NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Why does long-term immobility increase the risk of kidney stones?

  1. AThe kidneys stop producing urine during bed rest
  2. BPatients on bed rest drink too much fluid
  3. CLying flat makes the kidneys produce extra uric acid
  4. DCalcium released from bone raises the calcium in the urine
2.护理学基础困难

An infusion pump alarms "occlusion". What should the nurse check first?

  1. AThe fluid prescription chart and the infusion rate written on it
  2. BThe clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
  3. CThe battery level of the pump
  4. DThe patient's blood glucose level
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

下列哪种使用药瓶和注射器的做法是安全的?

  1. A每次穿刺药瓶时都使用新的无菌针头和注射器
  2. B换上新针头后重复使用注射器
  3. C注射器冲洗后用于两名患者
  4. D把针头留在药瓶瓶塞上以备后用
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

一名干细胞移植后严重免疫抑制的患者住在保护性环境中。下列哪件物品不应带入房间?

  1. A一台干净、已消毒的平板电脑
  2. B鲜花或盆栽植物
  3. C一张已擦拭干净的相框全家福
  4. D患者自己的干净衣物
5.优先排序与委派中等

A nurse sees a nursing assistant leave a confused patient’s bed in the highest position after care. What should the nurse do?

  1. AAsk the family to lower the bed when they next visit
  2. BLeave it because the patient is asleep
  3. CLower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
  4. DWrite it in the assistant’s yearly review only
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient admitted with suspected appendicitis says the pain suddenly got better, but now the abdomen is rigid and the heart rate is rising. What does this suggest?

  1. AThe pain has moved to a different, harmless place
  2. BThe appendicitis is getting better without surgery
  3. CThe appendix may have ruptured, causing peritonitis
  4. DThe patient’s analgesic has finally started to work
7.临床护理中等

一名服用华法林的患者 INR 远高于目标范围并有瘀斑。可能会开哪种药物来逆转其作用?

  1. A纳洛酮
  2. B硫酸鱼精蛋白
  3. C阿司匹林
  4. D维生素 K
8.临床护理困难

During CPR for asystole, when should adrenaline (epinephrine) be given according to standard adult guidelines?

  1. AAs soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
  2. BOnly once the patient has a pulse again
  3. COnly after three shocks have been delivered by the defibrillator
  4. DNever, because asystole is not treated with drugs
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

Which instruction is correct for a patient taking an oral potassium chloride supplement?

  1. ATake it on an empty stomach with only a small sip of water to speed absorption
  2. BTake it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
  3. CCrush the extended-release tablets and mix them with a little water if needed
  4. DUse a salt substitute as well, so less of the tablet is needed each day
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

Two days after bowel surgery, a patient with nasogastric suction has a distended abdomen, absent bowel sounds and muscle weakness. The potassium is 2.8 mEq/L. Which interpretation is best?

  1. AHypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
  2. BThe potassium is normal for the second day after surgery
  3. CThe low potassium is due to the patient drinking too much water
  4. DHyperkalemia from tissue damage is causing the bowel to stop
11.药理学中等

How should a hyoscine (scopolamine) patch for motion sickness be used?

  1. AApply it to the chest only after the vomiting has started
  2. BSwallow it if no water is available
  3. CCut it in half for children without advice
  4. DApply it behind the ear several hours before travel
12.药理学困难

丙磺舒曾被用来提高血浆青霉素水平。它是如何做到的?

  1. A它把青霉素从血浆蛋白上置换下来
  2. B它增加小肠对青霉素的吸收
  3. C它抑制肝脏对青霉素的代谢
  4. D它阻断肾脏对青霉素的肾小管分泌
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

How does intermittent pneumatic compression help prevent DVT?

  1. AIt squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart
  2. BIt breaks up and dissolves clots that have already formed in the veins
  3. CIt keeps the legs completely still to protect the veins
  4. DIt warms the legs gently so the blood becomes thinner and flows faster
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

An older ex-smoker has a dry cough and worsening breathlessness over a year, finger clubbing and fine "Velcro-like" crackles at both bases at the end of inspiration. Which condition is most likely?

  1. AIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
  2. BSpontaneous pneumothorax
  3. CAn acute asthma attack
  4. DCommunity-acquired pneumonia
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Why might a patient taking a beta-blocker not notice a hypoglycaemic episode?

