NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient cannot stand to be measured for the MUST screening tool. How can their height be estimated?

  1. AFrom the length of the forearm (ulna)
  2. BBy asking a visitor to guess
  3. CFrom the length of the bed
  4. DFrom the size of the patient's shoes
2.护理学基础困难

A patient has been taught how to prevent constipation. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."
  2. B"I'll go to the toilet when I first feel the urge."
  3. C"I'll drink plenty of fluids during the day."
  4. D"I'll eat more fruit, vegetables and wholegrains."
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?

  1. AThe only risk is poisoning from heavy metals years later
  2. BIt always passes through the gut without harm
  3. CIt can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
  4. DIt is only harmful if several batteries are swallowed
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A nurse discovers that an insulin infusion was programmed using the wrong drug concentration in the pump library. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AStop the infusion and check the patient’s blood glucose
  2. BReprogram the pump and finish the shift before reporting
  3. CLeave it running and check the glucose at the next routine time
  4. DDouble the rate to correct for the error
5.优先排序与委派中等

A nursing assistant offers to suction a patient’s new tracheostomy. Which response from the RN is best?

  1. A“Leave the suctioning until the next shift arrives.”
  2. B“Suctioning a new tracheostomy is my task; I will do it myself.”
  3. C“Thank you, please suction him as needed and tell me how it went.”
  4. D“Ask the patient’s family to do the suctioning today.”
6.优先排序与委派困难

Which patient needs airborne precautions rather than droplet precautions?

  1. AAn adult with influenza
  2. BA child with pertussis (whooping cough)
  3. CA child with chickenpox (varicella)
  4. DA teenager with mumps
7.临床护理中等

为什么对疑似脓毒症的患者要测定血清乳酸?

  1. A它测量患者的血糖
  2. B乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
  3. C它显示患者是否有尿路感染
  4. D它能确定该用哪种抗生素
8.临床护理困难

A patient with an epidural catheter develops new back pain and increasing leg weakness when the block should be wearing off. What should be suspected?

  1. AMuscle strain from lying in the same position in bed for many hours
  2. BAn epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
  3. CThe normal expected effect of the local anaesthetic
  4. DMild hypokalaemia
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient who is breathless during a transfusion has hypotension, fever and bilateral lung infiltrates, with no signs of fluid overload. Which complication is most likely?

  1. AA simple allergic reaction with hives
  2. BTransfusion-associated circulatory overload
  3. CTransfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
  4. DA mild febrile nonhemolytic reaction
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient's low calcium does not improve despite several days of calcium replacement. Which other electrolyte should be checked and corrected?

  1. ASodium
  2. BChloride
  3. CMagnesium
  4. DBicarbonate
11.药理学中等

Which teaching about zolpidem is correct?

  1. ATake it with alcohol to make it act faster
  2. BDrive soon after waking, as the drug has no next-day effect
  3. CTake it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
  4. DTake it in the morning so that it is out of the system by night
12.药理学困难

A patient has a serum potassium of 7.0 mmol/L (mEq/L) and peaked T waves on the ECG. Which drug is given first to protect the heart?

  1. AOral sodium polystyrene sulfonate
  2. BIntravenous furosemide
  3. COral potassium chloride
  4. DIntravenous calcium gluconate
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient's ankle–brachial pressure index (ABPI) is 0.6. What does this suggest?

  1. ANormal leg circulation
  2. BA deep vein thrombosis
  3. CSignificant peripheral arterial disease
  4. DStiff, calcified arteries that read falsely high
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

一名心力衰竭患者三天内体重增加 2.5 kg,双肺底出现新的湿啰音,现在需要垫四个枕头睡觉。血压 138/84 mmHg,未吸氧时 SpO₂ 93%。优先处理是什么?

  1. A鼓励多喝水以保护肾脏
  2. B让患者坐起,全面评估并报告液体过多
  3. C记录体重,下周末再复查
  4. D让患者平躺以让心脏休息、降低需求
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Where is the zero point of an external ventricular drain usually levelled?

  1. AAt the mid-axillary line of the chest
  2. BAt the tragus of the ear
  3. CAt the level of the umbilicus
  4. DAt the top of the head
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名因颈椎骨折佩戴 halo 背心的患者发生心脏骤停。必须立即备好什么?

  1. A用于剪断颅骨固定针的剪刀
  2. B用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具
  3. C抬高头部和肩部的枕头
  4. D插入背心下方的硬板
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A day after a spinal anaesthetic, a patient has a headache that is worse when sitting up and better when lying flat. What is the most likely cause?

