NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

A patient says, "I've never seen this tablet before," as the nurse offers it. What should the nurse do?

  1. AGive half the tablet until the doctor visits
  2. BLeave the tablet on the table for the patient to take later
  3. CStop and recheck the prescription before giving it
  4. DReassure the patient that the tablet is correct and give it
2.护理学基础困难

In a patient with sepsis, what does a raised blood lactate suggest?

  1. AThe kidneys are making too much urine
  2. BThe infection has been cured
  3. CThe tissues are not getting enough oxygen
  4. DThe patient has eaten recently
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient is receiving opioids for pain. Which sign usually comes before opioid-induced respiratory depression?

  1. AIncreasing sedation
  2. BDiarrhea
  3. CDilated pupils
  4. DRising blood pressure
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

A newly hired nurse has these hepatitis B results: HBsAg negative, anti-HBs positive, anti-HBc negative. What do they show?

  1. ANo immunity, so the vaccine is needed
  2. BA current hepatitis B infection
  3. CImmunity from hepatitis B vaccination
  4. DPast infection that has now cleared
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient has a serum potassium of 2.9 mEq/L. Which finding should the nurse expect?

  1. AFlushed, warm skin and a slow heart rate
  2. BMuscle weakness and U waves on the ECG
  3. CA rise in urine output and thirst only
  4. DTall, peaked T waves and muscle twitching
6.优先排序与委派困难

A patient on peritoneal dialysis has cloudy fluid draining out and abdominal pain. What does this most likely mean?

  1. AToo much fluid left in the abdomen after the drain
  2. BPeritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
  3. CConstipation that will settle with a laxative later today or tomorrow
  4. DA normal finding at the end of each exchange
7.临床护理中等

HbA1c 测量的是什么?

  1. A尿中的酮体含量
  2. B检测时刻的血糖
  3. C大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖
  4. D餐后胰岛素水平
8.临床护理困难

A patient has a blood pressure of 220/130 mmHg with headache, confusion and visual disturbance. Why is the blood pressure lowered in a controlled way rather than as fast as possible?

  1. AA sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
  2. BRapid lowering causes hyperglycaemia
  3. CRapid lowering always causes the hypertension to come back much worse
  4. DBlood pressure cannot be lowered with drugs
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient with central diabetes insipidus starts desmopressin. Which laboratory result is most important to monitor for an adverse effect?

  1. ASerum sodium, which may fall too low
  2. BSerum glucose, which may rise very high
  3. CSerum potassium, which may rise too high
  4. DSerum calcium, which may rise too high
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient with acute pancreatitis has a rising BUN, a falling calcium and a glucose of 250 mg/dL (13.9 mmol/L) over the first 48 hours. What do these results suggest?

  1. AA lab error from lipemic samples
  2. BIncreasingly severe pancreatitis
  3. CAn unrelated new kidney stone
  4. DA resolving, mild pancreatitis
11.药理学中等

Which adverse effect of doxorubicin requires monitoring of heart function?

  1. APericarditis caused by infection
  2. BSevere hypertension during the infusion itself
  3. CRapid rise in cholesterol
  4. DCumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
12.药理学困难

A man taking doxazosin for hypertension starts sildenafil for erectile dysfunction. What is the main risk?

  1. AHyperkalaemia
  2. BBronchospasm
  3. CSevere hypertension and a pounding headache
  4. DSymptomatic low blood pressure and fainting
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A nurse measures blood pressure on a large upper arm using a cuff that is too small. What effect will this have?

  1. AOnly the pulse rate will be affected
  2. BThe reading will be accurate but slower
  3. CThe reading will be falsely low
  4. DThe reading will be falsely high
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

心肌梗死三周后,一名患者出现发热、胸膜性胸痛(前倾时减轻)和心包摩擦音。最可能的诊断是什么?

  1. A急性左心衰竭
  2. B急性主动脉夹层
  3. C心肌梗死后(Dressler)综合征
  4. D另一条动脉的新发 STEMI
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

一名患者卒中后出现同向性偏盲。护士起初应如何帮助?

  1. A从看得见的一侧接近,并教其转头扫视
  2. B用眼罩遮盖患侧的眼睛
  3. C把呼叫铃和饮品放在看不见的一侧以训练该侧
  4. D保持房间昏暗以减少视觉刺激
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名带有隧道式中心静脉导管的血液透析患者在透析开始后不久出现发热和寒战。护士应怀疑什么并如何处理?

