NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

护士给疼痛的患者使用了镇痛药。下一步重要的是什么?

  1. A在药物有时间起效后重新评估疼痛
  2. B等到第二天再询问疼痛情况
  3. C立即再给一剂
  4. D记录剂量,并认为除非患者主诉,疼痛已经消失
2.护理学基础困难

ABO 血型不相容输血最常见的原因是什么?

  1. A血液储存温度错误
  2. B输血速度太慢
  3. C患者或标本识别错误
  4. D对塑料血袋过敏
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

When should blood specimen tubes be labeled?

  1. ABy the laboratory staff after the tubes arrive
  2. BAt the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
  3. CBack at the station after all the samples are collected
  4. DAt the nurses’ station before going to the patient, to save time
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse calls a provider using SBAR about a patient with falling blood pressure. Which statement is the “Recommendation”?

  1. A“I am calling about Mr. Jansen in room 12, who is hypotensive.”
  2. B“His blood pressure has fallen from 130/80 to 88/50 over the last two hours.”
  3. C“I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
  4. D“He is 72 and had a bowel resection yesterday.”
5.优先排序与委派中等

Before giving a scheduled dose of metoprolol, which assessment is most important?

  1. AApical pulse and blood pressure
  2. BTemperature and the latest pain score
  3. CBlood glucose and weight
  4. DBowel sounds and urine color
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient at 34 weeks of pregnancy has painless, bright red vaginal bleeding. Which action should the nurse avoid?

  1. AMonitoring the fetal heart rate
  2. BWeighing the pads to estimate blood loss
  3. CMeasuring the blood pressure and pulse
  4. DA vaginal examination
7.临床护理中等

During a vesicant chemotherapy infusion, the patient reports burning and swelling at the cannula site. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AApply a warm pack and continue the infusion
  2. BIncrease the rate so that the infusion finishes as quickly as possible
  3. CFlush the cannula hard with saline
  4. DStop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
8.临床护理困难

A healthcare assistant reports four observations. Which one needs the nurse's immediate action?

  1. A"Mrs Jones would like a cup of tea and her glasses cleaned."
  2. B"Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
  3. C"Mr Chen's blood pressure is 128/80 as usual."
  4. D"Ms Ali has walked to the bathroom on her own."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

静脉注射葡萄糖酸钙如何帮助重度高钾血症患者?

  1. A在肠道中结合钾,使其随粪便排出
  2. B使钾从血液转移到细胞内
  3. C稳定心肌细胞膜,但不降低钾
  4. D增加肾脏对钾的排泄
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

The nurse prepares a patient for a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test tomorrow morning. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I can have a light breakfast before the test"
  2. B"I'll fast overnight but can drink plain water"
  3. C"I'll stay seated during the test if I can"
  4. D"I'll avoid smoking until the test is over"
11.药理学中等

A patient takes low-dose weekly methotrexate for rheumatoid arthritis. Which monitoring is needed?

  1. ADaily blood glucose checks
  2. BMonthly hearing tests
  3. CWeekly INR checks and a monthly ECG to check the heart rhythm
  4. DRegular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
12.药理学困难

某药分布容积为 40 L,生物利用度为 100%。要达到 2 mg/L 的目标血浆浓度,负荷剂量应为多少?

  1. A42 mg
  2. B80 mg
  3. C160 mg
  4. D20 mg
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Which advice is most helpful for a patient with Raynaud's phenomenon?

  1. ATake a decongestant tablet before going outdoors
  2. BSoak the hands in cold water to toughen the vessels
  3. CRub the fingers hard with snow during an attack
  4. DKeep the whole body warm, wear gloves and stop smoking
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient with an inferior myocardial infarction develops complete heart block with a heart rate of 38/min. What is the most likely reason?

  1. AThe right coronary artery usually supplies the AV node
  2. BHeart block is caused by the thrombolytic drug
  3. CInferior infarcts always destroy the bundle of His permanently
  4. DThe left anterior descending artery supplies the SA node only
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

A patient with severe vomiting and diarrhoea takes ramipril, furosemide and metformin. Which advice is correct?

  1. APause these medicines until eating and drinking again
  2. BKeep taking everything as normal and drink less
  3. CAdd ibuprofen to treat the abdominal cramps
  4. DDouble the furosemide to prevent fluid retention
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

Graves 病患者术后体温 39.8 °C,心率 160 次/分,躁动并呕吐。哪一组治疗最恰当?