  1. ARaised blood pressure from pain
  2. BPost-dural puncture headache
  3. CMigraine caused by hospital lighting
  4. DA side effect of the antibiotic
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

急性胰腺炎最初几小时,通常推荐哪种补液策略?

  1. A无论患者反应如何,都给予非常大量
  2. B完全不静脉补液,只喝少量口服水
  3. C单用静脉白蛋白,不用任何晶体液
  4. D以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
19.产科护理中等

Which behaviour shows positive early bonding between mother and newborn?

  1. AAsking staff to keep the baby in the nursery at all times
  2. BCalling the baby "it" and not looking at it
  3. CAvoiding holding the baby during the first day
  4. DFace-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby
20.产科护理困难

A woman is 10 cm dilated with an urge to push. The fetal head is at station 0 and the tracing is normal. Which approach is supported by current practice?

  1. ATell her not to push until the head is visible
  2. BInsist she lies flat on her back and holds her breath for long periods
  3. CLet her push with her urge in a position she prefers
  4. DAsk her to push continuously from 7 cm onwards
21.儿科护理中等

10 个月婴儿的哪项生长曲线表现最需要进一步评估?

  1. A身长在第 50 百分位,体重在第 40 百分位
  2. B头围沿着第 75 百分位曲线生长
  3. C自上几次就诊以来,体重已跨越两条主要百分位线下降
  4. D自出生以来体重一直在第 10 百分位
22.儿科护理困难

After surgery for a perforated appendix, why is a child often nursed in a semi-upright position?

  1. ATo make it easier for the child to watch television
  2. BTo prevent the child from sleeping too deeply
  3. CTo help infected fluid collect in the pelvis rather than spread upwards
  4. DTo stop the wound drain from removing fluid too fast during the first day
23.精神科护理中等

What should a patient starting zolpidem for insomnia be taught to report?

  1. ADoing things while not fully awake, such as sleepwalking or driving, with no memory of it
  2. BSleeping through the night without waking up
  3. CFeeling sleepy about 30 minutes after taking it at bedtime
  4. DFeeling slightly more rested and alert the next morning than before starting the medicine
24.精神科护理困难

A caller says she is a patient's sister and asks how he is doing. The patient has not given consent to share information. What should the nurse do?

  1. ANeither confirm nor deny that he is there, and offer to pass on a message
  2. BGive a full update, because she is a close family member
  3. CTell her that he is on the ward but refuse to say anything else about his care or condition
  4. DAsk her to prove she is his sister and then share the details
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
0.96254 mL? mL取整到 0.01 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次小剂量注射的计算得到 0.96254 mL。 本练习的规则是:低于 1 mL 的体积取到最接近的百分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?

0.96254 mL
x = mL
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
1 tsp · 3/天 · 14 d? × 50 mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液1 tsp,每 8 小时一次,共 14 天。混悬液每瓶 50 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?

1 tsp每 8 小时一次14 天50 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
27.剂量计算中等
2 g+ 7.4 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 2 g 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 7.4 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 8 mL。医嘱为 150 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

2 g+ 7.4 mL → 8 mL150 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
20%储备液水 = ? mL

你需要用 20%(w/v)储备液配制 200 mL 5%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?

C₁ = 20%C₂ = 5%V₂ = 200 mL
W = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
370 mL剩余? mL/h2 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。4 小时后你发现袋中还剩 370 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1000 mL / 6 h经过 4 h: 370 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
400 mg500 mL5 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 400 mg,以 5 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

400 mg/500 mL5 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果冻120 mL汤250 mL茶150 mL冰屑240 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液150 mL尿液250 mL伤口引流150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果冻: 120 mL汤: 250 mL茶: 150 mL冰屑: 240 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 100 mL尿液: 150 mL尿液: 250 mL伤口引流: 150 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL→ 60 mL/h开始 12:00t总数​ = ? h75 mL/h × 4 h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 500 mL 的输液于 12:00 开始以 75 mL/h 输注。4 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL75 mL/h · 4 h60 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 9 次/分,SpO₂ 92%正在补充吸氧,血压 136/82 mmHg,脉搏 98 次/分,仅对声音有反应,体温 35.8 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?

RR 9SpO₂ 92%O₂SBP 136HR 98VT 35.8 °C
NEWS2 =
34.临床评估评分困难
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1低中低中高

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 20 次/分,SpO₂ 86%吸室内空气,血压 142/86 mmHg,脉搏 126 次/分,清醒,体温 37.6 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。

RR 20SpO₂ 86%空气SBP 142HR 126AT 37.6 °C
  1. 1低
  2. 2中低
  3. 3中
  4. 4高

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · From the length of the forearm (ulna)

为什么是这个答案

MUST includes tables that estimate height from ulna length when the patient cannot stand. Self-reported height can also be used if it is reliable.

