感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which of these is recorded as fluid intake on a fluid balance chart?
Which measure is most important in protecting a patient with severe neutropenia from infection?
The laboratory calls with a critical lab result by phone. What should the nurse do?
Which patient with a suspected infection meets at least two SIRS criteria?
A patient at 35 weeks of pregnancy with high blood pressure calls the clinic. Which symptom needs urgent assessment?
After handover on a medical unit, which patient should the nurse see first?
In UK guidance, neutropenic sepsis is commonly defined by a temperature above 38 °C or signs of sepsis with a neutrophil count at or below:
一名老年患者夜间突然出现意识混乱,注意力时好时坏。首先应寻找什么原因?
A young adult with new diabetes has a very low C-peptide level. What does this suggest?
A patient has fever, confusion, a platelet count of 15 × 10³/µL, anemia with fragmented red cells (schistocytes) and a raised creatinine. Clotting times are normal. Which condition should be suspected?
血浆中药物的哪一部分能到达受体并产生效应?
A woman with epilepsy who takes an antiepileptic drug plans to become pregnant. Which advice is standard?
How is orthostatic (postural) hypotension usually assessed?
通常教授的胸腔引流管拔除方法是哪种?
Which nursing care is most important for a patient with diabetes insipidus?
A patient on carbamazepine is admitted confused, with a sodium of 121 mmol/L. Which explanation is most likely?
What is the most important safety point about misoprostol?
一名体重 70 kg 的成人烧伤面积占体表总面积 40%。按 Parkland 公式,最初 24 小时的晶体液通常如何分配?
A woman who has had a caesarean asks when she can drive again. Which answer is most accurate?
A multiparous woman arrives with strong contractions and the baby is born within an hour of their onset. What should the nurse monitor closely afterwards?
护士应如何对一名 15 岁的青少年进行健康访谈?
一名意识清醒的 10 岁 1 型糖尿病儿童发抖、出汗,血糖 3.2 mmol/L。首要措施是什么?
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which patient need should a nurse on a mental health ward address first?
一名服用锂盐的患者已呕吐和腹泻 2 天。她现在出现粗大震颤并意识模糊。护士应首先做什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 6 lb 6 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 fl oz / 果汁, 1 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 12 kg,医嘱为单次给药 10 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
处方为 3900 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求在 10 小时内输入 500 mL。6 小时后你发现袋中还剩 260 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?
将 200 mg 药物稀释于 100 mL 中,通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 150 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 106 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 19:00 时已输入 350 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 13,其中 E4 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 16 次/分,SpO₂ 94%吸室内空气,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 120 次/分,清醒,体温 37.3 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: C · Intravenous fluids
Intake includes oral fluids, enteral feeds and IV fluids, including drug infusions. Urine, vomit, drainage and stool are output.
答案: C · Strict hand hygiene by everyone who enters the room
A neutropenic patient cannot fight infection well, and hand hygiene is the key protective measure. Other steps include a single room and keeping away visitors who are unwell.
答案: D · Write it down, read it back to confirm and report it to the provider promptly
Writing down and reading back critical results confirms they were heard correctly. The nurse then reports them promptly to the responsible provider and documents who was told and when.
答案: C · Temperature 38.6 °C and heart rate 112/min
SIRS criteria include a temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate above 90/min, respiratory rate above 20/min and a WBC above 12,000 or below 4,000/mm3. Only the first patient meets two.
答案: B · A severe headache with blurred vision
A severe headache and visual changes can be signs of severe pre-eclampsia and a risk of eclampsia. Mild ankle swelling, backache and frequent urination are common in late pregnancy.
答案: D · New atrial fibrillation, heart rate 150/min, blood pressure 86/50 mmHg, dizzy
Rapid atrial fibrillation with hypotension and dizziness means the heart is not pumping enough blood; the patient is unstable. The other patients are within target or have predictable needs.
答案: B · 0.5 × 109/L
Neutropenic sepsis is defined by a neutrophil count of 0.5 × 109/L or lower with fever or other signs of sepsis. It needs empirical antibiotics within one hour.
