感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient has just died. What should the nurse find out before starting last offices?
What is the best way to check that a patient has learned to use an inhaler correctly?
对于采取接触传播预防的患者,下列哪种设备使用方法是正确的?
A patient with depression has suddenly become calm and is giving away personal possessions. What does this suggest?
A patient has a serum potassium of 6.8 mEq/L. Which action comes first?
A patient with a head injury has a pupil on one side that is now large and does not react to light. What should the nurse do?
关于注射胰岛素,哪项说法正确?
Why is hypokalaemia particularly dangerous in a patient taking digoxin?
A test has very high sensitivity for a disease. What does a negative result mean?
A patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis has a hemoglobin of 10.5 g/dL (105 g/L), a low serum iron, a low total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and a high-normal ferritin. Which condition fits best?
美托洛尔等 β 受体阻滞剂主要阻断哪种受体?
A nurse gives 2 mg from a 4 mg ampoule of morphine. What should happen to the remaining 2 mg?
How do clopidogrel and ticagrelor work?
A patient's blood gas shows pH 7.26, PaCO₂ 9.0 kPa (68 mmHg) and bicarbonate 25 mmol/L. What does this show?
卒中静脉溶栓前,通常采用哪个血压限值?
C5 水平脊髓损伤两天后,一名患者焦虑,呼吸频率 30 次/分,肺活量下降。护士应怎么做?
After a spinal anaesthetic, which nursing check is particularly important?
A patient's platelet count is 18 × 109/L (18,000/µL). Which order should the nurse question?
A pregnant woman taking iron says her stools have turned black. What is the best response?
A preterm baby's parents are being taught about breast milk. Which statement shows they understand its special benefit for preterm babies?
A child is receiving IV morphine. Which assessments are most important?
A child with eczema suddenly develops clusters of painful, punched-out blisters and erosions with a fever. What should the nurse suspect?
What is the PHQ-9 used for?
一名服用舍曲林的患者因疼痛被给予曲马多。数小时后,他激越、出汗、震颤,踝部出现阵挛。最可能的问题是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 6 lb 3 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每天三次,共 5 天。按1 tsp = 5 mL,整个疗程需要多少 mLV?
一名体重 28 kg 的儿童按 3 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 500 mL 0.5%(w/v)溶液。 你需要多少容量的储备液 V₁?
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 1000 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
医嘱要求在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。3 小时后你发现袋中还剩 280 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 75 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 16:00 时已输入 200 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张练习图表记录了 GCS 10,其中 E3 和 V4。记录的运动评分M是多少,它描述的是哪种反应?请给出数字。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 65 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 109 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 65 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?
答案: D · The family's religious and cultural wishes
Some faiths have specific rules, for example about who may touch or wash the body and how soon burial should happen. Asking first respects the person and the family.
答案: C · Ask the patient to show how they use it
A return demonstration shows whether a psychomotor skill has been learned and lets the nurse correct mistakes. Saying "yes, I understand" does not prove the technique is right.
答案: C · 为该患者专用听诊器和血压袖带
听诊器、袖带等非关键设备应专用于该患者,或在用于其他患者之前进行清洁和消毒。
答案: A · A possibly increased suicide risk that needs immediate assessment
A sudden improvement in mood with giving away belongings can mean the person has made a plan. The nurse assesses suicide risk directly, increases observation and informs the team.
答案: A · Place the patient on a cardiac monitor
Severe hyperkalemia can cause dangerous arrhythmias, so continuous cardiac monitoring comes first while the provider is informed and treatment is prepared.
答案: B · Report it at once, as it may mean the brain is being compressed
A newly fixed, dilated pupil suggests pressure on the third cranial nerve from rising intracranial pressure or a bleed. It is a neurological emergency that needs immediate escalation.
答案: C · 轮换注射部位以避免脂肪增生
轮换部位可防止形成使吸收难以预测的脂肪硬结。浑浊胰岛素应轻轻滚动混匀,而不是摇晃。
答案: A · Low potassium increases the risk of digoxin toxicity
Digoxin binds to the sodium–potassium ATPase at the site potassium normally uses. When potassium is low, digoxin binds more, raising the risk of toxicity and arrhythmias.