  1. A用阿司匹林退热,一周内由全科医生复诊
  2. B限制液体和使用袢利尿剂治疗心动过速
  3. C降温、β 受体阻滞剂、抗甲状腺药物,然后用碘和类固醇
  4. D左甲状腺素和保暖毯,以缓解寒战
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which wound drain observation should be reported immediately?

  1. ADrainage slowly falling each day
  2. BA sudden large volume of fresh red blood
  3. CA little dried blood around the drain site
  4. DSmall amounts of pink serous fluid
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient arrives in the anaesthetic room without an identity band. What should the nurse do?

  1. AProceed and add a band once in recovery
  2. BProceed because the patient can say their name
  3. CUse the spare identity band from the front of the patient's notes folder
  4. DStop and confirm identity, then apply a band
19.产科护理中等

用于产后出血的甲麦角新碱(methylergometrine)不应给予哪类女性?

  1. A高血压患者
  2. B1 型糖尿病患者
  3. C贫血患者
  4. D哮喘患者
20.产科护理困难

A woman with known mitral stenosis is pregnant. When is she at greatest risk of heart failure?

  1. ARisk is the same at every point in pregnancy
  2. BWhen blood volume peaks in late pregnancy and in the hours after birth
  3. COnly during the first stage of labour
  4. DOnly in the first trimester, when nausea is worst
21.儿科护理中等

对于有呕吐的轻至中度脱水儿童,应如何给予口服补液盐溶液?

  1. A每隔几小时一次大量饮用
  2. B少量、频繁地给予,例如用勺子或注射器
  3. C与果汁混合以改善口味
  4. D仅在呕吐停止 24 小时后才给,以避免进一步丢失
22.儿科护理困难

A 10-year-old with cystic fibrosis is going to play football on a hot day. What should the nurse teach?

  1. ASkip the pancreatic enzymes on sports days to avoid stomach cramps
  2. BDrink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat
  3. CAvoid all exercise, because it damages the lungs
  4. DRestrict fluids to prevent extra mucus
23.精神科护理中等

What is the main difference between disulfiram and naltrexone in alcohol dependence?

  1. ABoth work in exactly the same way, so they are fully interchangeable
  2. BDisulfiram reduces craving; naltrexone causes vomiting when alcohol is drunk
  3. CDisulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
  4. DNaltrexone is used only for alcohol withdrawal; disulfiram is used only for treating an alcohol overdose
24.精神科护理困难

The parent of a 16-year-old taking a stimulant for ADHD says her son's friends keep asking him for his tablets. What should the nurse teach?

  1. ASharing is fine as long as the friends are the same age
  2. BStop the medicine so that there is no risk of sharing
  3. CStore it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
  4. DGive the friends a smaller dose if they ask, so that they do not have side effects
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
105.279 gtt/min? gtt/min取整到 1 gtt/min

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次滴速计算得到 105.279 gtt/min。 本练习的规则是:滴速取整到最接近的整滴。你记录的数值x是多少?

105.279 gtt/min
x = gtt/min
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1½ tsp · 3/天 · 5 d? mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1½ tsp,每天三次,共 5 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?

1½ tsp每天三次5 天1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
25%储备液水 = ? mL

你需要用 25%(w/v)储备液配制 100 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?

C₁ = 25%C₂ = 5%V₂ = 100 mL
W = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
15 gtt/mL100 mL/h? gtt/min

医嘱要求以 100 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。

100 mL/h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
250 mg50 mL25 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 25 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

250 mg/50 mL25 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻100 mL牛奶100 mL静脉输液60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液250 mL尿液150 mL尿液175 mL伤口引流80 mL呕吐物200 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

果冻: 100 mL牛奶: 100 mL静脉输液: 60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL500 mL 已输入125 mL/h13:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 13:30 时已输入 500 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL500 mL 已输入125 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E2 / 4+V2 / 5+M? / 6GCS 7?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 7,其中 E2 和 V2。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 7E2V2
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 25 次/分,SpO₂ 89%正在补充吸氧,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 140 次/分,清醒,体温 37.4 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 25SpO₂ 89%O₂SBP 150HR 140AT 37.4 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · 在药物有时间起效后重新评估疼痛

