感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
When measuring a wound, how is the length usually taken?
An AED is about to deliver a shock. What must the rescuer do?
下列哪种脱手套的方法是正确的?
A visitor is receiving an electric shock from a faulty lamp and is still touching it. What should the nurse do first?
A patient has a reddened area on the sacrum that does not blanch when pressed. What is the priority action?
An adult has burns over 40% of the body with no signs of airway injury. Which treatment is the priority during the first hours?
过敏性休克的一线药物治疗是什么?
一名全髋关节置换术后的患者突然出现剧烈髋部疼痛,下肢缩短并发生旋转。最可能的并发症是什么?
对于疑似脓毒症的患者,应在何时采集血培养?
Weeks after neck surgery, a patient has muscle cramps and tingling. Calcium is low, phosphate is high and parathyroid hormone (PTH) is low. Which condition fits best?
A patient takes theophylline for COPD. Which advice is most important?
A patient taking azathioprine is prescribed allopurinol for gout. What is the main danger?
一名患者血压为 200/125 mmHg,伴新发意识混乱和视物模糊。通常应如何降压?
经桡动脉心导管检查术后,最重要的评估是什么?
An 80-year-old with angina is diagnosed with hypothyroidism. How is levothyroxine usually started?
一名腹膜透析患者发现引流出的液体比灌入的少。他们已四天没有排便,流出液清亮。最可能的原因是什么?
Why does a patient need lifelong vitamin B12 injections after total gastrectomy?
Which preoperative blood result should the nurse report to the team before elective surgery?
When should an Rh-negative woman with no anti-D antibodies routinely receive antenatal anti-D immunoglobulin?
A woman at 16 weeks says she drinks four cups of strong coffee a day. Which response is most appropriate?
How should an infant with heart failure be fed?
The parents of a 5-year-old refuse a life-saving blood transfusion for religious reasons. What generally happens?
Which finding in a patient with anorexia nervosa is most concerning?
开始使用氟哌啶醇五天后,一名患者体温 40 °C,四肢强直,意识模糊,血压波动并出汗。护士应首先做什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 9:55 AM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了½ fl oz / 果汁, 1 杯 / 茶, ½ tsp / 止咳糖浆。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 10 kg 的儿童按 4 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 25 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 28 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 10 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 5 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
将 1000 mg 药物稀释于 250 mL 中,通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 300 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 69 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 07:00 开始用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 09:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 是; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 是; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 49 kg,身高 161 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。
答案: D · In the head-to-toe direction across the longest part
Using the body's head-to-toe axis for length and side-to-side for width keeps measurements consistent between nurses, so changes in size are meaningful.
答案: C · Make sure no one is touching the patient
Before the shock the rescuer shouts a warning and checks that everyone is clear. Compressions restart straight after the shock as the AED instructs.
答案: C · 先捏住第一只手套的外面将其剥下,再把裸露的手指伸到第二只手套的袖口下
手套外面是被污染的,所以只能接触另一只手套;裸手只能接触第二只手套的内面。随后进行手卫生。手套绝不能清洗后再次使用。
答案: A · Switch off the power or unplug the lamp without touching the person
The rescuer must not touch someone still in contact with live current. The power is switched off or the plug pulled first, then the person is assessed and resuscitation is started if needed.
答案: D · Relieve pressure on the area by changing position regularly
Non-blanching redness is a stage 1 pressure injury. Relieving pressure through repositioning and support surfaces is the priority; massage can damage tissue further.
答案: B · Large-volume IV fluids with close monitoring of urine output
Once the airway is secure, the early priority in major burns is fluid resuscitation to prevent burn shock. Urine output is a key guide to whether enough fluid is being given.