  1. A导管相关血流感染;停止透析,采集培养并上报
  2. B透析的正常反应;继续透析,仅给对乙酰氨基酚
  3. C透析失衡;加快透析以便更早结束
  4. D空气栓塞;让患者头高位并继续
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

For which stoma can colostomy irrigation be considered?

  1. AAny stoma that has liquid or very loose output
  2. BAn ileal conduit draining urine
  3. CA new ileostomy in the first week
  4. DAn established descending or sigmoid colostomy
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

拔除硬膜外导管数小时后,一名使用抗凝药的患者出现背痛和逐渐加重的腿部无力。应怀疑什么?

  1. A尿路感染引起的背痛
  2. B硬膜外血肿,需要紧急评估和 MRI
  3. C骶部压疮引起的牵涉性腿痛
  4. D硬膜外阻滞在一天内的正常消退
19.产科护理中等

A woman's cultural practice involves eating only warm foods after birth. How should the nurse respond?

  1. ATell her the practice is harmful and must stop
  2. BIgnore her requests to save time
  3. CRespect it and offer suitable warm foods
  4. DInsist that she eat the standard hospital diet
20.产科护理困难

A woman has been breastfeeding for 3 weeks. Her baby has gained little weight, feeds briefly and falls asleep at the breast. What is the most appropriate first action?

  1. AObserve a full feed to assess latch and milk transfer
  2. BAdvise her to stop breastfeeding and use formula only
  3. CTell her to feed only every 6 hours to build hunger
  4. DReassure her that slow weight gain is normal
21.儿科护理中等

Using the 100–50–20 rule, what is the daily maintenance fluid requirement for a 15 kg child?

  1. A750 mL per day
  2. B1000 mL per day
  3. C1250 mL per day
  4. D1500 mL per day
22.儿科护理困难

A child with extensive burns is receiving IV fluid resuscitation. Which finding best shows that fluid replacement is adequate?

  1. AThe child is asking for a drink
  2. BThe blood pressure is in the high range
  3. CThe burned skin looks less red and the blisters are smaller
  4. DA urine output of about 1 mL/kg per hour
23.精神科护理中等

What is the main difference between disulfiram and naltrexone in alcohol dependence?

  1. ABoth work in exactly the same way, so they are fully interchangeable
  2. BDisulfiram reduces craving; naltrexone causes vomiting when alcohol is drunk
  3. CNaltrexone is used only for alcohol withdrawal; disulfiram is used only for treating an alcohol overdose
  4. DDisulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
24.精神科护理困难

A woman with PTSD after a sexual assault by a man becomes distressed when a male nurse is assigned to her. What is the most appropriate response?

  1. AAssign a female nurse where possible and explain her care plan to her
  2. BInsist that she accept the male nurse, as all staff are professional
  3. CTell her that she must learn to face her fears
  4. DLeave her without a named nurse until she calms down
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C97.7 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 97.7 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

97.7 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
2 tsp · 2/天 · 7 d? × 150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每天两次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 150 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?

2 tsp每天两次7 天150 mL1 tsp = 5 mL
N =
27.剂量计算中等
1:10 000安瓿V = ? mL

一支肾上腺素预充式注射器标示为 1:10 000(0.1 mg/mL)。医嘱为心脏骤停时 1 mg 静脉注射(IV)。你应给多少体积 V?

1:10 0001 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方剂量为 0.62 mg。安瓿每 mL 含 1000 微克。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

0.62 mg1000 mcg/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
500 mL60 gtt/mL6 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 6 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

500 mL6 h60 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
4 g1000 mL? mL/h1 mg/min

一袋中含有 4 g 药物,溶于 1000 mL。医嘱为每分钟 1 mg。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

4 g/1000 mL1 mg/min
R = mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次果冻120 mL茶150 mL冰屑120 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素1 × 100 mL尿液150 mL尿液275 mL尿液325 mL尿液450 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。

果冻: 120 mL茶: 150 mL冰屑: 120 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 1 × 100 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL50 mL/h开始 07:3013:00: ? mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 07:30 开始用输液泵以 50 mL/h 输注。到 13:00 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?

1000 mL50 mL/h07:30 → 13:00
V = mL
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 完全不能活动; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
98?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 60

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 60 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 98 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 60 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 60 mmHgSBP 98 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it

为什么是这个答案

A patient questioning a medicine may be a sign of an error. The nurse holds the dose, checks the prescription and the drug and explains before giving it.

答案

C · Stop and recheck the prescription before giving it
2.护理学基础

答案: C · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen

为什么是这个答案

When tissues are poorly perfused they switch to anaerobic metabolism and produce lactate. A raised lactate in sepsis signals higher risk and the need for urgent treatment.

