感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Using Maslow's hierarchy, which patient need should the nurse address first?
A dehydrated patient is receiving IV fluids. Which finding best shows the treatment is working?
一名活动性肺结核患者需要前往放射科。应如何转运该患者?
A patient on a general ward for two days is found to have smear-positive pulmonary TB. What should the nurse do besides moving the patient to an airborne isolation room?
A patient with a valid do-not-resuscitate order (DNR; called DNACPR in the UK) stops breathing and has no pulse. What should the nurse do?
一名从房屋火灾中获救的患者面部烧伤,鼻毛烧焦,声音嘶哑。优先事项是什么?
A patient with DKA has an arterial blood gas showing a low pH and a low bicarbonate. Which disturbance is this?
Which sign is often a late finding in hypovolaemic shock in a young, previously fit adult?
A urine culture is ordered for a patient with an indwelling urinary catheter. How should the nurse collect the sample?
At the start of a shift, the nurse reviews four new results. Which patient needs attention first?
Which rule applies when giving phenytoin intravenously?
A patient with HIV has a CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3. Which prophylaxis is usually started?
关于阿哌沙班和利伐沙班等直接口服抗凝药,下列哪项说法正确?
A patient with known left-sided lung cancer starts coughing up large amounts of fresh blood. While help is called, how should the patient be positioned?
Why are insulin and glucose given together to treat hyperkalaemia?
The nurse has four endocrine patients. Which one needs to be seen first?
Which advice helps a patient with haemorrhoids?
An older patient with atrial fibrillation has sudden severe abdominal pain, but the abdomen is soft with little tenderness. Lactate is raised. What should the nurse suspect?
Which feature best distinguishes true labour from false labour?
一名妊娠 33 周、阴道鲜红色出血的女性入院,怀疑前置胎盘。护士应对哪项医嘱提出质疑?
Which diet is usually recommended for a child with cystic fibrosis?
Which treatment is not routinely recommended for a typical infant with bronchiolitis?
A man taking risperidone reports breast enlargement and his partner says he has lost interest in sex. Which effect is the most likely cause?
Which patient has the highest risk of suicide?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 08:05(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注的给药速率为 40 mcg/min。请把这个剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。
一名体重 54 kg 的患者体表面积为 1.36 m²。医嘱为 175 mg/m²。求剂量 D,以 mg 表示。
一名患者体重 22 lb。医嘱为单次剂量 1 mg/kg,储备液为 5 mL 中含 125 mg。按 1 kg = 2.2 lb 计算,你应给予多少容量 V?
用滴系数为 60 滴/mL 的输液器在 3 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
将 1000 mg 药物稀释于 500 mL 中,通过滴系数为 60 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 120 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 83 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 19:30 时已输入 300 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 14 次/分,SpO₂ 91%吸室内空气,血压 102/62 mmHg,脉搏 76 次/分,清醒,体温 35.0 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 充足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: B · A patient who is short of breath after walking to the toilet
Physiological needs such as breathing come first. Psychological and social needs matter too but are addressed after basic survival needs are met.
答案: B · Urine output rises and the heart rate falls towards normal
With effective fluid replacement, perfusion improves: urine output increases, the heart rate settles and the blood pressure stabilises. Watching for fluid overload is also important.
答案: B · 患者佩戴外科口罩,并提前通知放射科
转运期间,患者佩戴外科口罩以阻挡呼吸道颗粒,并告知接收科室,以便其保护工作人员和其他患者。护理该患者的工作人员应佩戴经过密合性测试的呼吸器。
答案: B · Inform infection prevention so exposed patients and staff can be identified and followed up
Infection prevention and public health carry out a contact investigation to identify and screen people exposed while the patient was not isolated. Treatment of contacts depends on their test results.
答案: D · Follow the DNR order and do not start CPR
A valid DNR order means CPR is not started. The nurse keeps the patient comfortable, informs the provider and supports the family.
答案: B · 保护气道,准备早期气道支持
鼻毛烧焦和声音嘶哑提示吸入性损伤。上气道可能在数小时内肿胀并闭合,因此要尽早保护。随后才是补液、止痛和伤口护理。
答案: C · Metabolic acidosis
In DKA, ketoacids consume bicarbonate, causing a metabolic acidosis. The patient breathes deeply and fast (Kussmaul breathing) to lower PaCO2 as compensation.
答案: C · A fall in blood pressure
Young adults compensate for blood loss with tachycardia and vasoconstriction, so blood pressure may stay normal until a large volume is lost. Hypotension is therefore a late and serious sign.