答案: A · 由感染或药物等潜在问题引起的谵妄
谵妄在数小时到数天内发生,并呈波动性。常见原因有感染、药物、脱水、疼痛、便秘和尿潴留。痴呆则是缓慢发展的。
答案: D · The pancreas is making very little insulin, as in type 1 diabetes
C-peptide is cleaved from proinsulin when insulin is made, so it reflects the body's own insulin production. A very low level suggests beta-cell loss, as in type 1 diabetes; in type 2 diabetes it is often normal or high early on.核对依据: C-Peptide Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
TTP causes small clots that consume platelets, break red cells (microangiopathic hemolysis) and damage the brain and kidneys, while clotting times usually stay normal. It is an emergency treated with plasma exchange; platelet transfusion is generally avoided.核对依据: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: D · 未结合(游离)部分
只有游离药物能扩散进入组织、作用于受体并被代谢或排泄。与蛋白结合的药物起储库作用。
答案: C · Take folic acid before conception and seek specialist review of her medication
Folic acid before and in early pregnancy reduces the risk of neural tube defects. Medication should be reviewed before conception, but drugs should not be stopped suddenly because uncontrolled seizures are also dangerous.
答案: A · BP lying after rest, then again after 1 and 3 minutes standing
Blood pressure is measured after the patient has been lying for about 5 minutes, then after 1 and 3 minutes of standing. A fall in systolic pressure of 20 mmHg or more, or diastolic of 10 mmHg or more, indicates orthostatic hypotension. Symptoms such as dizziness are recorded too.
答案: C · 在屏气或呼气时拔除,然后封闭伤口
许多指南建议在深吸气末屏气(Valsalva)或呼气时拔管,使胸腔内为正压。伤口用缝线或密闭敷料封闭,监测患者有无气胸复发,必要时拍胸部 X 线。事先给予镇痛是良好的做法。
答案: C · Strict fluid balance, daily weight and free access to water
Patients with DI can become dehydrated and hypernatraemic quickly. Strict input and output, daily weights, sodium monitoring and access to water are essential. Desmopressin replaces the missing ADH in cranial DI.
答案: D · Carbamazepine can cause hyponatraemia through an SIADH-like effect
Carbamazepine (and oxcarbazepine) can increase the effect of ADH, leading to water retention and hyponatraemia. Severe hyponatraemia causes confusion and seizures. The drug and sodium need urgent medical review.
答案: C · It can cause miscarriage and must not be used in pregnancy
Misoprostol protects the stomach lining against NSAID damage, but it stimulates uterine contraction and can cause miscarriage. Diarrhoea is its most common side effect.
答案: B · 一半在烧伤后的最初 8 小时内,另一半在随后的 16 小时内
Parkland 公式得出 24 小时内 4 × 70 × 40 = 11 200 mL。其中一半(5600 mL)应在从烧伤时刻(而非到达医院时)起算的最初 8 小时内输入,其余在 16 小时内输入。随后根据尿量调整速度。
答案: B · When she can brake hard without pain
There is no fixed time. She can drive when she can brake suddenly, look over her shoulder and wear a seat belt comfortably. Many women need about 4 to 6 weeks, and insurance rules may apply.
答案: A · Uterine tone, bleeding and newborn injury
Precipitous labour increases the risk of cervical and perineal tears, uterine atony and haemorrhage, and of newborn injuries such as bruising or intracranial bleeding.
答案: B · 就诊中留出一段时间单独与青少年交谈,并说明保密的限度
青少年单独接受访谈时更坦率。应说明,除非存在严重伤害的风险,否则他们所说的内容是保密的。HEADSSS 等框架涵盖家庭、教育、活动、药物、性、自杀和安全。
答案: C · 口服速效碳水化合物,约 15 分钟后复测血糖
意识清醒的低血糖儿童需要速效碳水化合物,如葡萄糖片或果汁,约 15 分钟后复测,恢复后再吃作用更持久的碳水化合物点心。胰高血糖素用于不能经口进食的儿童。
答案: A · A patient who has not eaten or drunk anything for two days
Maslow places physiological needs, such as food and fluids, before safety, love and belonging, esteem and self-actualisation. A patient who is not eating or drinking has the most basic unmet need.
答案: A · 暂停下一次给药,并紧急通知开医嘱者,以便检测血锂水平
脱水和钠丢失会减少锂的清除。粗大震颤和意识模糊提示中毒。应暂停锂盐,紧急检测血锂水平、肾功能和电解质,并安排医疗评估。
答案: m = 2.9 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 755 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 120 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.78 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 65 mL/h
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
这超过了 25% 的增幅:大多数医院要求你联系开医嘱者,而不是加快补输,并评估患者是否存在液体过多。
答案: R = 75 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 0.71 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 8.1 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 8 h 08 min,所以袋子大约在 03:08 输完。
答案: M = 5
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 低
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
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