感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
How should a nurse help a patient with severe visual impairment on admission?
A patient taking furosemide has a serum potassium of 3.0 mmol/L (3.0 mEq/L). Why is this important?
一名护士正在为两位患者准备药物。最安全的做法是什么?
一名意识混乱的患者不断拉扯鼻胃管。应首先尝试哪种方法?
RN 将哪项任务委派给 LPN/LVN 最为恰当?
A patient with diabetic ketoacidosis is about to start an IV insulin infusion. The serum potassium is 3.0 mEq/L. What should the nurse do?
一名心力衰竭患者两天内体重增加 2 kg。这最可能说明什么?
一名颅脑损伤患者的 GCS 从 14 分降至 10 分,一侧瞳孔变大且对光反应迟钝。护士应该怎么做?
一名抗利尿激素分泌失调综合征(SIADH)患者的钠为 128 mEq/L。护士预期会有哪项处方措施?
The nurse teaches a patient who is collecting a 24-hour urine sample at home. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient uses two different eye drops at the same time of day. What should the nurse advise?
A patient receiving a phenylephrine infusion has a rise in blood pressure and a fall in heart rate. What is the best explanation?
A patient takes both digoxin and furosemide. Why does the nurse watch the potassium level closely?
一名因心房颤动服用华法林的患者被开具克拉霉素。哪项措施最恰当?
A patient with untreated hyperthyroidism is losing weight. Which diet is most appropriate until the condition is controlled?
A patient with CKD has a high phosphate, a low calcium and a high PTH. What does this show?
Which measure helps reduce the risk of delirium in an older surgical patient?
A patient is booked for a urea breath test for H. pylori. Which medicine should usually be stopped 2 weeks before the test?
In which order do the final cardinal movements of labour occur after extension?
The triage nurse receives four phone calls from pregnant women. Who should be told to come in immediately?
A 2-year-old suddenly began coughing while eating peanuts. He now has a wheeze on one side of the chest only. What is most likely?
After hypospadias repair, a toddler has a urinary catheter. Which nursing action has priority?
A man with an intellectual disability is becoming irritable. Staff say it is "just his learning disability". What is this an example of?
A man is found in a city far from home. He cannot remember who he is or how he got there, but his speech and thinking are otherwise normal. Tests show no head injury or intoxication. What is most likely?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 4:10 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 20:35 开始,到次日早晨 08:35 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少小时t?答案以小数表示小时数,取到两位小数。
一名体重 9 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 20 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
处方为 2900 单位的药物,药液规格为 5000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
医嘱要求以 125 mL/h 输液,但没有输液泵。改用滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
一组输液以 28 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 450 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 07:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 14:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 10 次/分,SpO₂ 93%吸室内空气,血压 84/50 mmHg,脉搏 82 次/分,清醒,体温 37.4 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 65 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 111 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 65 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?
答案: A · Introduce themselves, describe the room and keep items in place
Saying who you are, explaining the layout and keeping items in familiar places help orientation and safety. When guiding, let the patient hold your arm.
答案: D · Loop diuretics cause potassium loss, and low levels can cause arrhythmias
Furosemide increases potassium loss in the urine. Hypokalaemia causes muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias, so the result is reported and replacement considered.
答案: B · 一次只为一名患者准备并给药
在床边一次只为一名患者准备、核对和给药,可减少患者错误。把药物混在一起会使差错更容易发生。
答案: A · 限制性较小的措施,如重新定向和陪护
应先尝试限制性较小的措施:重新定向、查找疼痛等原因、把管道固定在看不到的位置,以及安排人员陪伴患者。只有这些措施无效且患者有风险时,才在有医嘱的情况下使用约束或镇静剂。
答案: A · 为病情稳定的患者置入留置导尿管
为病情稳定的患者置入导尿管是常在 LPN/LVN 范围内的技能。入院评估、初次教育和开始输血通常仍由 RN 负责。具体范围因州和国家而异。
答案: A · Report the result before starting, because insulin will push potassium even lower
Insulin drives potassium into cells and can cause dangerous hypokalemia, so a low starting potassium must be reported. US (ADA) guidance delays insulin until potassium is at least 3.3 mEq/L; UK (JBDS) guidance asks for urgent senior review and potassium replacement. Either way, the prescriber decides.
