感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
如何测量毛细血管再充盈时间?
Why is the level of sedation a useful early warning in a patient on opioids?
Which technique is correct when collecting a wound culture?
Who should mark the operative site before surgery?
A patient with schizophrenia says voices are telling him to hurt his roommate. What is the priority?
A patient in labor is receiving oxytocin, and the fetal monitor shows repeated late decelerations. What should the nurse do first?
Which blood result often rises in an upper GI bleed because blood is digested in the gut?
一名急性胰腺炎患者上腹部剧痛并放射至背部。哪项护理最重要?
When blood is drawn from a central venous catheter, why is a small volume of blood usually discarded first, according to policy?
A patient on a stable dose of levothyroxine now has a TSH of 9.8 mIU/L. She recently started taking her calcium and iron supplements with her morning levothyroxine. What is the most likely explanation?
Which side effects are most common when starting gabapentin?
A noradrenaline infusion is running through a peripheral cannula. The skin around the site becomes pale, cold and hard. What should the nurse do?
COPD 的肺康复是什么?
髋关节手术后,一名患者突然出现呼吸困难和焦虑,心率 124 次/分,未吸氧时 SpO₂ 86%,呼吸时有尖锐疼痛。听诊胸部清晰。护士首先应做什么?
A man starts tamsulosin for BPH. Which teaching point is most important?
全甲状腺切除术后,一名患者焦虑,出现喘鸣和颈部紧张性肿胀。护士首先应做什么?
一名回肠膀胱术(尿路造口)患者担心尿中有黏液。正确的解释是什么?
An incontinent patient has diffuse, shiny, red and broken skin in the natal cleft and buttocks with irregular edges, not over a bony prominence. What is most likely?
When should an Rh-negative woman with no anti-D antibodies routinely receive antenatal anti-D immunoglobulin?
A woman at 26 weeks receiving terbutaline for preterm contractions has a heart rate of 132/min and chest tightness. What should the nurse do?
How is urine output measured in an infant wearing nappies?
The nurse has taught the parents of a newborn about safe sleep. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
抑郁患者的哪种行为是可能有自杀意图的警示信号?
A patient starting clozapine is being taught about blood tests. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次注射的剂量计算得到 10.9886 mL。 本练习的规则是:1 mL 或以上的体积取到最接近的十分之一 mL。你记录的数值x是多少?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 血红蛋白结果为 94 g/L。请用 g/dL 表示Hb。
某患者体重 15 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 5 mg/kg,分 4 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
你需要用 50%(w/v)储备液配制 250 mL 2%(w/v)溶液。 必须向储备液中加入多少水 W?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 8 小时内输入 1500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一袋液体在 500 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 30 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。 冰屑按其体积的一半计。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体于 07:15 开始用输液泵以 100 mL/h 输注。到 09:45 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 扶着家具; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 是; 行走辅助: 无、卧床休息或由护士协助; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 正常、卧床休息或轮椅; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。使用分界值 0–24 低,25–44 中度,45 或以上高,点击跌倒风险等级。
答案: D · 按压皮肤约 5 秒,松开后计时看颜色多久恢复
按压指尖或胸骨,松开后数秒数直到颜色恢复。时间延长提示外周灌注不良,例如休克或脱水时。
答案: B · Increasing sedation usually comes before respiratory depression
Patients usually become drowsy before their breathing slows dangerously. Checking sedation with a simple scale alongside respiratory rate allows early action.
答案: B · Clean the wound with sterile saline first, then swab clean tissue
Old exudate contains surface bacteria that may not be causing the infection. The wound is cleaned with sterile saline and then swabbed over clean, viable tissue, ideally before antibiotics start.
答案: D · The person who will perform the procedure, with the patient involved where possible
Under the Universal Protocol, the site is marked by the person performing the procedure, or an authorized delegate, ideally while the patient is awake and can confirm it. This helps prevent wrong-site surgery.
答案: A · Keep everyone safe and tell the team, as the risk of harm is high
Command hallucinations to harm others are a serious safety risk. The nurse keeps the patient and others safe, for example by separating them, and informs the team at once.
答案: D · Stop the oxytocin infusion
Late decelerations point to reduced blood flow through the placenta. Stopping oxytocin reduces contractions; the nurse then turns the patient onto her side, gives IV fluids as prescribed and informs the provider.
答案: D · Urea (blood urea nitrogen)
Blood proteins digested in the upper GI tract are absorbed and converted to urea, so urea rises out of proportion to creatinine. Urea is part of the Glasgow-Blatchford bleeding score.
答案: A · 充分镇痛、静脉补液以及密切监测液体平衡
急性胰腺炎可引起大量液体丢失和器官衰竭。护理重点是液体复苏、镇痛、监测尿量和血糖,并在可能时尽早营养支持。
答案: B · To avoid diluting the sample with flush or infusion fluid
Central lines contain flush solution or infused fluids, which can dilute the sample or add glucose, heparin or electrolytes. Infusions are paused and an initial volume is discarded (or reinfused per policy) before the sample is drawn; then the line is flushed.
