感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which care best protects the skin of a patient with frequent urinary incontinence?
In an emergency a doctor gives a verbal order for a medicine. What should the nurse do?
为什么即使换用新针头,胰岛素笔也绝不能用于多名患者?
A nurse who is not immune to chickenpox was exposed to a patient with varicella before precautions began. What usually happens?
一名稳定的成人腹痛,生命体征正常。他们将需要血液检查和 CT 扫描。哪个 ESI 级别合适?
Which patient is the most appropriate to assign to an LPN/LVN?
An older adult has left lower abdominal pain, fever and a raised CRP. Which condition is most likely?
A nurse teaches a patient with hypertension about their medicines. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
慢性肾脏病患者应在何时服用醋酸钙或司维拉姆等磷结合剂?
患者早晨服药后 2 小时抽取的血锂水平为 1.0 mEq/L,开医嘱者打算增加剂量。护士应指出什么?
A patient with heart failure starts furosemide. Which self-monitoring instruction is most useful?
A patient on warfarin is taught about diet. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
什么是射血分数?
A patient with pneumonia has a temperature of 39 °C, pain and a sinus tachycardia of 122/min. BP is normal. What is the best way to manage the heart rate?
A patient's potassium stays low despite replacement. Which other level should be checked?
卒中阿替普酶输注期间,患者出现剧烈头痛、呕吐和 GCS 下降。护士首先应做什么?
Which advice is appropriate for a patient with a very low platelet count?
A patient with gallstones has a temperature of 39 °C with rigors, jaundice and right upper abdominal pain. What should the nurse suspect?
A woman who is not breastfeeding has painful engorged breasts on day 3. Which advice is best?
A deceleration lasts 3 minutes before the baseline recovers. How is this classified?
打针后,一名 4 岁儿童坚持要在注射部位贴上创可贴。如何解释?
9 个月婴儿的哪项发现最需要尽快进行发育随访?
A man taking risperidone reports breast enlargement and his partner says he has lost interest in sex. Which effect is the most likely cause?
According to DSM-5, which childhood condition is a requirement for a later diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 101 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1 杯 / 茶, 2 tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 70 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 30 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一名患者体重 46.2 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 2 mg/kg,储备液为 1 mL 中含 50 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 32 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 300 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一份 1000 mL 的输液于 11:30 开始以 80 mL/h 输注。2 小时后速率改为 60 mL/h,之后不再改变。从开始算起多少小时 t 后袋子会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 非常潮湿; 活动: 偶尔步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 极好; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 94 kg,身高 171 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: A · Gentle cleansing after each episode and a barrier product
Moisture and urine break down the skin barrier. Prompt, gentle cleansing with a pH-balanced cleanser and a barrier cream or film protects against incontinence-associated dermatitis.
答案: A · Write it down, read it back and make sure it is signed later as per policy
Verbal orders are used only where local policy allows, such as emergencies. Reading back the drug, dose and route confirms the order, and it is documented and signed as soon as possible.
答案: B · 血液可能倒流进药筒并传播感染
血液和皮肤细胞可能被吸回药筒,所以共用笔可传播血源性感染。每支笔都标明仅供一名患者使用。
答案: D · The nurse is assessed and kept from patient contact during the incubation period per policy
A non-immune worker exposed to varicella may become infectious before the rash appears, so they are usually excluded from patient contact for the incubation period, and post-exposure vaccination or other measures may be offered.
答案: C · 3 级
血液检查(一种资源)加 CT 扫描(第二种资源)共两种资源,当生命体征可接受时为 ESI 3 级。
答案: A · A patient with a long-standing tracheostomy who needs routine suctioning and care
Routine tracheostomy care for a stable, long-term patient fits the LPN/LVN role in most settings. Fresh or bleeding tracheostomies, new admissions and titrated IV drugs need RN assessment.
答案: D · Diverticulitis
Diverticulitis is inflammation of diverticula, usually in the sigmoid colon, so pain is typically in the left iliac fossa. It is common in older adults.
答案: B · "I'll stop my tablets once my readings are normal."
