感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Why does long-term immobility increase the risk of kidney stones?
An infusion pump alarms "occlusion". What should the nurse check first?
下列哪种使用药瓶和注射器的做法是安全的?
一名干细胞移植后严重免疫抑制的患者住在保护性环境中。下列哪件物品不应带入房间?
A nurse sees a nursing assistant leave a confused patient’s bed in the highest position after care. What should the nurse do?
A patient admitted with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly got better, but now the abdomen is rigid and the heart rate is rising. What does this suggest?
一名服用华法林的患者 INR 远高于目标范围并有瘀斑。可能会开哪种药物来逆转其作用?
During CPR for asystole, when should adrenaline (epinephrine) be given according to standard adult guidelines?
Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?
Two days after bowel surgery, a patient with nasogastric suction has a distended abdomen, absent bowel sounds and muscle weakness. The potassium is 2.8 mEq/L. Which interpretation is best?
How should a hyoscine (scopolamine) patch for motion sickness be used?
丙磺舒曾被用来提高血浆青霉素水平。它是如何做到的?
How does intermittent pneumatic compression help prevent DVT?
An older ex-smoker has a dry cough and worsening breathlessness over a year, finger clubbing and fine "Velcro-like" crackles at both bases at the end of inspiration. Which condition is most likely?
Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?
A patient on IV gentamicin has a rising creatinine and a high trough level. What should the nurse do?
A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?
A worker has a hydrofluoric acid burn on the hand and severe pain. After irrigation with water, which specific treatment is commonly applied?
A preterm baby on feeds develops a swollen abdomen, bloody stools and feeding intolerance. Which condition is suspected?
At 18 weeks, a woman's maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is well above the normal range for her dates. Which condition does this result most suggest?
Which finding is expected in a healthy 4-month-old?
一名 9 个月大、疑似肠套叠的婴儿一直阵发性哭闹。在等待操作期间,婴儿排出正常的棕色大便,疼痛消失。护士应怎么做?
In the termination phase of the nurse–patient relationship, which behaviour is common and should be expected?
A patient who takes fluoxetine in the evening says he has had trouble falling asleep since starting it. What should the nurse suggest?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 4:10 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 128 µmol/L。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 mg/dL 表示的c。取到两位小数。
某患者体重 18 kg,医嘱为单次给药 2 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。
处方剂量为 680 微克。安瓿浓度为 1 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 28 滴/分的速度经 60 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 61 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 11:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 19:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: D · Calcium released from bone raises the calcium in the urine
Without weight-bearing, bone releases calcium, and urine also drains less well when lying flat. Mobilisation and adequate fluids reduce the risk.
答案: B · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
An occlusion alarm means the flow is blocked, for example by a closed clamp, kinked tubing, a bent arm or a blocked cannula. The nurse checks from the bag to the patient.
答案: A · 每次穿刺药瓶时都使用新的无菌针头和注射器
针头和注射器均为一次性使用。用过的注射器会污染药瓶,肝炎暴发就曾与注射器重复使用有关。单剂量药瓶只用于一名患者,多剂量药瓶尽可能专用于一名患者。
答案: B · 鲜花或盆栽植物
鲜花和植物可携带曲霉菌(Aspergillus)等霉菌以及水源性细菌,可在严重免疫功能低下的患者中引起严重感染。干净、可擦拭的个人物品通常是允许的。
答案: C · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
A high bed increases the risk of a serious fall, so the nurse corrects it at once and gives brief, clear feedback. Leaving it or delaying feedback leaves the patient at risk.
答案: C · The appendix may have ruptured, causing peritonitis
A sudden ease in pain followed by a rigid abdomen and a rising pulse can mean rupture and peritonitis. This is a surgical emergency, so the nurse reports at once.
答案: D · 维生素 K
华法林抑制维生素 K 依赖的凝血因子。维生素 K(大出血时加用凝血酶原复合物)可以逆转其作用。鱼精蛋白用于逆转肝素。
答案: A · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
In non-shockable rhythms, adrenaline is given as soon as possible and repeated every 3–5 minutes while CPR continues. In shockable rhythms it is given after the third shock in UK/European guidelines (after the second shock in AHA guidelines).
答案: B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.核对依据: Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: A · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
Gastric suction removes potassium and causes metabolic alkalosis, which shifts more potassium into cells. Low potassium reduces smooth muscle contraction and contributes to ileus and weakness. The provider is informed and potassium is replaced as prescribed.核对依据: Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)
答案: D · Apply it behind the ear several hours before travel
The patch is applied behind the ear several hours before travel, and the hands are washed afterwards. Touching the eye with drug on the fingers can dilate the pupil and blur vision.
答案: D · 它阻断肾脏对青霉素的肾小管分泌
青霉素类主要由近端小管的有机阴离子转运体排泄。丙磺舒竞争这些转运体,使青霉素排泄变慢,血药浓度维持在较高水平。
答案: A · It squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart
Inflatable sleeves around the calves or feet inflate and deflate in cycles, increasing venous return and reducing stasis. They are used when anticoagulation is unsuitable or alongside it. They are not used on a leg with a known DVT or severe arterial disease.
答案: A · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis causes progressive breathlessness, a dry cough, clubbing and fine end-inspiratory crackles. Spirometry shows a restrictive pattern and CT shows fibrosis. Treatment includes antifibrotic drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen and palliative care.
答案: D · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.
答案: D · Hold the next dose and inform the prescriber
Aminoglycosides can cause acute tubular necrosis and ototoxicity, especially with high trough levels. A high trough suggests poor clearance. The dose is held and the prescriber reviews the regimen.
答案: C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.
答案: D · Calcium gluconate gel
Hydrofluoric acid penetrates deeply and binds calcium and magnesium, causing severe pain and possible life-threatening hypocalcaemia. Calcium gluconate gel binds fluoride; serum calcium and heart rhythm are monitored in larger exposures.
答案: C · Necrotising enterocolitis
Necrotising enterocolitis mainly affects preterm babies. Signs include abdominal distension, bilious aspirates, bloody stools and instability. Feeds are stopped and the baby is urgently reviewed. Breast milk lowers the risk.
答案: B · An open neural tube defect
High AFP is linked to open neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects, but also to wrong dates or twins. Low AFP is associated with trisomy 21. A detailed ultrasound is the next step.
答案: D · Holds the head steady when held upright, with little or no head lag
By about 4 months most infants have good head control with little head lag when pulled to sit. Sitting without support comes at about 6–8 months, pulling to stand at about 9 months and first words at about 12 months.
答案: B · 立即上报,因为这可能意味着肠套叠已经复位
正常大便可能意味着肠套叠已自行复位。必须通知医疗人员,因为计划的操作可能会改变;仍需监测婴儿有无复发。
答案: B · The patient may show anger, sadness or a return of earlier symptoms
Ending a relationship can trigger feelings of loss, so regression, anger or sadness are common. The nurse prepares the patient for the ending from the start and helps them talk about these feelings.
答案: B · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
Fluoxetine can be activating and cause insomnia. Taking it in the morning, with the prescriber's agreement, often helps. Stopping suddenly or using alcohol is unsafe.
答案: 04:10
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: c = 1.45 mg/dL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 36 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.68 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
答案: R = 28 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:28 滴/分。
答案: t = 21.4 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 1.3 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 125 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 10
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 低风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
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