答案: A · 液体潴留
心衰患者体重骤增通常意味着液体超负荷。每天称重是监测液体平衡最简单的方法。
答案: A · 作为神经科急症立即上报
GCS 下降伴单侧瞳孔散大提示颅内压升高、可能发生脑疝。需要紧急医疗评估和影像学检查。
答案: D · 限制液体
在 SIADH 中,过多的抗利尿激素使肾脏潴留水分,稀释了钠。限制液体是首要措施。低渗液体或额外的水会使钠进一步降低。核对依据: Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: A · "If I forget to save one void, I'll just carry on to the end"
A 24-hour collection is valid only if every void in the period is saved; if a void is lost, the nurse or clinic is told and the collection is usually restarted. Keeping the container cool as instructed, adding the final void at the end time and asking about restrictions are correct.核对依据: Urine 24-hour volume · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: C · Wait at least 5 minutes between the two drops
Waiting several minutes allows the first drop to be absorbed before the next is applied. Eye ointments are usually applied last.
答案: D · Alpha-1 vasoconstriction raises blood pressure and causes reflex bradycardia
Phenylephrine is a pure alpha-1 agonist with little direct cardiac action. The higher blood pressure activates baroreceptors, which increase vagal tone and slow the heart.
答案: B · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
Digoxin binds to the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase pump at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, more digoxin binds, so toxicity and arrhythmias become more likely. Loop diuretics commonly cause hypokalaemia, so the combination needs monitoring.
答案: A · 询问是否应提前检查 INR,因为它可能升高
包括克拉霉素等大环内酯类、某些氟喹诺酮类和复方磺胺甲噁唑在内的几种抗生素,可使 INR 升高并增加出血风险。需要更密切地监测 INR,并可能需要调整剂量。未经建议停用或加倍华法林是不安全的。
答案: B · A high-calorie diet with enough protein
Excess thyroid hormone raises metabolism, so patients need more calories and protein to prevent weight loss. Caffeine is limited because it worsens palpitations, tremor and anxiety.
答案: D · Secondary hyperparathyroidism from CKD
In CKD, phosphate retention and low active vitamin D lower calcium, so the parathyroid glands release more PTH. This secondary hyperparathyroidism weakens bone. Treatment includes phosphate control, vitamin D and sometimes calcimimetics.
答案: C · Making sure they have their glasses and hearing aids
Delirium prevention includes using glasses and hearing aids, orientation, good sleep, hydration, nutrition, early mobilisation, pain control, avoiding unnecessary sedatives and involving family.
答案: C · Omeprazole
PPIs suppress H. pylori and can give false-negative breath or stool tests, so they are usually stopped 2 weeks before. Antibiotics are usually stopped 4 weeks before testing.
答案: B · Restitution, external rotation, expulsion
After extension delivers the head, it rotates back into line with the shoulders (restitution), then rotates further as the shoulders turn (external rotation), and finally the body is born (expulsion).
答案: B · At 36 weeks with constant pain and a hard uterus
Constant pain with a hard, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, which can threaten mother and fetus even with little visible bleeding. The other symptoms are common discomforts.
答案: C · An inhaled foreign body
A sudden cough or choking episode while eating, followed by a one-sided wheeze or reduced breath sounds, strongly suggests foreign body aspiration. It needs urgent assessment and usually removal by bronchoscopy.
答案: D · Keep the catheter draining freely and check for kinks or blockage
After repair, the catheter or stent protects the new urethra while it heals. It must drain freely; blockage causes bladder spasm and pressure on the repair. Fluids are encouraged, and the dressing is managed as the surgeon directs.
答案: A · Diagnostic overshadowing
Diagnostic overshadowing happens when new symptoms are attributed to a known disability or mental illness, so a physical or other cause is missed. It contributes to poorer health outcomes.
答案: B · Dissociative amnesia with dissociative fugue
In dissociative fugue, the person travels away and cannot recall their identity or past, usually after a stressful event. Medical causes such as head injury, seizures and substances must be ruled out first.
答案: 04:10
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: t = 12 h
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 9 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 0.58 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 125 gtt/min
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
使用微滴输液器(60 gtt/mL)时,gtt/min 等于 mL/h。
答案: t = 5.4 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1830 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 650 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: NEWS2 = 6
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: DBP = 42 mmHg
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
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