Hypertension usually needs long-term treatment; stopping because readings are normal often makes blood pressure rise again. Patients should discuss any changes with their prescriber.
答案: C · 随餐服用
磷结合剂在肠道中起作用,结合食物中的磷酸盐,因此应随餐服用。在两餐之间服用几乎没有效果。
答案: C · 样本是在服药后太早采集的,因此不是有效的水平
血锂水平的标准采血时间是末次服药后约 12 小时,通常在早晨服药前。服药后 2 小时的样本捕获的是吸收峰值,与目标范围不可比,因此不应据此改变剂量。
答案: A · Weigh daily at the same time on the same scales
Daily weight is the best home measure of fluid balance. A rapid gain suggests fluid retention, and a rapid loss suggests overdiuresis and dehydration, both of which should be reported.
答案: B · "I will stop eating all green vegetables from now on."
Patients on warfarin should keep their vitamin K intake consistent rather than avoid it. Sudden changes in green vegetable intake can make the INR unstable.
答案: B · 每次心搏射出的心室血量所占的百分比
射血分数 = 每搏量 ÷ 舒张末期容积,正常约为 50–70%。射血分数降低的心力衰竭通常定义为 40% 或更低。心输出量是每分钟的容量,每搏量是每次心搏的容量。
答案: A · Treat the fever, pain and possible dehydration, then reassess
Sinus tachycardia is usually a physiological response to fever, pain, hypovolaemia, anxiety, hypoxia or sepsis. Treating the cause (antipyretics, analgesia, fluids, oxygen if needed) is appropriate, while watching for sepsis. Rate-slowing drugs can be harmful by masking compensation.
答案: D · Magnesium
Hypomagnesaemia increases potassium loss in the urine and makes hypokalaemia hard to correct. Magnesium is checked and replaced as well.
答案: D · 停止输注并紧急呼叫卒中团队
溶栓期间或之后新出现的头痛、呕吐、高血压或神经功能恶化,可能提示症状性颅内出血。应停止输注,安排紧急医疗评估,并预期紧急 CT 扫描和凝血检查。
答案: C · Use a soft toothbrush and an electric razor
With thrombocytopenia, the nurse reduces bleeding risk: soft toothbrush, electric razor, no NSAIDs or aspirin, avoiding IM injections and rectal procedures, and reporting bleeding, bruising or blood in urine or stool.
答案: B · Ascending cholangitis
Fever, jaundice and right upper quadrant pain suggest infection of an obstructed bile duct. It can rapidly cause sepsis and needs blood cultures, IV antibiotics, fluids and urgent biliary drainage, usually by ERCP.
答案: D · Wear a supportive bra and use cold packs
In non-breastfeeding women, stimulation increases milk production. A firm supportive bra, cold packs and mild analgesics help until the engorgement settles in a few days.
答案: A · A prolonged deceleration
A prolonged deceleration lasts at least 2 minutes but less than 10. A decrease of 10 minutes or more is a baseline change. The cause, such as hypotension or tachysystole, should be found and corrected.
答案: D · 学龄前儿童害怕身体受伤,可能认为体内的东西会漏出来
学龄前儿童对身体的理解有限,害怕受伤和残缺。创可贴可让他们放心,觉得身体又“关上”了。
答案: C · 婴儿只用一只手,忽略另一只手
约 18 个月之前出现明显的利手偏好,可能提示另一侧无力,例如脑瘫。不会走、怕生和没有清晰的词是 9 个月时的典型表现。
答案: B · Raised prolactin
Blocking dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular pathway raises prolactin. This can cause gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea, menstrual problems and sexual dysfunction; risperidone and first-generation antipsychotics commonly cause it.
答案: B · Evidence of conduct disorder starting before age 15
Antisocial personality disorder can only be diagnosed in adults aged 18 or older, and there must be evidence of conduct disorder with onset before age 15.
答案: T = 38.3 °C
温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。
答案: V = 257.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 700 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.84 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 42 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。
答案: t = 3.1 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 900 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 16 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 16 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 03:30 输完。
答案: B = 20
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 肥胖 I 级
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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