  1. ABeta-blockers block the effect of all diabetes medicines
  2. BBeta-blockers raise blood glucose, so hypos cannot happen
  3. CBeta-blockers make the patient sleep through every hypo
  4. DBeta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A patient on IV gentamicin has a rising creatinine and a high trough level. What should the nurse do?

  1. AStop measuring the drug levels
  2. BEncourage more fluids and give the dose as planned
  3. CGive the next dose early to clear the infection quickly
  4. DHold the next dose and inform the prescriber
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

A patient had an upper GI endoscopy with a local anaesthetic throat spray. What must the nurse check before giving a drink?

  1. AThat bowel sounds are present in all four quadrants
  2. BThat the patient has passed urine since the procedure
  3. CThat swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
  4. DThat the patient's blood glucose is above normal
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A worker has a hydrofluoric acid burn on the hand and severe pain. After irrigation with water, which specific treatment is commonly applied?

  1. ASilver sulfadiazine cream
  2. BIce cubes wrapped in a cloth
  3. CSodium bicarbonate paste
  4. DCalcium gluconate gel
19.产科护理中等

A preterm baby on feeds develops a swollen abdomen, bloody stools and feeding intolerance. Which condition is suspected?

  1. AHirschsprung disease
  2. BCow's milk protein allergy
  3. CNecrotising enterocolitis
  4. DInfantile pyloric stenosis
20.产科护理困难

At 18 weeks, a woman's maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein is well above the normal range for her dates. Which condition does this result most suggest?

  1. APre-eclampsia
  2. BAn open neural tube defect
  3. CDown syndrome (trisomy 21)
  4. DGestational diabetes
21.儿科护理中等

Which finding is expected in a healthy 4-month-old?

  1. APulls to stand while holding on to furniture
  2. BSits steadily without support for several minutes while playing with toys
  3. CSays two or three clear words with meaning
  4. DHolds the head steady when held upright, with little or no head lag
22.儿科护理困难

一名 9 个月大、疑似肠套叠的婴儿一直阵发性哭闹。在等待操作期间,婴儿排出正常的棕色大便,疼痛消失。护士应怎么做?

  1. A忽略,因为正常大便对肠套叠没有临床意义
  2. B立即上报,因为这可能意味着肠套叠已经复位
  3. C立即喂婴儿一顿大餐
  4. D灌肠以清理肠道
23.精神科护理中等

In the termination phase of the nurse–patient relationship, which behaviour is common and should be expected?

  1. AThe patient finally begins to share their problems for the first time
  2. BThe patient may show anger, sadness or a return of earlier symptoms
  3. CThe patient always feels relieved and shows no feelings
  4. DThe patient asks for the relationship to start again from the beginning
24.精神科护理困难

A patient who takes fluoxetine in the evening says he has had trouble falling asleep since starting it. What should the nurse suggest?

  1. ADrink a small glass of wine or beer before bed to help him fall asleep
  2. BDiscuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
  3. CStop the fluoxetine at once and tell the prescriber at his next appointment
  4. DTake a double dose at night to make him sleepy
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
1234567891011124:10 AM?16:1003:1005:1004:10

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 4:10 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

4:10 AM
  1. 116:10
  2. 203:10
  3. 305:10
  4. 404:10
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
128 µmol/L? mg/dL1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血清肌酐结果为 128 µmol/L。按肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L,求以 mg/dL 表示的c。取到两位小数。

128 µmol/L1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L
c = mg/dL
27.剂量计算中等
18 kg2 mg/kgD = ? mg

某患者体重 18 kg,医嘱为单次给药 2 mg/kg。求剂量 D(mg)。

18 kg2 mg/kg
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 680 微克。安瓿浓度为 1 mg/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

680 mcg1 mg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1000 mL20 gtt/mL12 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1000 mL12 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
600 mL60 gtt/mL28 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 28 滴/分的速度经 60 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

28 gtt/min60 gtt/mL600 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次茶240 mL水120 mL静脉输液100 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液475 mL尿液300 mL尿液175 mL伤口引流100 mL呕吐物200 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 61 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

61 kg12 h尿液: 475 mL尿液: 300 mL尿液: 175 mL伤口引流: 100 mL呕吐物: 200 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL50 mL/h开始 11:4519:15: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 11:45 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 19:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

500 mL50 mL/h11:45 → 19:15
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 无损害; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
低风险中度风险高风险

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。

  1. 1低风险
  2. 2中度风险
  3. 3高风险

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Calcium released from bone raises the calcium in the urine

为什么是这个答案

Without weight-bearing, bone releases calcium, and urine also drains less well when lying flat. Mobilisation and adequate fluids reduce the risk.

