感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
哪种行为体现了积极倾听?
一名意识混乱的患者反复试图翻越已升起的床栏。最安全的做法是什么?
哪位护士不应被分配护理带有密封放射性植入物的患者?
一名活动性肺结核患者要求访客进来探视。最佳回应是什么?
A patient on a nasal cannula at 6 L/min still has a low SpO₂. What should the nurse do?
A patient at 36 weeks of pregnancy has sudden severe abdominal pain, a hard, board-like uterus and dark vaginal bleeding. What should the nurse suspect?
A patient on the ward has shingles with open blisters. Which people are most at risk from contact?
Which finding suggests hypocalcaemia?
A patient has started parenteral nutrition (PN) through a central line. Which test is monitored most frequently in the first days?
An RN cares for a patient on a 24-hour urine collection. Which task can be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), such as a nursing or healthcare assistant?
Why is simvastatin traditionally taken in the evening?
一名患者在首剂阿莫西林后发生过敏性休克。按常用的 A/B 分类系统,这种不良反应如何分类?
How should a patient breathe in when using a dry powder inhaler?
A patient with infective endocarditis is on IV gentamicin with another antibiotic. Which monitoring is most important?
甲状腺手术一周后,一名患者的声音仍然嘶哑无力。最可能的并发症是什么?
A nurse teaches a young adult with newly diagnosed epilepsy. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
Which statement about pain in older adults is correct?
A nurse finds a dislodged sealed radiation source in the bed of a patient receiving brachytherapy. What should the nurse do?
32 周时宫高为 37 cm。应考虑哪种解释?
A fetus has severe oligohydramnios from the second trimester. Which complication is a major concern for the newborn?
一名 5 周龄的婴儿每次喂奶后都出现用力的(喷射性)呕吐,吐后似乎仍很饿。可能的原因是什么?
一名儿童因发热、颈部僵硬和压之不褪色的皮疹入院。优先事项是什么?
Which treatment is recommended first-line for chronic insomnia in adults?
Which patient should the nurse check first?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 8 lb 14 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1½ tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 1½ 杯 / 茶, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 1 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
一名体重 24 kg 的儿童按 10 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名患者身高 140 cm,体重 45 kg。医嘱为 60 mg/m²。用 Mosteller 公式 BSA = √(身高 (cm) × 体重 (kg)/3600) 求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 3 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 30 滴/分的速度经 60 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 450 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 93 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 16:30 时已输入 550 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 13,其中 E4 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: C · 复述患者所说的话以确认理解
积极倾听包括专注、适当的目光接触、点头、反映和复述。它让患者感到被倾听,也让护士获得准确的信息。
答案: C · 重新评估,并考虑替代方案,如低位床和加强观察
对于会翻越床栏的患者,床栏可能增加受伤风险。在治疗意识混乱原因的同时,采用限制最少的方案,如低位床、地垫和加强观察,更为安全。
答案: A · 怀孕的护士
怀孕的工作人员和访客不应被安排接触带放射性植入物的患者。其他工作人员应限制与患者相处的时间、保持距离、使用屏蔽并佩戴剂量计。
答案: A · 解释风险,限制探视,并教访客使用所提供的防护
应依据规定限制探视,辅以教育和防护,患者仍留在关闭的负压病房中。在敞开的门口探视会破坏负压。
答案: D · Report it, because a different oxygen device is likely to be needed
Standard nasal cannulas are usually run at up to about 6 L/min; higher flows dry the nose without much benefit. If the patient still needs more oxygen, the nurse assesses and escalates for a different device.
答案: A · Placental abruption, which is an emergency
Painful bleeding with a rigid, tender uterus suggests placental abruption, where the placenta separates early. Mother and baby are at risk, so urgent escalation and monitoring are needed.
答案: A · Pregnant women and immunocompromised people who have not had chickenpox
Someone who has never had chickenpox can catch chickenpox from contact with shingles blisters. Non-immune pregnant and immunocompromised people are at particular risk, so lesions are covered and precautions followed.
答案: B · Spasm of the hand when a blood pressure cuff is inflated on the arm
Trousseau's sign, carpal spasm during cuff inflation, and Chvostek's sign, facial twitching on tapping the facial nerve, indicate neuromuscular irritability from low calcium.