为什么是这个答案

应在与药物和给药途径相匹配的间隔后重新评估疼痛。这能说明治疗是否有效,以及是否出现了镇静等副作用。

答案

A · 在药物有时间起效后重新评估疼痛
2.护理学基础

答案: C · 患者或标本识别错误

为什么是这个答案

大多数输错血事件源于识别错误,例如标本标签贴错或省略了床旁身份核对。在每一步都确认患者身份可以预防这类事件。

答案

C · 患者或标本识别错误
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection

为什么是这个答案

Labeling tubes at the bedside, using two patient identifiers and in the patient’s presence, prevents wrong-patient specimens. Pre-labeled or later-labeled tubes are easily mixed up.

答案

B · At the bedside, in front of the patient, right after collection
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”

为什么是这个答案

In SBAR, the situation names the problem, the background gives the history, the assessment shares the nurse’s findings and judgement, and the recommendation states a clear request with a time frame.

答案

C · “I think he needs to be assessed now. Can you come within the next 15 minutes?”
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Apical pulse and blood pressure

为什么是这个答案

Metoprolol can cause bradycardia and hypotension, so the nurse checks the apical pulse and blood pressure first. The dose is held and reported according to the prescribed parameters.

答案

A · Apical pulse and blood pressure
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · A vaginal examination

为什么是这个答案

Painless, bright red bleeding suggests placenta previa. A vaginal examination could cause severe hemorrhage, so it is avoided until the placenta position is known.

答案

D · A vaginal examination
7.临床护理

答案: D · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol

为什么是这个答案

Suspected extravasation of a vesicant needs the infusion stopped immediately. Local protocols then guide aspiration through the cannula, specific treatments, elevation, documentation and specialist review.

答案

D · Stop the infusion straight away and follow the extravasation protocol
8.临床护理

答案: B · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."

为什么是这个答案

A low respiratory rate with reduced consciousness suggests respiratory depression, for example from opioids. It needs immediate assessment and escalation.

答案

B · "Mr Patel's breathing rate is 8 a minute and he's hard to wake."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · 稳定心肌细胞膜,但不降低钾

为什么是这个答案

钙可在数分钟内对抗高钾对心脏电活动的影响。钾仍必须通过转移入细胞(胰岛素加葡萄糖)和排出体外(结合剂、利尿剂或透析)来降低。核对依据: High potassium level · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

C · 稳定心肌细胞膜,但不降低钾
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"

为什么是这个答案

The OGTT is done after an overnight fast of at least 8 hours; water is allowed. Eating before the test makes the results invalid. Patients rest during the test and avoid smoking, which can affect glucose.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Glucose tolerance test - non-pregnant · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

A · "I can have a light breakfast before the test"
11.药理学

答案: D · Regular blood count, liver and kidney function tests

为什么是这个答案

Methotrexate can cause bone marrow suppression and liver damage, and poor kidney function raises its levels. Blood tests are regular, alcohol is limited and folic acid is usually given on another day.

答案

D · Regular blood count, liver and kidney function tests
12.药理学

答案: B · 80 mg

为什么是这个答案

负荷剂量 = 40 L × 2 mg/L = 80 mg。负荷剂量取决于 Vd,而维持剂量取决于清除率。

答案

B · 80 mg
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · Keep the whole body warm, wear gloves and stop smoking

为什么是这个答案

Keeping the core and hands warm, wearing gloves and stopping smoking reduce attacks. Vasoconstrictors such as decongestants and nicotine make it worse. During an attack, gentle warming of the hands is advised.

答案

D · Keep the whole body warm, wear gloves and stop smoking
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · The right coronary artery usually supplies the AV node

为什么是这个答案

In most people the right coronary artery supplies the inferior wall and the AV node, so inferior MI can cause AV block. It is often temporary and may respond to atropine, but symptomatic or persistent block may need temporary pacing.

答案

A · The right coronary artery usually supplies the AV node
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · Pause these medicines until eating and drinking again

为什么是这个答案

During dehydrating illness, ACE inhibitors, diuretics and metformin can worsen AKI or its complications. Sick-day guidance usually advises pausing them until the person is eating and drinking normally, and NSAIDs are avoided.