答案

A · From the length of the forearm (ulna)
2.护理学基础

答案: A · "I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."

为什么是这个答案

Fluids, fibre, activity and responding to the urge prevent constipation. Taking stimulant laxatives every day without need is not advised and can lead to dependence and electrolyte problems.

答案

A · "I'll take a strong laxative every day just in case."
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours

为什么是这个答案

A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.

答案

C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Stop the infusion and check the patient’s blood glucose

为什么是这个答案

A concentration error means the dose delivered was wrong. The nurse stops the infusion, assesses the patient including blood glucose, treats as needed, notifies the prescriber and reports the event.

答案

A · Stop the infusion and check the patient’s blood glucose
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · “Suctioning a new tracheostomy is my task; I will do it myself.”

为什么是这个答案

Care of a new tracheostomy, including suctioning, involves airway risk and assessment, so the RN keeps it. Leaving it to the family or the next shift is unsafe.

答案

B · “Suctioning a new tracheostomy is my task; I will do it myself.”
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · A child with chickenpox (varicella)

为什么是这个答案

Varicella spreads by the airborne route (and contact), so it needs an airborne infection isolation room. Influenza, pertussis and mumps are spread mainly by droplets.

答案

C · A child with chickenpox (varicella)
7.临床护理

答案: B · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高

为什么是这个答案

组织灌注不良时乳酸会升高。脓毒症中乳酸高提示病情更重,并用于指导液体复苏。

答案

B · 乳酸升高表明组织灌注不良、风险更高
8.临床护理

答案: B · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord

为什么是这个答案

Increasing motor block, back pain or new weakness after an epidural can mean a haematoma or abscess compressing the cord. This is a surgical emergency: stop the infusion and get urgent medical review.

答案

B · An epidural haematoma or abscess compressing the spinal cord
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

为什么是这个答案

TRALI is acute lung injury within 6 hours of transfusion, caused by donor antibodies activating neutrophils in the lungs. It causes hypoxia, bilateral infiltrates and often hypotension and fever. TACO, in contrast, causes hypertension and signs of fluid overload.

答案

C · Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · Magnesium

为什么是这个答案

Low magnesium reduces parathyroid hormone secretion and the body's response to it, so hypocalcemia does not correct until magnesium is replaced. The same applies to refractory hypokalemia.核对依据: Magnesium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)

答案

C · Magnesium
11.药理学

答案: C · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night

为什么是这个答案

Zolpidem can cause next-day impairment and complex sleep behaviours such as sleep-walking or sleep-driving. Alcohol and other sedatives increase these risks.

答案

C · Take it right before bed, only if you can sleep a full night
12.药理学

答案: D · Intravenous calcium gluconate

为什么是这个答案

IV calcium stabilises the myocardial cell membrane within minutes and reduces the risk of arrhythmia. Other treatments then shift potassium into cells (insulin with glucose) or remove it from the body.

答案

D · Intravenous calcium gluconate
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Significant peripheral arterial disease

为什么是这个答案

An ABPI of roughly 1.0–1.3 is normal, and below 0.9 indicates peripheral arterial disease; lower values mean more severe disease. A value above about 1.3 suggests calcified, incompressible vessels, common in diabetes, and is unreliable.

答案

C · Significant peripheral arterial disease
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · 让患者坐起,全面评估并报告液体过多

为什么是这个答案

体重迅速增加伴湿啰音和端坐呼吸提示液体过多和心力衰竭加重。坐直可减少静脉回流并缓解呼吸。护士应完成评估(氧合趋势、液体平衡、水肿)并上报,以便开处方者调整利尿剂。补充更多液体或平躺会加重淤血。

答案

B · 让患者坐起,全面评估并报告液体过多
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · At the tragus of the ear

为什么是这个答案

The EVD is levelled at the tragus, which approximates the foramen of Monro. If the head of the bed is changed, the drain must be re-levelled, because its height decides how much CSF drains.

答案

B · At the tragus of the ear
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具

为什么是这个答案

用于松开背心前部的工具应一直固定在背心上,以便在心肺复苏或气道管理时迅速打开。针孔部位需要定期护理以防感染,并需要教导患者背心下的皮肤护理。

答案

B · 用于打开背心前部以便进行心肺复苏的工具
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Post-dural puncture headache

为什么是这个答案

CSF leaking through the dural puncture lowers pressure and causes a positional headache. Fluids, simple analgesia and caffeine may help, and the anaesthetist is informed; an epidural blood patch is sometimes needed.

