感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A small blood spill is found on the ward floor. What is the correct approach?
An older patient with diarrhoea for three days is dizzy on standing and passing small amounts of dark urine. What is the most likely problem?
A child has swallowed a button battery. Why is this urgent?
Victims of a chemical spill arrive at the emergency department with liquid on their skin and clothing. What is the priority before they enter the building?
护士发现一名患者躺在床边的地板上。首要行动是什么?
在资源极其有限的灾难中,一名几乎全身严重烧伤的伤员被标为黑色。哪项原则解释了这个决定?
静脉输液过程中,留置针周围区域变得肿胀、发凉、苍白,输液速度减慢。可能发生了什么?
A patient with a COPD exacerbation remains acidotic with a high PaCO2 despite optimal medical treatment and controlled oxygen. Which treatment is usually considered next?
A 55-year-old has a positive fecal immunochemical test (FIT) during routine screening. What is the usual next step?
哪一组结果最能代表缺铁性贫血?
阿米替林等三环类抗抑郁药过量为什么特别危险?
A patient on digoxin is started on amiodarone. What change should the nurse expect?
Which ECG change is classically linked with hyperkalaemia?
经桡动脉心导管检查术后,最重要的评估是什么?
Which finding most suggests fluid overload in a patient with chronic kidney disease?
A drowsy patient's glucose meter shows "HI". What should the nurse do?
Why is a urinary catheter usually inserted in a patient with a major burn?
Four patients from a house fire arrive in the emergency department. Which should the nurse assess first?
Which is a common sign of iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy?
Why does the foramen ovale close soon after birth?
一名 9 个月大的婴儿出现阵发性剧烈哭闹,双膝蜷起,并排出看起来像红醋栗果冻的大便。可能的原因是什么?
An 8-year-old tells the nurse that her uncle touches her in a way she does not like and asks the nurse to keep it secret. What is the best response?
哪个因素是未来自杀的最强预测因素之一?
A man has odd beliefs about being able to read minds, dresses eccentrically and has few friends because others make him anxious. He has never had sustained hallucinations or delusions. Which diagnosis fits best?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 9:55 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了4 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ fl oz / 果汁, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 3 杯 / 茶。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 25 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 10 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一袋输液在 250 mL 中含 25000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 500 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?
滴注以 60 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 6 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
一袋液体在 250 mL 中含药 100 mg,以 30 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 91 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 13:30 开始用输液泵以 60 mL/h 输注。到 19:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者呼唤时睁眼,只发出无法理解的声音,如呻吟,最佳运动反应表现为:把肢体从压迫处缩回(正常屈曲)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 18 次/分,SpO₂ 92%吸室内空气,血压 222/134 mmHg,脉搏 58 次/分,清醒,体温 37.2 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: C · Wear gloves and an apron and clean it with an approved disinfectant per policy
Under standard precautions all blood is handled as potentially infectious. Spills are cleaned promptly using PPE and the spill kit or disinfectant set out in local policy.
答案: A · Dehydration from fluid loss
Diarrhoea causes loss of water and electrolytes. Postural dizziness and concentrated low-volume urine show dehydration, which needs fluid replacement, electrolyte checks and close monitoring.
答案: C · It can burn through the lining of the esophagus within hours
A button battery lodged in the esophagus can cause severe chemical burns within a few hours, so the child needs emergency assessment and often removal. It should never be treated as harmless.
答案: A · Decontaminate them outside, with staff wearing appropriate PPE
Contaminated patients are decontaminated outside the department so the chemical is not brought inside to harm staff and other patients. Staff doing this wear PPE suited to the hazard.
答案: D · 在移动患者之前,评估其反应性和损伤情况
护士首先检查反应性、呼吸和头部外伤或髋部骨折等损伤。然后才在帮助下安全地移动患者。通知医疗人员,之后再完成报告。
答案: D · 为最多的人做最大的好事
在大规模伤亡事件中,资源用在能挽救最多生命的地方。即使给予全面治疗也不太可能存活的伤员接受安宁照护,而工作人员则救治可挽救的伤员。在日常分诊中,通常先看病情最重的患者。
答案: D · 液体渗入周围组织(渗出)
渗出会使皮肤发凉、肿胀、苍白。应停止输液并拔除留置针。如果液体是发疱剂,则属于外渗,需要特殊处理。
答案: D · Non-invasive ventilation
In hypercapnic respiratory failure from COPD that persists despite treatment, non-invasive ventilation (bilevel positive pressure) supports ventilation and lowers PaCO2. Stopping oxygen would cause dangerous hypoxia.
