NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient has just died. What should the nurse find out before starting last offices?

  1. AThe patient's blood group
  2. BWhether the patient's bills had all been paid
  3. CThe patient's favourite food
  4. DThe family's religious and cultural wishes
2.护理学基础困难

What is the best way to check that a patient has learned to use an inhaler correctly?

  1. AAsk whether they have any questions
  2. BAsk them to repeat the drug's name
  3. CAsk the patient to show how they use it
  4. DAsk whether they have read the leaflet
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

对于采取接触传播预防的患者,下列哪种设备使用方法是正确的?

  1. A把该患者的设备带到下一个房间
  2. B所有患者共用同一个听诊器而不清洁
  3. C为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带
  4. D从清洁用品间取用设备,用完原样放回
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A patient with depression has suddenly become calm and is giving away personal possessions. What does this suggest?

  1. AA possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
  2. BThat the patient wants to make new friends on the unit
  3. CThat the depression has resolved and observation can be reduced
  4. DThat the patient is now ready for discharge today
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L. Which action comes first?

  1. APlace the patient on a cardiac monitor
  2. BEncourage foods high in potassium
  3. CRecheck the level next week
  4. DGive the patient’s scheduled potassium supplement
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient with a head injury has a pupil on one side that is now large and does not react to light. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARecheck it at the next routine observation in four hours
  2. BReport it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed
  3. CDocument it, because pupils often differ slightly after a head injury
  4. DDim the room lights so the pupil can get smaller
7.临床护理中等

关于注射胰岛素,哪项说法正确?

  1. A使用前应用力摇晃胰岛素
  2. B速效胰岛素只在睡前使用
  3. C轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生
  4. D总是注射在同一部位以保持吸收一致
8.临床护理困难

Why is hypokalaemia particularly dangerous in a patient taking digoxin?

  1. ALow potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
  2. BDigoxin raises potassium to dangerous levels when it is already low
  3. CLow potassium makes digoxin work too slowly
  4. DLow potassium stops digoxin from being absorbed
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A test has very high sensitivity for a disease. What does a negative result mean?

  1. AThe disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
  2. BThe disease is certain, so treatment should begin
  3. CThe patient must have a different disease instead
  4. DThe result cannot be used, because sensitivity is high
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis has a hemoglobin of 10.5 g/dL (105 g/L), a low serum iron, a low total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and a high-normal ferritin. Which condition fits best?

  1. AAnemia of chronic disease (inflammation)
  2. BIron-deficiency anemia
  3. CAcute blood loss anemia
  4. DVitamin B12 deficiency anemia
11.药理学中等

美托洛尔等 β 受体阻滞剂主要阻断哪种受体?

  1. A心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体
  2. B脂肪组织的 β3 受体
  3. C血管的 α1 受体
  4. D心脏的毒蕈碱受体
12.药理学困难

A nurse gives 2 mg from a 4 mg ampoule of morphine. What should happen to the remaining 2 mg?

  1. AIt is discarded in front of a witness, and both sign the record
  2. BIt is kept labelled in the patient's drawer for the next dose
  3. CIt is given to the next patient who needs morphine
  4. DIt is poured down the sink without telling anyone
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

How do clopidogrel and ticagrelor work?

  1. AThey inhibit the vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver
  2. BThey dissolve fibrin in existing clots
  3. CThey block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
  4. DThey directly inhibit thrombin in the plasma
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A patient's blood gas shows pH 7.26, PaCO₂ 9.0 kPa (68 mmHg) and bicarbonate 25 mmol/L. What does this show?

  1. ARespiratory alkalosis
  2. BMetabolic alkalosis
  3. CAcute respiratory acidosis
  4. DMetabolic acidosis with compensation
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

卒中静脉溶栓前,通常采用哪个血压限值?

  1. A低于约 90/60 mmHg
  2. B高于约 200/120 mmHg
  3. C没有血压限值
  4. D低于约 185/110 mmHg
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

C5 水平脊髓损伤两天后,一名患者焦虑,呼吸频率 30 次/分,肺活量下降。护士应怎么做?

  1. A给镇静剂以减慢呼吸、缓解焦虑
  2. B紧急上报:脊髓水肿可能导致呼吸衰竭
  3. C让患者平躺并后仰头部以开放气道
  4. D约 12 小时后再复查肺活量
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

After a spinal anaesthetic, which nursing check is particularly important?

  1. APupil reaction every five minutes for the next full day
  2. BBlood glucose every 15 minutes overnight
  3. CReturn of leg sensation and movement, and passing urine
  4. DPeak flow before and after each meal
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A patient's platelet count is 18 × 109/L (18,000/µL). Which order should the nurse question?

  1. ADaily full blood count
  2. BOral paracetamol for headache
  3. CAn intramuscular injection
  4. DA soft diet with mouthwashes
19.产科护理中等

A pregnant woman taking iron says her stools have turned black. What is the best response?

  1. ATell her to stop the iron immediately
  2. BExplain that this is an expected effect of iron
  3. CAdvise her to go to the emergency department now
  4. DTell her to double the dose of the tablets
20.产科护理困难

A preterm baby's parents are being taught about breast milk. Which statement shows they understand its special benefit for preterm babies?