答案

D · Calcium released from bone raises the calcium in the urine
2.护理学基础

答案: B · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site

为什么是这个答案

An occlusion alarm means the flow is blocked, for example by a closed clamp, kinked tubing, a bent arm or a blocked cannula. The nurse checks from the bag to the patient.

答案

B · The clamps, the tubing for kinks and the cannula site
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · 每次穿刺药瓶时都使用新的无菌针头和注射器

为什么是这个答案

针头和注射器均为一次性使用。用过的注射器会污染药瓶,肝炎暴发就曾与注射器重复使用有关。单剂量药瓶只用于一名患者,多剂量药瓶尽可能专用于一名患者。

答案

A · 每次穿刺药瓶时都使用新的无菌针头和注射器
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · 鲜花或盆栽植物

为什么是这个答案

鲜花和植物可携带曲霉菌(Aspergillus)等霉菌以及水源性细菌,可在严重免疫功能低下的患者中引起严重感染。干净、可擦拭的个人物品通常是允许的。

答案

B · 鲜花或盆栽植物
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters

为什么是这个答案

A high bed increases the risk of a serious fall, so the nurse corrects it at once and gives brief, clear feedback. Leaving it or delaying feedback leaves the patient at risk.

答案

C · Lower the bed now and remind the assistant why it matters
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · The appendix may have ruptured, causing peritonitis

为什么是这个答案

A sudden ease in pain followed by a rigid abdomen and a rising pulse can mean rupture and peritonitis. This is a surgical emergency, so the nurse reports at once.

答案

C · The appendix may have ruptured, causing peritonitis
7.临床护理

答案: D · 维生素 K

为什么是这个答案

华法林抑制维生素 K 依赖的凝血因子。维生素 K(大出血时加用凝血酶原复合物)可以逆转其作用。鱼精蛋白用于逆转肝素。

答案

D · 维生素 K
8.临床护理

答案: A · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes

为什么是这个答案

In non-shockable rhythms, adrenaline is given as soon as possible and repeated every 3–5 minutes while CPR continues. In shockable rhythms it is given after the third shock in UK/European guidelines (after the second shock in AHA guidelines).

答案

A · As soon as IV or IO access is obtained, then every 3–5 minutes
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets

为什么是这个答案

Oral potassium can irritate the esophagus and stomach, so it is taken with food and plenty of fluid, and extended-release forms are swallowed whole. Most salt substitutes contain potassium chloride and can add to the risk of hyperkalemia.核对依据: Potassium (drug information) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · Take it with food and a full glass of water, and do not crush extended-release tablets
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus

为什么是这个答案

Gastric suction removes potassium and causes metabolic alkalosis, which shifts more potassium into cells. Low potassium reduces smooth muscle contraction and contributes to ileus and weakness. The provider is informed and potassium is replaced as prescribed.核对依据: Hypokalemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2025)

答案

A · Hypokalemia from gastric losses is contributing to paralytic ileus
11.药理学

答案: D · Apply it behind the ear several hours before travel

为什么是这个答案

The patch is applied behind the ear several hours before travel, and the hands are washed afterwards. Touching the eye with drug on the fingers can dilate the pupil and blur vision.

答案

D · Apply it behind the ear several hours before travel
12.药理学

答案: D · 它阻断肾脏对青霉素的肾小管分泌

为什么是这个答案

青霉素类主要由近端小管的有机阴离子转运体排泄。丙磺舒竞争这些转运体,使青霉素排泄变慢,血药浓度维持在较高水平。

答案

D · 它阻断肾脏对青霉素的肾小管分泌
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · It squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart

为什么是这个答案

Inflatable sleeves around the calves or feet inflate and deflate in cycles, increasing venous return and reducing stasis. They are used when anticoagulation is unsuitable or alongside it. They are not used on a leg with a known DVT or severe arterial disease.

答案

A · It squeezes the legs in cycles to push venous blood towards the heart
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

为什么是这个答案

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis causes progressive breathlessness, a dry cough, clubbing and fine end-inspiratory crackles. Spirometry shows a restrictive pattern and CT shows fibrosis. Treatment includes antifibrotic drugs, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen and palliative care.

答案

A · Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo

为什么是这个答案

Beta-blockers blunt adrenergic warning symptoms such as palpitations and tremor. Sweating is often preserved. Patients should check their glucose when they feel unwell, rather than relying on symptoms alone.

