感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
护士给疼痛的患者使用了镇痛药。下一步重要的是什么?
ABO 血型不相容输血最常见的原因是什么?
When should blood specimen tubes be labeled?
A nurse calls a provider using SBAR about a patient with falling blood pressure. Which statement is the “Recommendation”?
Before giving a scheduled dose of metoprolol, which assessment is most important?
A patient at 34 weeks of pregnancy has painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. Which action should the nurse avoid?
During a vesicant chemotherapy infusion, the patient reports burning and swelling at the cannula site. What should the nurse do first?
A healthcare assistant reports four observations. Which one needs the nurse's immediate action?
静脉注射葡萄糖酸钙如何帮助重度高钾血症患者?
The nurse prepares a patient for a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test tomorrow morning. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient takes low-dose weekly methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Which monitoring is needed?
某药分布容积为 40 L,生物利用度为 100%。要达到 2 mg/L 的目标血浆浓度,负荷剂量应为多少?
Which advice is most helpful for a patient with Raynaud's phenomenon?
A patient with an inferior myocardial infarction develops complete heart block with a heart rate of 38/min. What is the most likely reason?
A patient with severe vomiting and diarrhoea takes ramipril, furosemide and metformin. Which advice is correct?
Graves 病患者术后体温 39.8 °C,心率 160 次/分,躁动并呕吐。哪一组治疗最恰当?
Which wound drain observation should be reported immediately?
A patient arrives in the anaesthetic room without an identity band. What should the nurse do?
用于产后出血的甲麦角新碱(methylergometrine)不应给予哪类女性?
A woman with known mitral stenosis is pregnant. When is she at greatest risk of heart failure?
对于有呕吐的轻至中度脱水儿童,应如何给予口服补液盐溶液?
A 10-year-old with cystic fibrosis is going to play football on a hot day. What should the nurse teach?
What is the main difference between disulfiram and naltrexone in alcohol dependence?
The parent of a 16-year-old taking a stimulant for ADHD says her son's friends keep asking him for his tablets. What should the nurse teach?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次滴速计算得到 105.279 gtt/min。 本练习的规则是:滴速取整到最接近的整滴。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1½ tsp,每天三次,共 5 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?
你需要用 25%(w/v)储备液配制 100 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?
医嘱要求以 100 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 25 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时已输入 500 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 7,其中 E2 和 V2。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 25 次/分,SpO₂ 89%正在补充吸氧,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 140 次/分,清醒,体温 37.4 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: A · 在药物有时间起效后重新评估疼痛
应在与药物和给药途径相匹配的间隔后重新评估疼痛。这能说明治疗是否有效,以及是否出现了镇静等副作用。
答案: C · 患者或标本识别错误
大多数输错血事件源于识别错误,例如标本标签贴错或省略了床旁身份核对。在每一步都确认患者身份可以预防这类事件。
答案: B · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
Labeling tubes at the bedside, using two patient identifiers and in the patient’s presence, prevents wrong-patient specimens. Pre-labeled or later-labeled tubes are easily mixed up.
答案: C · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
In SBAR, the situation names the problem, the background gives the history, the assessment shares the nurse’s findings and judgement, and the recommendation states a clear request with a time frame.
答案: A · Apical pulse and blood pressure
Metoprolol can cause bradycardia and hypotension, so the nurse checks the apical pulse and blood pressure first. The dose is held and reported according to the prescribed parameters.
答案: D · A vaginal examination
Painless, bright red bleeding suggests placenta previa. A vaginal examination could cause severe hemorrhage, so it is avoided until the placenta position is known.
答案: D · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
Suspected extravasation of a vesicant needs the infusion stopped immediately. Local protocols then guide aspiration through the cannula, specific treatments, elevation, documentation and specialist review.
答案: B · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness suggests respiratory depression, for example from opioids. It needs immediate assessment and escalation.
答案: C · 稳定心肌细胞膜,但不降低钾
钙可在数分钟内对抗高钾对心脏电活动的影响。钾仍必须通过转移入细胞(胰岛素加葡萄糖)和排出体外(结合剂、利尿剂或透析)来降低。核对依据: High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
The OGTT is done after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours; water is allowed. Eating before the test makes the results invalid. Patients rest during the test and avoid smoking, which can affect glucose.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Glucose tolerance test - non-pregnant · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · Regular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression and liver damage, and poor kidney function raises its levels. Blood tests are regular, alcohol is limited and folic acid is usually given on another day.
答案: B · 80 mg
负荷剂量 = 40 L × 2 mg/L = 80 mg。负荷剂量取决于 Vd,而维持剂量取决于清除率。
答案: D · Keep the whole body warm, wear gloves and stop smoking
Keeping the core and hands warm, wearing gloves and stopping smoking reduce attacks. Vasoconstrictors such as decongestants and nicotine make it worse. During an attack, gentle warming of the hands is advised.
答案: A · The right coronary artery usually supplies the AV node
In most people the right coronary artery supplies the inferior wall and the AV node, so inferior MI can cause AV block. It is often temporary and may respond to atropine, but symptomatic or persistent block may need temporary pacing.
答案: A · Pause these medicines until eating and drinking again
During dehydrating illness, ACE inhibitors, diuretics and metformin can worsen AKI or its complications. Sick-day guidance usually advises pausing them until the person is eating and drinking normally, and NSAIDs are avoided.
答案: C · 降温、β 受体阻滞剂、抗甲状腺药物,然后用碘和类固醇
甲状腺危象危及生命。治疗包括支持治疗和降温、用 β 受体阻滞剂控制肾上腺素能症状、用硫脲类药物(常为丙硫氧嘧啶)阻断合成、在硫脲类之后给予碘以阻断激素释放,以及皮质类固醇。避免使用阿司匹林,因为它会增加游离甲状腺激素。
答案: B · A sudden large volume of fresh red blood
A sudden increase in bright red drainage suggests active haemorrhage. The nurse checks vital signs and informs the surgical team urgently. Gradually decreasing serosanguinous drainage is expected.
答案: D · Stop and confirm identity, then apply a band
Correct identification before anaesthesia prevents wrong-patient surgery. The process stops until identity is confirmed with the patient and records and a band is applied, following the checklist.
答案: A · 高血压患者
麦角生物碱引起血管收缩,可使血压危险地升高,因此在高血压和子痫前期时应避免使用。哮喘患者应避免的药物是卡前列素。
答案: B · When blood volume peaks in late pregnancy and in the hours after birth
Cardiac decompensation is most likely when blood volume peaks in the late second and third trimester and right after birth, when blood from the contracted uterus returns to the circulation. These women need close monitoring postpartum.
答案: B · 少量、频繁地给予,例如用勺子或注射器
即使有呕吐,通常也能耐受少量频繁的小口饮用。果汁和碳酸饮料含糖过多而盐过少,可能加重腹泻。
答案: B · Drink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat
Children with CF lose much more salt in sweat than other children and can become salt-depleted and dehydrated in heat or exercise. Extra fluids and salt are advised; exercise is encouraged because it helps airway clearance.
答案: C · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
Disulfiram blocks the breakdown of acetaldehyde, so drinking causes flushing, nausea and palpitations. Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors and reduces the pleasurable effect of alcohol.
答案: C · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
Stimulants can be diverted and misused for studying or recreation. They are controlled drugs, so secure storage, monitoring the number of tablets and not sharing them are important.
答案: x = 105 gtt/min
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: V = 112.5 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 10 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。
答案: W = 80 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 25 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 125 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 970 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 4 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 4 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 17:30 输完。
答案: M = 3
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 高
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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