答案: D · Referral for colonoscopy
A positive FIT means hidden blood in the stool, which may come from a polyp, cancer or other lesion, so a colonoscopy is needed to find the source. A positive screening test is never ignored, even without symptoms.核对依据: Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: C · 血红蛋白低、红细胞小(MCV 低)和铁蛋白低
缺铁引起小细胞性贫血(MCV 低),铁储备低(铁蛋白低)。红细胞大提示维生素 B12 或叶酸缺乏。核对依据: Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); RBC indices · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: D · 心律失常和癫痫发作
三环类阻断心脏钠通道(使 QRS 波群增宽),并有抗胆碱作用。过量时会引起心律失常、低血压、癫痫发作和昏迷。
答案: B · Digoxin levels rise, so the digoxin dose is often reduced
Amiodarone inhibits P-glycoprotein and reduces digoxin clearance, so digoxin levels rise. The digoxin dose is often reduced, and the patient is monitored for bradycardia and toxicity; amiodarone also raises warfarin levels.
答案: A · Tall, peaked T waves
Rising potassium causes tall, tented T waves, then a flattened P wave, a prolonged PR interval and a widening QRS that can progress to ventricular fibrillation or asystole. U waves suggest hypokalaemia; a sawtooth baseline is atrial flutter.
答案: D · 手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位
桡动脉入路后,应检查压迫装置和穿刺部位有无出血或血肿,并检查手部的颜色、温度、毛细血管再充盈、感觉和活动。桡动脉闭塞和前臂骨筋膜室综合征是可能的并发症。
答案: A · A weight gain of 2 kg (4.4 lb) in two days with ankle swelling
Rapid weight gain reflects fluid retention. Oedema, breathlessness, crackles in the lungs and a raised blood pressure are other signs. Daily weights are a simple and reliable way to track fluid balance.
答案: D · Treat it as very high, check ketones and escalate
"HI" means the glucose is above the meter's upper range. In a drowsy patient this may be DKA or HHS. A laboratory glucose, ketones, observations and urgent medical review are needed.
答案: D · Hourly urine output guides fluid resuscitation
Fluid formulas give an initial estimate; the rate is then adjusted to urine output, typically around 0.5 mL/kg/h in adults, along with other signs of perfusion.
答案: C · Circumferential chest burns, with breathing becoming shallow and laboured
Circumferential full-thickness burns of the chest form rigid eschar that restricts chest expansion and can cause respiratory failure. This patient needs immediate breathing assessment, senior help and possibly urgent escharotomy. The others need care but are not immediately life-threatening.
答案: B · Tiredness, pallor and breathlessness
Iron deficiency causes fatigue, pallor, breathlessness, palpitations and sometimes pica. A full blood count and ferritin confirm the diagnosis.
答案: A · Left atrial pressure rises above right atrial pressure
With the first breaths, pulmonary resistance falls and more blood returns to the left atrium, while cord clamping lowers right-sided pressure. The higher left atrial pressure pushes the flap of the foramen ovale shut.
答案: D · 肠套叠
肠套叠引起间歇性绞痛、呕吐、腊肠样肿块以及带血和黏液的大便。这是急症。
答案: B · Listen calmly, praise her for telling, explain it must be shared, and follow safeguarding
The nurse listens without showing shock, reassures the child, avoids leading questions, records her words accurately and explains that people who can help need to know. The concern is reported at once through the safeguarding procedure.
答案: A · 既往自杀未遂
既往自杀未遂会大大增加风险。其他危险因素包括精神障碍、物质使用、绝望感、获得致命手段的途径、近期丧失和社会孤立。社会支持和生存理由是保护因素。
答案: B · Schizotypal personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder involves odd beliefs, magical thinking, eccentric behaviour and social anxiety. It lies on the schizophrenia spectrum, but without the sustained psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia.
答案: 21:55
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 840 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 83.33 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 5 mL/h
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 360 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 12 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 0.48 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 140 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: 中度
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 中
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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