感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
A patient starts regular morphine. What is usually prescribed alongside it to prevent a common side effect?
For a healthy adult having planned surgery, until how long before anaesthesia can water usually still be taken?
When should the transparent dressing over a peripheral IV site be changed?
Only one airborne infection isolation room (negative pressure) is free. Which newly admitted patient should be placed in it?
A patient arrives in the recovery room after general anesthesia. What does the nurse assess first?
A patient is going home on a new oral anticoagulant. There is only a short time for teaching. Which topic is most important?
How is Helicobacter pylori infection usually treated?
Why are patients with nephrotic syndrome at increased risk of blood clots?
A patient takes valproate (valproic acid) for epilepsy. Which tests are monitored regularly?
An RN cares for a patient on a 24-hour urine collection. Which task can be delegated to unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP), such as a nursing or healthcare assistant?
氟哌啶醇等典型抗精神病药主要通过阻断什么起作用?
A patient develops a dry cough on an ACE inhibitor and is switched to losartan. Why is losartan less likely to cause cough?
A patient with an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator asks what to do if it fires. Which teaching is correct?
A patient with severe aortic stenosis is prescribed glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) for chest pain. Why should the nurse use particular caution?
哪一组结果最支持 DKA 而不是 HHS?
一名护士正在护理四位患者。应首先看哪位患者?
出血性消化性溃疡内镜治疗后,常用哪类药物来抑制胃酸?
On day 3 after surgery, a patient has a temperature of 38.6 °C, respiratory rate 24/min, pulse 118/min, BP 92/58 mmHg and new confusion. What should the nurse do?
分娩机转最初几个动作的正确顺序是什么?
Which newborn finding should prompt checks for kidney and other anomalies?
哪些迹象提示孩子已准备好开始如厕训练?
Five minutes after IM adrenaline for anaphylaxis, a child is still wheezing and has a low blood pressure. What should the nurse do?
A patient intoxicated with phencyclidine (PCP) is agitated and has nystagmus and high blood pressure. Which nursing approach is best?
一名严重抑郁数周的患者突然变得快乐而平静,并把自己的手表送给另一名患者。最恰当的措施是什么?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者身高 5 ft 10 in。按 1 ft = 12 in 和 1 in = 2.54 cm,求以厘米表示的身高h,取到最接近的整厘米。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个班次中,患者摄入了1 tbsp / 液体营养补充剂, 3 tsp / 止咳糖浆, 2 杯 / 茶, 3 fl oz / 果汁。按给出的等量关系,求以 mL 表示的口服总摄入量V。
某患者体重 70 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 10 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
一名患者体重 173.8 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 2 mg/kg,储备液为 5 mL 中含 200 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V? 保留一位小数。
滴注以 30 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 4 小时内接受多少毫升 V?
400 mg 药物溶于 500 mL 的输液以 10 mL/h 运行。患者每分钟接受多少微克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 97 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 06:45 开始用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 08:15 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 7 次/分,SpO₂ 94%正在补充吸氧,血压 90/54 mmHg,脉搏 114 次/分,清醒,体温 39.0 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 9 次/分,SpO₂ 98%吸室内空气,血压 124/74 mmHg,脉搏 70 次/分,仅对声音有反应,体温 38.8 °C。患者属于哪个临床风险组?点击它。
答案: D · A laxative
Because opioid-induced constipation is so common, a regular laxative is usually prescribed with regular opioids, and bowel movements are monitored.
答案: A · Up to 2 hours before
Standard guidance allows clear fluids up to 2 hours and food up to 6 hours before elective anaesthesia. Long fasting causes thirst, dehydration and discomfort without added safety.
答案: C · When it is damp, loose or visibly soiled
A dressing that is wet, loose or dirty no longer protects the insertion site and is changed using aseptic technique. Otherwise, it is changed according to policy.
答案: B · A patient with suspected active pulmonary tuberculosis
Tuberculosis needs airborne precautions in a negative-pressure room. Influenza needs droplet precautions and MRSA and C. difficile need contact precautions, which can be given in an ordinary single room.
答案: B · Airway patency and breathing
After anesthesia, the airway can be blocked by the tongue or secretions, and breathing may be depressed. The airway and breathing are checked first, followed by circulation and the wound.
答案: A · Signs of bleeding and when to seek help
The main risk of anticoagulants is bleeding, so the patient must know the signs, such as black stools or blood in the urine, and when to seek help. Other topics can follow later.
答案: C · A combination of antibiotics with a proton pump inhibitor
Eradication therapy combines a PPI with two antibiotics for a set course. Completing the course is important for success.