答案

B · Post-dural puncture headache
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整

为什么是这个答案

胰腺炎使液体丢失到组织中,所以早期静脉补液很重要。最新指南倾向于使用哈特曼液或乳酸林格液等平衡晶体液进行适度、以目标为导向的复苏,并根据心率、血压和尿量调整,因为过于积极的补液只会增加负荷而没有益处。

答案

D · 以目标为导向的平衡晶体液,根据反应调整
19.产科护理

答案: D · Face-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby

为什么是这个答案

En face positioning, touching, talking in a high-pitched voice and calling the baby by name are positive bonding behaviours. Persistent avoidance needs further assessment and support.

答案

D · Face-to-face eye contact and talking to the baby
20.产科护理

答案: C · Let her push with her urge in a position she prefers

为什么是这个答案

Spontaneous pushing with the urge, short breath holds and upright or side-lying positions are encouraged. Long, forced Valsalva pushing in the supine position can reduce placental blood flow.

答案

C · Let her push with her urge in a position she prefers
21.儿科护理

答案: C · 自上几次就诊以来,体重已跨越两条主要百分位线下降

为什么是这个答案

沿着较低百分位稳步生长的儿童可能只是个子小。跨越两条主要百分位线提示生长迟缓,需要评估喂养、疾病和社会状况。

答案

C · 自上几次就诊以来,体重已跨越两条主要百分位线下降
22.儿科护理

答案: C · To help infected fluid collect in the pelvis rather than spread upwards

为什么是这个答案

A semi-upright position helps any infected fluid drain towards the pelvis, where an abscess is easier to manage, rather than tracking under the diaphragm. It also eases breathing and coughing after abdominal surgery.

答案

C · To help infected fluid collect in the pelvis rather than spread upwards
23.精神科护理

答案: A · Doing things while not fully awake, such as sleepwalking or driving, with no memory of it

为什么是这个答案

Zolpidem and similar "Z-drugs" can cause complex sleep behaviours, such as sleep-walking, sleep-driving or cooking while not fully awake, which can cause serious injury. These must be reported and the drug stopped.

答案

A · Doing things while not fully awake, such as sleepwalking or driving, with no memory of it
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Neither confirm nor deny that he is there, and offer to pass on a message

为什么是这个答案

Without the patient's consent, the nurse should not disclose that a person is receiving mental health care. Offering to pass on a message respects confidentiality while allowing the patient to decide.

答案

A · Neither confirm nor deny that he is there, and offer to pass on a message
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: x = 0.96 mL

取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。

百分位位上的数字

0.96254 → 6

只看下一位数字

0.96254 → 2
2 小于或等于 4,所以 6 不变。
后面的数字(54)不考虑:只取整一次,不要逐位取整。

取整

x = 0.96 mL

答案

x = 0.96 mL
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: N = 5

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

总体积

5 mL × 3 × 14 = 210 mL

瓶数

210/50 = 4.2 → N = 5

答案

N = 5
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.6 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

2000 mg/8 mL = 250 mg/mL

体积

V = 150/250 = 0.6 mL

答案

V = 0.6 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: W = 150 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 5·200/20 = 50 mL

需加水量

W = 200 − 50 = 150 mL

答案

W = 150 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 185 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1000/6 = 166.7 mL/h

新速率

R = 370/2 = 185 mL/h

答案

R = 185 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 4 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

400/500 = 0.8 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 0.8·5 = 4 mg/h

答案

D = 4 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 790 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 120 + 250 + 150 = 520 mL
冰屑: 240/2 = 120 mL
静脉输液: 75·8 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·100 = 100 mL
总入量 = 1340 mL

总出量

150 + 250 + 150 = 550 mL

平衡

B = 1340 − 550 = 790 mL

答案

B = 790 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 7.3 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

第一部分

75·4 = 300 mL
500 − 300 = 200 mL 剩余

第二部分

200/60 = 3.333 h

总时间

t = 4 + 3.333 = 7.333 ≈ 7.3 h

答案

t = 7.3 h

约为 7 h 20 min,所以袋子大约在 19:20 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: NEWS2 = 10

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 9/min → 1
SpO₂ 92% → 2
吸氧 → 2
SBP 136 mmHg → 0
HR 98/min → 1
仅对声音有反应 (V) → 3
T 35.8 °C → 1

相加

NEWS2 = 1 + 2 + 2 + 0 + 1 + 3 + 1 = 10

答案

NEWS2 = 10
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 20/min → 0
SpO₂ 86% → 3
吸空气 → 0
SBP 142 mmHg → 0
HR 126/min → 2
清醒 (A) → 0
T 37.6 °C → 0

总分和红色分值

NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 0 = 5
至少有一个参数得 3 分。

风险组

中

答案

中

总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。

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