答案: A · The disease is unlikely, so it helps rule it out
Sensitivity is the proportion of people with the disease who test positive. A highly sensitive test has few false negatives, so a negative result helps rule the disease out (the D-dimer is an example). Specificity relates to ruling in.
答案: A · Anemia of chronic disease (inflammation)
In chronic inflammation, iron is trapped in stores, so serum iron is low but ferritin is normal or high and TIBC is low. In iron deficiency, ferritin is low and TIBC is high. Iron supplements help iron deficiency much more than anemia of chronic disease.核对依据: Ferritin Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Serum iron test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: A · 心脏的 β1 肾上腺素受体
心脏选择性 β 受体阻滞剂阻断 β1 受体,降低心率、收缩力和肾素释放。
答案: A · It is discarded in front of a witness, and both sign the record
Unused controlled drugs are wasted in front of a witness according to policy, and both staff document the waste. This prevents diversion and keeps the stock count accurate.
答案: C · They block the platelet ADP (P2Y12) receptor
Clopidogrel, prasugrel and ticagrelor block the P2Y12 ADP receptor on platelets, reducing aggregation. With aspirin, they form dual antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndromes and stents. Warfarin inhibits vitamin K-dependent factors; dabigatran inhibits thrombin.
答案: C · Acute respiratory acidosis
A low pH with raised PaCO₂ is respiratory acidosis. A normal bicarbonate (about 22–26 mmol/L) shows the kidneys have not yet compensated, so the problem is acute, as in opioid toxicity, exhaustion or an acute COPD exacerbation. Treatment targets ventilation.
答案: D · 低于约 185/110 mmHg
许多指南要求溶栓前血压低于 185/110 mmHg,溶栓后 24 小时内低于 180/105 mmHg,因为血压过高会增加出血性转化的风险。读数更高时应先谨慎降压。
答案: B · 紧急上报:脊髓水肿可能导致呼吸衰竭
颈椎损伤后几天,脊髓水肿可向上扩展到 C3–C5,削弱膈肌。肺活量下降、呼吸频率上升和焦虑提示即将发生呼吸衰竭,需要尽早重症监护介入。镇静会进一步抑制呼吸。
答案: C · Return of leg sensation and movement, and passing urine
The nurse monitors the level of the block, recovery of leg movement and sensation, BP and bladder function. Urinary retention is common, and early mobilisation is only safe once motor function returns.
答案: C · An intramuscular injection
IM injections can cause haematomas in severe thrombocytopenia. Rectal procedures, NSAIDs and aspirin are also avoided. The nurse checks with the prescriber and the oral or IV route is used where possible.
答案: B · Explain that this is an expected effect of iron
Iron supplements commonly make stools dark green or black. This is harmless, unlike tarry stools with signs of bleeding such as dizziness.
答案: D · "Breast milk lowers the risk of necrotising enterocolitis."
Human milk, including expressed or donor milk, reduces the risk of necrotising enterocolitis and infection in preterm babies. It does not remove the need for other monitoring.
答案: B · Respiratory rate and level of sedation
Opioids can cause respiratory depression, usually preceded by increasing sedation. Respiratory rate, sedation score, oxygen saturation and pain are monitored regularly, and naloxone is kept available.
答案: D · Eczema herpeticum, which needs urgent antiviral treatment
Eczema herpeticum is a widespread herpes simplex infection of eczematous skin. It can spread quickly and cause serious illness, including eye involvement, so the child needs urgent medical review and antiviral treatment.
答案: A · Screening for depression and measuring its severity
The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 asks how often each of the nine depression symptoms has occurred in the last 2 weeks. Item 9 asks about thoughts of self-harm, which always needs follow-up.
答案: B · 5-羟色胺综合征
曲马多具有 5-羟色胺能作用,与 SSRI 合用可引起 5-羟色胺综合征。应停用 5-羟色胺能药物并给予支持治疗;严重病例需要重症监护。
答案: m = 2.81 kg
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 150 mL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 8.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V₁ = 5 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 42 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:42 滴/分。
答案: Δ = 12 %
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。
答案: U = 0.75 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 8 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 8 h 00 min,所以袋子大约在 00:00 输完。
答案: M = 3
格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。
答案: DBP = 43 mmHg
血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。
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