答案

A · Pause these medicines until eating and drinking again
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 降温、β 受体阻滞剂、抗甲状腺药物,然后用碘和类固醇

为什么是这个答案

甲状腺危象危及生命。治疗包括支持治疗和降温、用 β 受体阻滞剂控制肾上腺素能症状、用硫脲类药物(常为丙硫氧嘧啶)阻断合成、在硫脲类之后给予碘以阻断激素释放,以及皮质类固醇。避免使用阿司匹林,因为它会增加游离甲状腺激素。

答案

C · 降温、β 受体阻滞剂、抗甲状腺药物,然后用碘和类固醇
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · A sudden large volume of fresh red blood

为什么是这个答案

A sudden increase in bright red drainage suggests active haemorrhage. The nurse checks vital signs and informs the surgical team urgently. Gradually decreasing serosanguinous drainage is expected.

答案

B · A sudden large volume of fresh red blood
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Stop and confirm identity, then apply a band

为什么是这个答案

Correct identification before anaesthesia prevents wrong-patient surgery. The process stops until identity is confirmed with the patient and records and a band is applied, following the checklist.

答案

D · Stop and confirm identity, then apply a band
19.产科护理

答案: A · 高血压患者

为什么是这个答案

麦角生物碱引起血管收缩,可使血压危险地升高,因此在高血压和子痫前期时应避免使用。哮喘患者应避免的药物是卡前列素。

答案

A · 高血压患者
20.产科护理

答案: B · When blood volume peaks in late pregnancy and in the hours after birth

为什么是这个答案

Cardiac decompensation is most likely when blood volume peaks in the late second and third trimester and right after birth, when blood from the contracted uterus returns to the circulation. These women need close monitoring postpartum.

答案

B · When blood volume peaks in late pregnancy and in the hours after birth
21.儿科护理

答案: B · 少量、频繁地给予,例如用勺子或注射器

为什么是这个答案

即使有呕吐,通常也能耐受少量频繁的小口饮用。果汁和碳酸饮料含糖过多而盐过少,可能加重腹泻。

答案

B · 少量、频繁地给予,例如用勺子或注射器
22.儿科护理

答案: B · Drink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat

为什么是这个答案

Children with CF lose much more salt in sweat than other children and can become salt-depleted and dehydrated in heat or exercise. Extra fluids and salt are advised; exercise is encouraged because it helps airway clearance.

答案

B · Drink more and add extra salt, because more salt is lost in sweat
23.精神科护理

答案: C · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward

为什么是这个答案

Disulfiram blocks the breakdown of acetaldehyde, so drinking causes flushing, nausea and palpitations. Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors and reduces the pleasurable effect of alcohol.

答案

C · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs

为什么是这个答案

Stimulants can be diverted and misused for studying or recreation. They are controlled drugs, so secure storage, monitoring the number of tablets and not sharing them are important.

答案

C · Store it securely and never share it, because stimulants are controlled drugs
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 105 gtt/min

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

1 位位上的数字

105.279 → 5

只看下一位数字

105.279 → 2
2 小于或等于 4,所以 5 不变。
后面的数字(79)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 105 gtt/min

答案

x = 105 gtt/min
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 112.5 mL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

每次剂量的体积

1½ tsp = 1.5·5 = 7.5 mL

整个疗程

V = 7.5 mL × 3/天 × 5 = 112.5 mL

答案

V = 112.5 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

28.剂量计算

答案: W = 80 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 5·100/25 = 20 mL

需加水量

W = 100 − 20 = 80 mL

答案

W = 80 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 25 gtt/min

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

每分钟毫升数

100/60 = 1.667 mL/min

滴速

R = 1.667·15 = 25 gtt/min

答案

R = 25 gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 125 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

250/50 = 5 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 5·25 = 125 mg/h

答案

D = 125 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 970 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 100 + 100 = 200 mL
静脉输液: 60·12 = 720 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·50 = 50 mL
I = 970 mL

答案

I = 970 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 500 = 500 mL

时间

t = 500/125 = 4 h

答案

t = 4 h

约为 4 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 17:30 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 3

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 7 − 2 − 2 = 3
M3: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)

答案

M = 3
34.临床评估评分

答案: 高

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 25/min → 3
SpO₂ 89% → 3
吸氧 → 2
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 140/min → 3
清醒 (A) → 0
T 37.4 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 3 + 3 + 2 + 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 = 11
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

高

答案

高

总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。

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