答案: D · Anticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise
Loss of proteins such as antithrombin in the urine, together with increased hepatic production of clotting factors, creates a hypercoagulable state. Some patients need anticoagulation.
答案: D · Liver function tests and platelet count
Valproate can cause liver toxicity and thrombocytopenia, so liver tests and the platelet count are monitored. It can also raise ammonia; confusion or vomiting should prompt an ammonia level.核对依据: Valproic Acid · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: B · Saving all urine in the collection container as instructed
UAP can help with routine, standard tasks such as saving urine and keeping the container cool as instructed. Teaching, clinical decisions and interpreting results require nursing judgment and stay with the RN.核对依据: 24-Hour Urine Collection and Analysis · StatPearls (NCBI Bookshelf) (2024)
答案: D · 多巴胺 D2 受体
氟哌啶醇阻断中脑边缘通路中的 D2 受体,减轻阳性症状。阻断其他通路中的 D2 受体会引起锥体外系反应和催乳素升高。
答案: C · It does not block the breakdown of bradykinin
ACE (kininase II) breaks down bradykinin, so ACE inhibitors raise bradykinin, which can cause cough and angioedema. ARBs block the angiotensin II receptor without affecting bradykinin breakdown.
答案: C · One shock and well: contact the device clinic; repeated shocks or unwell: call emergency services
A single shock with full recovery usually needs a call to the device team. Several shocks in a short time, or a shock with chest pain, breathlessness or collapse, needs emergency help. Patients should not drive themselves after a shock.
答案: C · Vasodilators can cause a severe fall in BP with a fixed outflow obstruction
In severe aortic stenosis, cardiac output is fixed by the narrow valve. Vasodilators lower preload and afterload, and the heart cannot compensate, so the blood pressure can fall sharply and cause syncope. They are used with care and close monitoring.
答案: D · 酮体高、pH 低于 7.3、碳酸氢盐低
DKA 的定义是高血糖(或已知糖尿病)、酮血症(例如 >3 mmol/L)和代谢性酸中毒(英国标准为 pH < 7.3 或碳酸氢盐 < 15 mmol/L)。HHS 有极高的血糖和高渗透压(常 > 320 mOsm/kg),酮症很少,也没有明显的酸中毒。
答案: D · 开颅术后右侧瞳孔新近散大且反应迟钝的患者
脑部手术后新出现的单侧瞳孔散大且反应迟钝,提示颅内压升高压迫动眼神经,是可能脑疝的征象。需要立即评估,包括 GCS 和生命体征,并紧急上报。其他患者情况稳定,他们的需求可稍后满足。
答案: A · 质子泵抑制剂
PPI 提高胃内 pH,稳定血凝块,并减少溃疡出血内镜治疗后的再出血。应检测并根除 H. pylori,并尽可能停用 NSAID。
答案: B · Escalate urgently and start the sepsis pathway
These findings suggest sepsis with poor perfusion. Urgent medical review and a sepsis bundle, including blood cultures, antibiotics within an hour, lactate, fluids and urine output monitoring, improve survival.
答案: B · 衔接、下降、俯屈、内旋转、仰伸
分娩机转依次为衔接、下降、俯屈、内旋转、仰伸、外旋转(复位)和娩出。
答案: C · A single umbilical artery
A two-vessel cord can be associated with renal, cardiac and other anomalies. Milia, moulding and acrocyanosis are normal findings.
答案: A · 能保持干爽约 2 小时、表现出兴趣并能遵从简单指令
准备好的迹象包括能控制膀胱数小时、意识到尿布湿了、对马桶感兴趣,以及能够坐、走并遵从简单指令,通常在约 18 个月至 3 岁之间。
答案: A · Give a further dose of IM adrenaline as per protocol and call for advanced help
IM adrenaline can be repeated after about 5 minutes if signs persist. Help is called, the child lies flat (with legs raised if tolerated, or sitting if breathing is difficult), and oxygen and IV fluids are given. Standing or walking can cause collapse.
答案: D · Provide a quiet, low-stimulation environment and keep staff and patient safe
PCP can cause agitation, violence, psychosis, nystagmus and hypertension. Reducing stimulation and keeping enough staff present for safety are key; "talking down" is less effective than with other hallucinogens.
答案: B · 直接询问他的自杀想法和计划,并告知团队
突然平静和赠送财物可能意味着患者已决定结束自己的生命。护士应直接询问自杀意图、计划和手段,维护安全,并告知团队。
答案: h = 178 cm
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: V = 600 mL
家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。
答案: D = 233.3 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: V = 120 mL
Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.
答案: D = 133.3 mcg/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 0.49 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 320 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: NEWS2 = 12
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 中
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
总分 5 或以上需要紧急的临床响应。
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