  1. A"Breast milk stops jaundice from ever developing."
  2. B"Breast milk means our baby will not need any oxygen."
  3. C"Breast milk removes the need for eye screening."
  4. D"Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
21.儿科护理中等

A child is receiving IV morphine. Which assessments are most important?

  1. APeak flow and inhaler technique
  2. BRespiratory rate and level of sedation
  3. CHead circumference and fontanelle tension
  4. DBlood glucose and urine ketones
22.儿科护理困难

A child with eczema suddenly develops clusters of painful, punched-out blisters and erosions with a fever. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AA normal eczema flare that needs more emollient
  2. BAn allergic reaction to the emollient
  3. CChickenpox, which is mild and needs no specific treatment
  4. DEczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment
23.精神科护理中等

What is the PHQ-9 used for?

  1. AScreening for depression and measuring its severity
  2. BMonitoring involuntary movements caused by antipsychotics
  3. CAssessing the severity of alcohol withdrawal
  4. DScreening for alcohol problems
24.精神科护理困难

一名服用舍曲林的患者因疼痛被给予曲马多。数小时后,他激越、出汗、震颤,踝部出现阵挛。最可能的问题是什么?

  1. A酒精戒断
  2. B5-羟色胺综合征
  3. C抗精神病药恶性综合征
  4. D阿片类药物戒断
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
6 lb 3 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 6 lb 3 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

6 lb 3 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp · 3/天 · 5 d? mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每天三次,共 5 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?

2 tsp每天三次5 天1 tsp = 5 mL
V = mL
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 28 kg 的儿童按 3 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

28 kg3 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
50%储备液V₁ = ? mL

你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 500 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?

C₁ = 50%C₂ = 0.5%V₂ = 500 mL
V₁ = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
1000 mL15 gtt/mL6 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

1000 mL6 h15 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
280 mL剩余? mL/h3 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 280 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

500 mL / 6 h经过 3 h: 280 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻120 mL茶240 mL静脉输液125 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 50 mL尿液200 mL尿液475 mL伤口引流30 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 75 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

75 kg12 h尿液: 200 mL尿液: 475 mL伤口引流: 30 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL200 mL 已输入100 mL/h16:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 16:00 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL200 mL 已输入100 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
E3 / 4+V4 / 5+M? / 6GCS 10?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 10,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。

GCS 10E3V4
M =
34.临床评估评分困难
109?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 65

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 65 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 109 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 65 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 65 mmHgSBP 109 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · The family's religious and cultural wishes

为什么是这个答案

Some faiths have specific rules, for example about who may touch or wash the body and how soon burial should happen. Asking first respects the person and the family.

答案

D · The family's religious and cultural wishes
2.护理学基础

答案: C · Ask the patient to show how they use it

为什么是这个答案

A return demonstration shows whether a psychomotor skill has been learned and lets the nurse correct mistakes. Saying "yes, I understand" does not prove the technique is right.

答案

C · Ask the patient to show how they use it
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · 为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带

为什么是这个答案

听诊器、袖带等非关键设备应专用于该患者,或在用于其他患者之前进行清洁和消毒。

答案

C · 为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment

为什么是这个答案

A sudden improvement in mood with giving away belongings can mean the person has made a plan. The nurse assesses suicide risk directly, increases observation and informs the team.

答案

A · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
5.优先排序与委派

答案: A · Place the patient on a cardiac monitor

为什么是这个答案

Severe hyperkalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so continuous cardiac monitoring comes first while the provider is informed and treatment is prepared.

答案

A · Place the patient on a cardiac monitor
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Report it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed

为什么是这个答案

A newly fixed, dilated pupil suggests pressure on the third cranial nerve from rising intracranial pressure or a bleed. It is a neurological emergency that needs immediate escalation.

答案

B · Report it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed
7.临床护理

答案: C · 轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生

为什么是这个答案

轮换部位可防止形成使吸收难以预测的脂肪硬结。浑浊胰岛素应轻轻滚动混匀,而不是摇晃。

答案

C · 轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生
8.临床护理

答案: A · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity

为什么是这个答案

Digoxin binds to the sodium–potassium ATPase at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, digoxin binds more, raising the risk of toxicity and arrhythmias.

答案

A · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out

为什么是这个答案

Sensitivity is the proportion of people with the disease who test positive. A highly sensitive test has few false negatives, so a negative result helps rule the disease out (the D-dimer is an example). Specificity relates to ruling in.

答案

A · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation)

为什么是这个答案

In chronic inflammation, iron is trapped in stores, so serum iron is low but ferritin is normal or high and TIBC is low. In iron deficiency, ferritin is low and TIBC is high. Iron supplements help iron deficiency much more than anemia of chronic disease.核对依据: Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Serum iron test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)

答案

A · Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation)
11.药理学

答案: A · 心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体

为什么是这个答案

心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂阻断 β1 受体,降低心率、收缩力和肾素释放。

答案

A · 心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体
12.药理学

答案: A · It is discarded in front of a witness, and both sign the record

为什么是这个答案

Unused controlled drugs are wasted in front of a witness according to policy, and both staff document the waste. This prevents diversion and keeps the stock count accurate.