答案

C · The tissues are not getting enough oxygen
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · Increasing sedation

为什么是这个答案

Sedation increases before respiratory depression occurs, so sedation levels are checked regularly along with breathing. A patient who is getting harder to wake needs the opioid held and the prescriber informed.

答案

A · Increasing sedation
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination

为什么是这个答案

The vaccine contains surface antigen, so it produces anti-HBs only. A negative anti-HBc shows there has been no natural infection, and a negative HBsAg rules out current infection.

答案

C · Immunity from hepatitis B vaccination
5.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Muscle weakness and U waves on the ECG

为什么是这个答案

Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness, cramps and arrhythmias, with flattened T waves and U waves on the ECG. Peaked T waves are a sign of hyperkalemia.

答案

B · Muscle weakness and U waves on the ECG
6.优先排序与委派

答案: B · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample

为什么是这个答案

Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain is a classic sign of peritonitis, a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. The nurse reports it and sends a sample as prescribed so antibiotics can start.

答案

B · Peritonitis, which needs prompt reporting and a fluid sample
7.临床护理

答案: C · 大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖

为什么是这个答案

HbA1c 反映红细胞生命周期内血红蛋白的糖化程度,可用来估计长期血糖控制情况。

答案

C · 大约过去两到三个月的平均血糖
8.临床护理

答案: A · A sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys

为什么是这个答案

In a hypertensive emergency, autoregulation in vital organs is reset to higher pressures. Lowering BP too fast can cause ischaemia, so it is reduced gradually under close monitoring.

答案

A · A sudden drop can reduce blood flow to the brain, heart and kidneys
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Serum sodium, which may fall too low

为什么是这个答案

Desmopressin acts like ADH, so the kidneys retain water. If the patient drinks too much, water retention can cause hyponatremia, which may lead to confusion and seizures. Sodium, weight and fluid balance are monitored.

答案

A · Serum sodium, which may fall too low
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Increasingly severe pancreatitis

为什么是这个答案

Rising BUN (fluid loss and kidney injury), low calcium and hyperglycemia are markers of more severe pancreatitis in scoring systems. The nurse monitors fluid balance, vital signs and organ function closely and reports deterioration.核对依据: Acute pancreatitis · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); BUN (Blood Urea Nitrogen) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

B · Increasingly severe pancreatitis
11.药理学

答案: D · Cumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure

为什么是这个答案

Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin can damage heart muscle, and the risk increases with cumulative dose. Heart function is assessed before and during treatment; the drug can also turn urine red.

答案

D · Cumulative heart muscle damage leading to heart failure
12.药理学

答案: D · Symptomatic low blood pressure and fainting

为什么是这个答案

Alpha blockers and PDE5 inhibitors both cause vasodilation, so together they can cause marked hypotension. Patients should be stable on the alpha blocker, and the PDE5 inhibitor is started at a low dose.

答案

D · Symptomatic low blood pressure and fainting
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · The reading will be falsely high

为什么是这个答案

A cuff that is too small needs a higher pressure to compress the brachial artery, giving a falsely high reading. A cuff that is too large can give a falsely low reading. The bladder should encircle most of the arm, so cuff size is chosen by arm circumference.

答案

D · The reading will be falsely high
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · 心肌梗死后(Dressler)综合征

为什么是这个答案

Dressler 综合征是心肌梗死数周后发生的免疫介导性心包炎,表现为发热、坐起前倾时缓解的胸膜性疼痛和摩擦音。在再灌注时代现已少见。新的梗死引起的缺血性疼痛不随体位改变,夹层引起放射到背部的撕裂样疼痛。

答案

C · 心肌梗死后(Dressler)综合征
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 从看得见的一侧接近,并教其转头扫视

为什么是这个答案

起初,把重要物品放在视力完好的一侧并从该侧接近患者,可提高安全性。随着时间推移,教患者向缺失的视野侧转头扫视。遮盖一只眼没有帮助,因为双眼丢失的是同一半视野。

答案

A · 从看得见的一侧接近,并教其转头扫视
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: A · 导管相关血流感染;停止透析,采集培养并上报

为什么是这个答案

通过中心静脉导管开始透析时出现发热和寒战,强烈提示导管相关血流感染。应按方案停止或调整透析,采集血培养(导管和外周),通知团队并按医嘱开始静脉抗生素。检查出口处。

答案

A · 导管相关血流感染;停止透析,采集培养并上报
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · An established descending or sigmoid colostomy

为什么是这个答案

Irrigation instils water into a sigmoid or descending colostomy to empty the bowel at set times. It is not used for ileostomies or urostomies and needs specialist teaching.

