeated vomiting causes hypokalemia and metabolic alkalosis (high bicarbonate) from the loss of stomach acid. Enlarged salivary glands can raise salivary amylase. Hypokalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so it is monitored and corrected.核对依据: Bulimia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · Apply it behind the ear several hours before travel
The patch is applied behind the ear several hours before travel, and the hands are washed afterwards. Touching the eye with drug on the fingers can dilate the pupil and blur vision.
答案: D · It delays or prevents ovulation
Levonorgestrel emergency contraception mainly prevents or delays ovulation and does not disrupt an implanted pregnancy. Its effectiveness falls the longer it is delayed after unprotected sex.
答案: B · To prevent dehydration and keep secretions thinner
Fever, sweating and tachypnoea increase insensible fluid loss. Good hydration prevents dehydration and helps keep secretions less sticky. Patients with heart failure or other restrictions need individual plans.
答案: C · A tumour at the apex of the lung (Pancoast tumour)
A tumour in the lung apex can invade the brachial plexus (shoulder and arm pain) and the sympathetic chain, causing Horner's syndrome (ptosis, miosis, reduced sweating). It is a classic presentation of lung cancer that needs urgent imaging.
答案: D · 低于 0.5 mL/kg/h,持续 6 小时或更长
KDIGO 将 AKI 定义为 48 小时内肌酐升高 ≥26.5 µmol/L(0.3 mg/dL)、7 天内升至基线的 ≥1.5 倍,或尿量低于 0.5 mL/kg/h 持续 6 小时。因此准确的液体平衡记录至关重要。
答案: B · A subarachnoid haemorrhage from a brain aneurysm
Adult polycystic kidney disease is associated with berry aneurysms. A sudden thunderclap headache suggests subarachnoid haemorrhage and needs emergency assessment and CT imaging.
答案: B · 一旦疼痛和恶心允许,可尽早恢复经口进食
与长时间禁食或肠外营养相比,早期经口或肠内喂养有助于维持肠屏障并减少感染。在轻症胰腺炎中,通常一旦耐受就恢复低脂饮食;不必等酶水平先恢复正常。
答案: A · 自发性细菌性腹膜炎
自发性细菌性腹膜炎是没有明显来源的腹水感染。可表现为发热、腹痛、脑病或肾损伤。需要诊断性腹腔穿刺(中性粒细胞计数)并及时使用抗生素。
答案: A · Caffeine citrate
Apnoea of prematurity results from an immature respiratory centre. Caffeine citrate stimulates breathing and reduces apnoea episodes. Gentle stimulation is used during an episode.
答案: B · 羊水栓塞
羊水栓塞引起突发呼吸困难、缺氧、低血压,并常因凝血功能障碍而出血。这是急症:呼叫急救团队,并根据需要开始复苏。
答案: B · 在专科医生监督下,它可减轻炎症并降低冠状动脉血栓的风险
川崎病是一种血管炎,可导致冠状动脉瘤。在专科医生监督下,用静脉注射免疫球蛋白和阿司匹林治疗,并通过超声心动图检查冠状动脉。
答案: C · Detachment
In detachment, the child seems to adjust and shows interest in surroundings but ignores the parent, as a way of coping with loss. It can be mistaken for settling in. Encouraging parents to stay and keeping routines helps prevent it.
答案: A · 布洛芬
非甾体抗炎药、噻嗪类利尿剂和 ACE 抑制剂会减少锂的清除,可导致中毒。对服用锂盐的患者,轻度疼痛通常首选对乙酰氨基酚。
答案: A · 有发生危及生命的心律失常的风险
反复呕吐会导致低钾血症和代谢性碱中毒。钾 2.8 mmol/L 低得危险,可引起心律失常。患者需要心电监护,并按处方补钾。
答案: m = 2.98 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 417.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 3 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 7.2 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 600 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 16 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1500 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 250 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: 中度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 肥胖 II 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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