答案: C · 肌内注射肾上腺素
肌注肾上腺素于大腿(成人通常为 0.5 mg,即 1 mg/mL 溶液 0.5 mL;美国指南为 0.3–0.5 mg)是一线治疗,必要时 5 分钟后重复。抗组胺药和激素不是一线治疗。
答案: B · 假体脱位
关节置换术后髋关节脱位会引起突发疼痛、下肢缩短和旋转。需要紧急评估和复位;应教会患者活动注意事项。
答案: D · 在首剂抗生素之前,且不要过多延误给药
血培养应在使用抗生素之前采集,因为即使一剂抗生素也可能使细菌无法生长而掩盖病因。抗生素仍应尽快开始,最好在一小时内。核对依据: Sepsis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Hypoparathyroidism
Without enough PTH, calcium is not released from bone or kept by the kidney, and phosphate is not excreted, so calcium falls and phosphate rises. It can follow injury or removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid or neck surgery.核对依据: Hypoparathyroidism · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Hypocalcemia · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2026)
答案: D · Limit coffee, tea and cola, because caffeine adds to the side effects
Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic range, and caffeine adds stimulant effects such as tachycardia, restlessness and insomnia. Toxicity can cause arrhythmias and seizures, so blood levels may be monitored.
答案: B · Severe bone marrow suppression, because azathioprine breakdown is reduced
Azathioprine is converted to mercaptopurine, which is partly inactivated by xanthine oxidase. Allopurinol blocks this enzyme, so levels rise and dangerous myelosuppression can occur unless the dose is greatly reduced or the combination avoided.
答案: C · 用滴定的静脉药物,第一小时内降低最多约 25%
高血压急症(严重高血压伴急性器官损害)应在监护下用滴定的静脉药物治疗。降压过快可引起脑、冠状动脉或肾缺血,因此多数指南的目标是第一小时内降低不超过约 25%(主动脉夹层等某些情况目标不同)。
答案: D · 手部的血液循环、感觉和活动,以及穿刺部位
桡动脉入路后,应检查压迫装置和穿刺部位有无出血或血肿,并检查手部的颜色、温度、毛细血管再充盈、感觉和活动。桡动脉闭塞和前臂骨筋膜室综合征是可能的并发症。
答案: C · At a low dose, increased slowly
Levothyroxine raises metabolic rate and myocardial oxygen demand. In older people and those with heart disease, a low starting dose that is increased gradually reduces the risk of angina and arrhythmias.
答案: A · 便秘阻碍了流出
流出不畅常由便秘、导管扭曲或导管移位引起。改变体位、检查夹子和管路以及治疗便秘通常有帮助;应上报。如果持续存在,需做影像学检查导管位置。流出液清亮使腹膜炎的可能性降低。
答案: B · Intrinsic factor from the stomach is no longer made
Parietal cells of the stomach make intrinsic factor, which is needed for B12 absorption in the terminal ileum. Without it, pernicious-type anaemia and neuropathy develop unless B12 is given by injection.
答案: A · Potassium 2.9 mmol/L
Normal potassium is about 3.5–5.0 mmol/L. Hypokalaemia increases the risk of arrhythmias during anaesthesia and needs correction before elective surgery. The other results are within normal ranges.
答案: B · At about 28 weeks of pregnancy
Routine antenatal anti-D around 28 weeks, in a single or split dose depending on the programme, protects against sensitisation from silent fetomaternal bleeds. It is given again after birth if the baby is Rh-positive.
答案: D · Advise limiting caffeine to about 200 mg a day, roughly two cups of coffee
Guidelines advise limiting caffeine to about 200 mg a day in pregnancy because higher intakes are linked to low birth weight and miscarriage. Energy drinks and some teas also contain caffeine.
答案: C · Small, frequent feeds with rest breaks, using higher-energy milk if prescribed
Infants with heart failure use a lot of energy and tire easily. Small, frequent feeds, rest breaks, a semi-upright position and energy-dense milk help them grow; tube feeding may be needed if they cannot take enough.
答案: C · Respect beliefs where possible, explore alternatives and seek legal authority if needed
Clinicians work with families to respect beliefs and use alternatives where safe. When a child's life is at risk, many legal systems allow the team to seek a court order or act in an emergency to give necessary treatment.
答案: A · A resting heart rate of 38/min
Severe bradycardia suggests cardiovascular compromise from starvation and can lead to dangerous arrhythmias. It is a common reason for urgent medical admission.
答案: A · 暂停抗精神病药并紧急寻求医疗帮助
这些表现提示抗精神病药恶性综合征。应停用抗精神病药,紧急请医生会诊,开始降温和支持治疗,并监测生命体征、肾功能和 CK。
答案: 09:55
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: V = 257.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 1.6 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 14 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 17 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:17 滴/分。
答案: R = 75 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 0.6 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 760 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: MFS = 95
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 健康体重
体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。
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