答案: B · Aspirate from the sampling port with a sterile syringe
The catheter sampling port is cleaned and urine is aspirated with a sterile syringe, keeping the system closed. Urine in the drainage bag has been standing and can contain bacteria that multiplied there; opening the system raises the risk of infection.
答案: C · Sodium 119 mEq/L in a patient with new confusion and vomiting
Severe hyponatremia with confusion and vomiting suggests cerebral edema and can progress to seizures and coma. The other results are mildly abnormal and expected for those conditions, so they are less urgent.核对依据: Low blood sodium - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025); Sodium Blood Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · Mix or flush it only with normal saline and give it slowly
Phenytoin precipitates in glucose solutions, so only normal saline is used. Rapid infusion can cause hypotension and arrhythmias, so the rate is limited and the patient is monitored.
答案: D · Co-trimoxazole to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia
A low CD4 count greatly raises the risk of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Co-trimoxazole prevents it and also reduces the risk of toxoplasmosis.
答案: C · 无需常规检测 INR,但剂量取决于肾功能
DOAC 的作用可预测,因此不需要常规的凝血监测。剂量取决于肾功能、体重、年龄和相互作用的药物。由于药效在一两天内消退,漏服很重要。维生素 K 不能逆转其作用;有特异性的逆转剂。
答案: C · Lying on the left side, with the bleeding lung down
In massive haemoptysis, the patient is positioned with the bleeding lung lowermost so blood does not flood the healthy lung. Oxygen, suction, IV access and urgent senior help follow. Treatment may include bronchial artery embolisation.
答案: D · Insulin moves potassium into cells; glucose prevents a hypo
Insulin activates the sodium–potassium pump, moving potassium into cells and lowering the serum level within about 15–30 minutes. Glucose is given to prevent hypoglycaemia. The effect is temporary, so potassium must also be removed.
答案: D · A patient with hyperthyroidism who is confused, with a temperature of 39.5 °C (103.1 °F)
Fever and confusion in a patient with hyperthyroidism suggest thyroid storm, which can be fatal without urgent treatment. The other problems are expected or non-urgent.
答案: B · Eat more fibre, drink enough fluid and avoid straining
Soft stools reduce straining and pressure on the anal cushions. Long sitting on the toilet and constipating drugs such as codeine should be avoided.
答案: C · Acute mesenteric ischaemia
An embolus from AF can block the mesenteric artery, causing bowel ischaemia. Early signs are severe pain with few findings; raised lactate and peritonitis appear as the bowel dies. It needs urgent CT and surgery.
答案: A · Progressive dilation and effacement of the cervix
True labour causes progressive cervical change. Its contractions become regular, stronger and closer and do not stop with rest or walking. False labour contractions are irregular and ease with rest or position change.
答案: C · 进行宫颈指诊以评估扩张程度
在超声排除前置胎盘之前应避免阴道指诊,因为它可能引发严重出血。其他医嘱都是合适的。
答案: B · A high-energy, high-fat diet with fat-soluble vitamin supplements
Children with CF need more energy than usual because of malabsorption and the work of breathing. A high-energy diet with enzymes and extra vitamins A, D, E and K is standard; extra salt may be needed.
答案: A · Bronchodilators or corticosteroids
Guidelines advise supportive care for bronchiolitis: oxygen when needed, fluids or feeding support and suction of blocked noses. Bronchodilators, steroids and antibiotics have not been shown to help typical cases and are not routinely used.
答案: A · Raised prolactin
Blocking dopamine in the tuberoinfundibular pathway raises prolactin. This can cause gynaecomastia, galactorrhoea, menstrual problems and sexual dysfunction; risperidone and first-generation antipsychotics commonly cause it.
答案: A · A 72-year-old widowed man with alcohol dependence who has a gun at home and a plan
Older age, male sex, being widowed, substance misuse, access to lethal means and a specific plan all raise suicide risk. Having several factors together greatly increases the overall risk.
答案: 8:05 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 2.4 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 238 mg
Body-surface-area dosing: many cytotoxic and some paediatric doses are prescribed per square metre of body surface area: dose (mg) = dose per m² × BSA (m²). The Mosteller formula estimates BSA = √(height (cm) × weight (kg)/3600).
答案: V = 0.4 mL
Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.
答案: R = 83 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。
答案: R = 60 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: U = 1.13 mL/kg/h
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: t = 2.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 2 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 22:10 输完。
答案: NEWS2 = 7
NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。
答案: 轻度风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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