答案: A · The supplements are reducing levothyroxine absorption
Calcium, iron and antacids bind levothyroxine in the gut and reduce absorption, so the TSH rises. Levothyroxine is taken on an empty stomach, usually 30–60 minutes before breakfast, separated from these supplements by about 4 hours.
答案: D · Drowsiness and dizziness
Gabapentin and pregabalin commonly cause sedation, dizziness and unsteadiness, which raise the risk of falls. They also increase sedation when combined with opioids.
答案: C · Stop the infusion at that site and follow the extravasation protocol
Extravasation of a vasopressor can cause tissue necrosis. The infusion is stopped and moved to another site, and phentolamine, an alpha blocker, may be injected into the area to reverse vasoconstriction.
答案: C · 在监督下进行的运动和教育,以减轻呼吸困难
肺康复结合个体化的运动训练、教育和呼吸技巧。它可提高运动能力,减轻呼吸困难,改善生活质量,并减少住院。推荐用于因呼吸困难而活动受限的 COPD 患者以及急性加重之后。
答案: A · 给氧、协助坐起、呼叫紧急评估并留在床边
骨科手术后突发呼吸困难、心动过速、胸膜性疼痛和低氧血症提示肺栓塞。立即措施是支持性的:给氧至目标饱和度、血压允许时取直立位、紧急上报并持续监测,随后按医嘱进行检查和抗凝。镇静可能掩盖病情恶化并抑制呼吸。
答案: D · Stand up slowly, because it can make you dizzy
Tamsulosin relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow within days. It can cause postural hypotension and dizziness, especially after the first dose, so patients rise slowly.
答案: D · 呼叫紧急援助:血肿可能压迫气道
伴有喘鸣的迅速增大的颈部血肿是气道急症。应呼叫紧急援助;在许多病房,会在床边拆除夹子或缝线以松解血肿(遵循当地急救程序),然后再进行确定性的气道管理和手术。
答案: B · 这是正常的,因为该通道由小肠制成
回肠通道使用一段回肠,它会继续产生黏液。鼓励患者多饮水以保持尿流通畅。然而,浑浊、有异味的尿伴发热则提示感染。
答案: B · Incontinence-associated dermatitis
Incontinence-associated dermatitis is inflammation from urine or faeces, with diffuse redness and superficial erosion. It is managed with gentle cleansing, barrier products and managing incontinence, and is different from a pressure ulcer.
答案: C · At about 28 weeks of pregnancy
Routine antenatal anti-D around 28 weeks, in a single or split dose depending on the programme, protects against sensitisation from silent fetomaternal bleeds. It is given again after birth if the baby is Rh-positive.
答案: D · Withhold the next dose and report the findings
Terbutaline can cause maternal tachycardia, palpitations, chest pain, pulmonary oedema and hyperglycaemia, so it is used only short term. A maternal heart rate above about 120/min or chest pain means the drug should be held and the provider informed.
答案: B · Weigh the wet nappy and subtract the dry weight; 1 g is about 1 mL
Weighing nappies before and after use gives an accurate measure of urine output, as 1 g of urine is about 1 mL. This is important in sick infants to calculate output in mL/kg/hour.
答案: C · "We will put a soft bumper and a pillow in the cot so she is comfortable."
Soft bedding, pillows and bumpers increase the risk of suffocation and sudden infant death. Back sleeping, a separate cot in the parents' room and a smoke-free environment all reduce the risk.
答案: C · 把珍贵的物品送人,并突然显得平静
警示信号包括谈论死亡、赠送财物、告别、在深度抑郁后情绪突然好转以及寻找自杀手段。
答案: B · "After a few months I can stop having blood tests."
Blood count monitoring is most frequent in the first months of clozapine treatment but continues throughout treatment, because agranulocytosis can occur at any time.
答案: x = 11 mL
取整:看舍入位后面的那个数字:5 或更大则进位,4 或更小则保持原数字不变。只对最终答案取整,绝不对中间步骤取整。典型的考试规则:1 mL 或以上的体积取到十分位,低于 1 mL 的体积取到百分位,滴速取整到整滴,体重取到一位小数;务必遵循题目所规定的规则。
答案: Hb = 9.4 g/dL
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 18.75 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: W = 240 mL
Solution strengths: a percentage strength is grams per 100 mL, so 1% = 1 g/100 mL = 10 mg/mL. A ratio strength 1:1000 means 1 g in 1000 mL = 1 mg/mL; 1:10 000 is 0.1 mg/mL. For a dilution the amount of drug stays the same: C₁·V₁ = C₂·V₂.
答案: R = 31 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:31 滴/分。
答案: D = 15 mg/h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: I = 1070 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: V = 750 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: MFS = 50
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 低风险
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
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