答案

D · An established descending or sigmoid colostomy
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 硬膜外血肿,需要紧急评估和 MRI

为什么是这个答案

使用硬膜外镇痛期间或拔管后,出现运动无力加重、麻木、背痛或膀胱功能障碍,尤其是使用抗凝药时,可能提示硬膜外血肿或脓肿。这是急症:需要紧急麻醉评估和 MRI,必要时手术减压,以防永久性瘫痪。

答案

B · 硬膜外血肿,需要紧急评估和 MRI
19.产科护理

答案: C · Respect it and offer suitable warm foods

为什么是这个答案

Many cultures have postnatal dietary customs, such as warm foods. When a practice is not harmful, the nurse respects it and adapts care, which builds trust and supports recovery.

答案

C · Respect it and offer suitable warm foods
20.产科护理

答案: A · Observe a full feed to assess latch and milk transfer

为什么是这个答案

Poor weight gain needs assessment of a full feed, including latch, swallowing and duration, and of the baby's health. Support may include more frequent feeds, breast compression and expressed milk, with medical review.

答案

A · Observe a full feed to assess latch and milk transfer
21.儿科护理

答案: C · 1250 mL per day

为什么是这个答案

First 10 kg: 10 × 100 = 1000 mL. Next 5 kg: 5 × 50 = 250 mL. Total = 1250 mL per day, or about 52 mL per hour.

答案

C · 1250 mL per day
22.儿科护理

答案: D · A urine output of about 1 mL/kg per hour

为什么是这个答案

Urine output, usually measured by catheter, is the main guide to fluid resuscitation in burns. In children, an output of about 1 mL/kg/hour suggests adequate perfusion; fluids are adjusted to keep it in the target range.

答案

D · A urine output of about 1 mL/kg per hour
23.精神科护理

答案: D · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward

为什么是这个答案

Disulfiram blocks the breakdown of acetaldehyde, so drinking causes flushing, nausea and palpitations. Naltrexone blocks opioid receptors and reduces the pleasurable effect of alcohol.

答案

D · Disulfiram causes an unpleasant reaction to alcohol; naltrexone reduces craving and reward
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Assign a female nurse where possible and explain her care plan to her

为什么是这个答案

Trauma-informed care respects the patient's need for safety and control. Where possible, adjusting staffing reduces re-traumatisation and helps build trust.

答案

A · Assign a female nurse where possible and explain her care plan to her
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 36.5 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

97.7 − 32 = 65.7

乘以 5/9

T = 65.7·5/9 = 36.5 °C

答案

T = 36.5 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: N = 1

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

总体积

10 mL × 2 × 7 = 140 mL

瓶数

140/150 = 0.9333 → N = 1

答案

N = 1
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 10 mL

Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.

浓度

1:10 000 = 1 g/10000 mL = 0.1 mg/mL

体积

V = 1/0.1 = 10 mL

答案

V = 10 mL

美国的标签现在标示 mg/mL(1 mg/mL = 1:1000;0.1 mg/mL = 1:10 000)。切勿静脉推注 1 mg/mL 的肾上腺素。

28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.62 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

单位相同

0.62 mg = 620 mcg

体积

V = 620/1000 = 0.62 mL

答案

V = 0.62 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 83 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

6·60 = 360 min

滴速

R = 500·60/360 = 83.33 ≈ 83 gtt/min

答案

R = 83 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 15 mL/h

Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).

浓度

4000 mg/1000 mL = 4 mg/mL

每小时剂量

1·60 = 60 mg/h

泵速

R = 60/4 = 15 mL/h

答案

R = 15 mL/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1330 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 120 + 150 = 270 mL
冰屑: 120/2 = 60 mL
静脉输液: 75·12 = 900 mL
静脉抗生素: 1·100 = 100 mL
I = 1330 mL

答案

I = 1330 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: V = 725 mL

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

经过的时间

07:30 → 13:00 = 5.5 h

已输入体积

50·5.5 = 275 mL

剩余体积

V = 1000 − 275 = 725 mL

答案

V = 725 mL
33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 17

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 非常受限 → 2
潮湿程度: 很少潮湿 → 4
活动: 经常步行 → 4
活动能力: 完全不能活动 → 1
营养: 充足 → 3
摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题 → 3

相加

Braden 总分 = 2 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 3 + 3 = 17

答案

B = 17
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 41 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·60 − 98)/2 = 82/2 = 41 mmHg

答案

DBP = 41 mmHg

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