答案

D · Beta-blockers can mask the tremor and racing heart of a hypo
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · Hold the next dose and inform the prescriber

为什么是这个答案

Aminoglycosides can cause acute tubular necrosis and ototoxicity, especially with high trough levels. A high trough suggests poor clearance. The dose is held and the prescriber reviews the regimen.

答案

D · Hold the next dose and inform the prescriber
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned

为什么是这个答案

Throat spray numbs the pharynx, so drinking too early risks aspiration. Fluids are given once the gag reflex and swallowing have returned, usually after about an hour, starting with sips of water.

答案

C · That swallowing and the gag reflex have returned
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · Calcium gluconate gel

为什么是这个答案

Hydrofluoric acid penetrates deeply and binds calcium and magnesium, causing severe pain and possible life-threatening hypocalcaemia. Calcium gluconate gel binds fluoride; serum calcium and heart rhythm are monitored in larger exposures.

答案

D · Calcium gluconate gel
19.产科护理

答案: C · Necrotising enterocolitis

为什么是这个答案

Necrotising enterocolitis mainly affects preterm babies. Signs include abdominal distension, bilious aspirates, bloody stools and instability. Feeds are stopped and the baby is urgently reviewed. Breast milk lowers the risk.

答案

C · Necrotising enterocolitis
20.产科护理

答案: B · An open neural tube defect

为什么是这个答案

High AFP is linked to open neural tube defects and abdominal wall defects, but also to wrong dates or twins. Low AFP is associated with trisomy 21. A detailed ultrasound is the next step.

答案

B · An open neural tube defect
21.儿科护理

答案: D · Holds the head steady when held upright, with little or no head lag

为什么是这个答案

By about 4 months most infants have good head control with little head lag when pulled to sit. Sitting without support comes at about 6–8 months, pulling to stand at about 9 months and first words at about 12 months.

答案

D · Holds the head steady when held upright, with little or no head lag
22.儿科护理

答案: B · 立即上报,因为这可能意味着肠套叠已经复位

为什么是这个答案

正常大便可能意味着肠套叠已自行复位。必须通知医疗人员,因为计划的操作可能会改变;仍需监测婴儿有无复发。

答案

B · 立即上报,因为这可能意味着肠套叠已经复位
23.精神科护理

答案: B · The patient may show anger, sadness or a return of earlier symptoms

为什么是这个答案

Ending a relationship can trigger feelings of loss, so regression, anger or sadness are common. The nurse prepares the patient for the ending from the start and helps them talk about these feelings.

答案

B · The patient may show anger, sadness or a return of earlier symptoms
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead

为什么是这个答案

Fluoxetine can be activating and cause insomnia. Taking it in the morning, with the prescriber's agreement, often helps. Stopping suddenly or using alcohol is unsafe.

答案

B · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 04:10

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

4 AM → 04

答案

04:10

答案

04:10
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: c = 1.45 mg/dL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

转换

c = 128/88.4 = 1.448 ≈ 1.45 mg/dL

答案

c = 1.45 mg/dL
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 36 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

剂量

2·18 = 36 mg

答案

D = 36 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.68 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

1 mg/mL = 1000 mcg/mL

体积

V = 680/1000 = 0.68 mL

答案

V = 0.68 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 28 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

12·60 = 720 min

滴速

R = 1000·20/720 = 27.78 ≈ 28 gtt/min

答案

R = 28 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:28 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 21.4 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

28·60/60 = 28 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 600/28 = 21.43 ≈ 21.4 h

答案

t = 21.4 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.3 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

475 + 300 + 175 = 950 mL

每千克每小时

U = 950/(61·12) = 1.298 ≈ 1.3 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.3 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 125 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

11:45 → 19:15 = 7.5 h

已输入体积

50·7.5 = 375 mL

剩余体积

V = 500 − 375 = 125 mL

答案

V = 125 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 10

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 无损害 → 4
潮湿程度: 持续潮湿 → 1
活动: 卧床不起 → 1
活动能力: 非常受限 → 2
营养: 非常差 → 1
摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题 → 1

相加

Braden 总分 = 4 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 10

答案

B = 10
34.临床评估评分

答案: 低风险

Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。

为每个条目评分

过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否 → 0
次要诊断: 否 → 0
行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助 → 0
静脉输液或封管: 否 → 0
步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅 → 0
精神状态: 了解自身局限 → 0

相加

Morse 总分 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 = 0

风险等级

0 → 低风险

答案

低风险

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