答案

A · It is discarded in front of a witness, and both sign the record
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor

为什么是这个答案

Clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor block the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, reducing aggregation. With aspirin, they form dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndromes and stents. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent factors; dabigatran inhibits thrombin.

答案

C · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Acute respiratory acidosis

为什么是这个答案

A low pH with raised PaCO₂ is respiratory acidosis. A normal bicarbonate (about 22–26 mmol/L) shows the kidneys have not yet compensated, so the problem is acute, as in opioid toxicity, exhaustion or an acute COPD exacerbation. Treatment targets ventilation.

答案

C · Acute respiratory acidosis
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: D · 低于约 185/110 mmHg

为什么是这个答案

许多指南要求溶栓前血压低于 185/110 mmHg,溶栓后 24 小时内低于 180/105 mmHg,因为血压过高会增加出血性转化的风险。读数更高时应先谨慎降压。

答案

D · 低于约 185/110 mmHg
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 紧急上报:脊髓水肿可能导致呼吸衰竭

为什么是这个答案

颈椎损伤后几天,脊髓水肿可向上扩展到 C3–C5,削弱膈肌。肺活量下降、呼吸频率上升和焦虑提示即将发生呼吸衰竭,需要尽早重症监护介入。镇静会进一步抑制呼吸。

答案

B · 紧急上报:脊髓水肿可能导致呼吸衰竭
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · Return of leg sensation and movement, and passing urine

为什么是这个答案

The nurse monitors the level of the block, recovery of leg movement and sensation, BP and bladder function. Urinary retention is common, and early mobilisation is only safe once motor function returns.

答案

C · Return of leg sensation and movement, and passing urine
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: C · An intramuscular injection

为什么是这个答案

IM injections can cause haematomas in severe thrombocytopenia. Rectal procedures, NSAIDs and aspirin are also avoided. The nurse checks with the prescriber and the oral or IV route is used where possible.

答案

C · An intramuscular injection
19.产科护理

答案: B · Explain that this is an expected effect of iron

为什么是这个答案

Iron supplements commonly make stools dark green or black. This is harmless, unlike tarry stools with signs of bleeding such as dizziness.

答案

B · Explain that this is an expected effect of iron
20.产科护理

答案: D · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."

为什么是这个答案

Human milk, including expressed or donor milk, reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis and infection in preterm babies. It does not remove the need for other monitoring.

答案

D · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Respiratory rate and level of sedation

为什么是这个答案

Opioids can cause respiratory depression, usually preceded by increasing sedation. Respiratory rate, sedation score, oxygen saturation and pain are monitored regularly, and naloxone is kept available.

答案

B · Respiratory rate and level of sedation
22.儿科护理

答案: D · Eczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment

为什么是这个答案

Eczema herpeticum is a widespread herpes simplex infection of eczematous skin. It can spread quickly and cause serious illness, including eye involvement, so the child needs urgent medical review and antiviral treatment.

答案

D · Eczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment
23.精神科护理

答案: A · Screening for depression and measuring its severity

为什么是这个答案

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 asks how often each of the nine depression symptoms has occurred in the last 2 weeks. Item 9 asks about thoughts of self-harm, which always needs follow-up.

答案

A · Screening for depression and measuring its severity
24.精神科护理

答案: B · 5-羟色胺综合征

为什么是这个答案

曲马多具有 5-羟色胺能作用,与 SSRI 合用可引起 5-羟色胺综合征。应停用 5-羟色胺能药物并给予支持治疗;严重病例需要重症监护。

答案

B · 5-羟色胺综合征
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 2.81 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

3 oz/16 = 0.1875 lb
6 + 0.1875 = 6.188 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 6.188/2.2 = 2.812 ≈ 2.81 kg

答案

m = 2.81 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 150 mL

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

每次剂量的体积

2 tsp = 2·5 = 10 mL

整个疗程

V = 10 mL × 3/天 × 5 = 150 mL

答案

V = 150 mL
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 8.4 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 3·28 = 84 mg

体积

V = 84/10 = 8.4 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 8.4 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V₁ = 5 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

储备液的容量

V₁ = 0.5·500/50 = 5 mL

答案

V₁ = 5 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 42 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

6·60 = 360 min

滴速

R = 1000·15/360 = 41.67 ≈ 42 gtt/min

答案

R = 42 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 12 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

500/6 = 83.33 mL/h

新速率

R = 280/3 = 93.33 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (93.33 − 83.33)/83.33·100% = 12%

答案

Δ = 12%

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 0.75 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

200 + 475 = 675 mL

每千克每小时

U = 675/(75·12) = 0.75 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 0.75 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 8 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 200 = 800 mL

时间

t = 800/100 = 8 h

答案

t = 8 h

约为 8 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 00:00 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: M = 3

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

运动评分

M = 10 − 3 − 4 = 3
M3: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)

答案

M = 3
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 43 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·65 − 109)/2 = 86/2 = 43 mmHg

答案

DBP = 43 mmHg

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