答案: A · Blood glucose
PN contains concentrated dextrose, so hyperglycemia is common, especially at the start; glucose is checked frequently and insulin may be needed. Electrolytes, including phosphate, magnesium and potassium, are also monitored for refeeding syndrome.
答案: D · Saving all urine in the collection container as instructed
UAP can help with routine, standard tasks such as saving urine and keeping the container cool as instructed. Teaching, clinical decisions and interpreting results require nursing judgment and stay with the RN.核对依据: 24-Hour Urine Collection and Analysis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: D · It is short-acting, and cholesterol synthesis peaks at night
The liver makes most cholesterol overnight, and short-acting statins such as simvastatin work best when taken in the evening. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin can be taken at any time of day.
答案: C · B 型,因为它不可预测,且与药物的正常作用无关
A 型(增强型)反应可根据药物的药理作用预测,并与剂量相关。B 型(异常型)反应,如免疫介导的过敏,与剂量无关且难以预测。
答案: B · Quickly and deeply, after breathing out away from the device
Dry powder inhalers have no propellant, so a fast, deep inhalation is needed to disperse the powder. The patient breathes out away from the device first, because moist breath can clump the powder. Very weak or breathless patients may not manage this.
答案: A · Drug levels, renal function and hearing or balance changes
Gentamicin is nephrotoxic and ototoxic. Levels are measured to guide dosing, renal function is checked regularly and patients are asked about tinnitus, hearing loss and dizziness. Risk is greater with loop diuretics, older age and longer courses.
答案: D · 喉返神经损伤
喉返神经紧邻甲状腺走行,支配大部分喉肌。损伤会引起声音嘶哑;双侧损伤可引起喘鸣和气道梗阻。插管引起的轻度声音嘶哑通常几天内好转。甲状旁腺损伤引起低钙血症,伴麻木和痉挛。
答案: D · "As long as I take my tablets, I can swim alone."
People with epilepsy should never swim alone, even if their seizures are well controlled. Showers are safer than baths. Telling friends about first aid and keeping a seizure diary are good practice.
答案: A · They may under-report pain, so active assessment is needed
Older adults may minimise pain or have cognitive or sensory problems that hinder reporting. Regular assessment with suitable tools and careful analgesia, starting low and adjusting slowly, are recommended.
答案: C · Use long-handled forceps to put it in the lead container; report it
A dislodged source is picked up with long-handled forceps and placed in the shielded container kept in the room. The radiation safety officer and team are informed, following local policy.
答案: D · 多胎妊娠或羊水过多
宫高大于孕周提示多胎妊娠、羊水过多、巨大儿或孕周计算有误。胎儿生长受限、羊水过少和胎儿下降会使测量值偏小。
答案: A · Pulmonary hypoplasia
Amniotic fluid is breathed in and out by the fetus and is needed for lung growth. Prolonged severe oligohydramnios causes pulmonary hypoplasia and limb contractures from compression.
答案: C · 幽门狭窄
幽门狭窄通常在 2–8 周时出现,表现为喷射性、非胆汁性呕吐,呕吐后饥饿、体重减轻,有时可触及橄榄形肿块。
答案: D · 开始飞沫隔离,并紧急请医生会诊,以免延误抗生素治疗
发热伴压之不褪色的皮疹提示脑膜炎球菌败血症。不得延误抗生素,在孩子接受有效抗生素约 24 小时之前应采取飞沫隔离。
答案: D · Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT-I)
CBT-I combines sleep education, stimulus control, sleep restriction and work on unhelpful beliefs about sleep. It has lasting effects and fewer risks than long-term sleeping tablets.
答案: C · A patient given IM haloperidol and lorazepam 30 minutes ago who is hard to rouse, breathing 8/min
Over-sedation with respiratory depression after rapid tranquillisation is a medical emergency. Airway, breathing and vital signs are checked immediately, and help is called.
答案: m = 4.03 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 427.5 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 4.8 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: D = 79.37 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: t = 15 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: U = 0.6 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 3.6 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 3 h 36 min,所以袋子大约在 20:06 输完。
答案: M = 5
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: 低风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
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