NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

一名意识清醒的糖尿病患者血糖低,且能安全吞咽。第一步是什么?

  1. A口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖
  2. B在医生到来之前什么都不给
  3. C给予下一剂胰岛素
  4. D立即吃一顿丰盛的饭,次日早晨复测血糖
2.护理学基础困难

For a patient at risk of pressure ulcers, why is the head of the bed usually kept at 30 degrees or less if their condition allows?

  1. AHigher angles always cause breathing problems in patients who are bedbound
  2. BLower angles increase blood flow to the heels
  3. CHigher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
  4. DLower angles stop the patient from getting out of bed
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why is “QD” (once daily) on The Joint Commission’s “Do Not Use” list?

  1. AIt means “every day at bedtime” in some hospitals
  2. BIt can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
  3. CIt is a Latin abbreviation, and only plain English abbreviations may be used
  4. DIt is only allowed for intravenous medicines
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

An IV bag from the pharmacy holds the correct drug, but the label shows another patient’s name. What should the nurse do?

  1. AHang it, because the drug and dose are correct
  2. BCross out the name and write in the correct patient’s name
  3. CAsk the patient whether it is fine to use the bag
  4. DNot hang it, and get a correctly labeled bag from the pharmacy
5.优先排序与委派中等

值班护士长需要腾出一张床位。哪位患者最适合出院或转到较低级别的护理?

  1. A肺炎,氧需求在一夜之间从 2 L/min 升至 4 L/min
  2. B两小时前因胸痛入院;肌钙蛋白结果尚未回报
  3. C肠道手术后第 1 天,新出现体温 38.5 °C
  4. D无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药
6.优先排序与委派困难

四名患者同时到达急诊科。应先看谁?

  1. A一名偏头痛、血压 150/90 mmHg 的成人
  2. B一名脚踝畸形但足部脉搏正常的成人
  3. C一名 2 岁的儿童,流口水,身体前倾,有喘鸣
  4. D一名手臂有伤口、出血已控制的青少年
7.临床护理中等

一名 2 型糖尿病患者急性起病,严重脱水,血糖 40 mmol/L,但没有明显的酮体。最可能的诊断是什么?

  1. A尿崩症
  2. B高渗性高血糖状态
  3. C伴脱水的糖尿病酮症酸中毒
  4. D低血糖
8.临床护理困难

Why are patients with nephrotic syndrome at increased risk of blood clots?

  1. AAnticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise
  2. BThey lose most of their platelets in the urine every day
  3. CThey lose all their red cells in the urine, which thickens the remaining blood
  4. DTheir blood pressure is always very low
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient starts high-dose prednisone. Which laboratory change should the nurse expect?

  1. AA fall in the white cell count
  2. BA fall in serum sodium
  3. CA rise in blood glucose
  4. DA rise in serum potassium
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient's bedside glucose meter shows "HI" (above its measuring range). The patient is drowsy. What should the nurse do?

  1. ARecord "HI" and repeat the meter test at the next scheduled time
  2. BSend a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
  3. CAssume the meter is broken and give the usual insulin dose
  4. DGive oral glucose in case the reading is wrong and the patient is low
11.药理学中等

A patient with insulin-treated diabetes is found unconscious with very low blood glucose. There is no IV access. Which drug can a trained helper give?

  1. AIntramuscular adrenaline
  2. BRapid-acting insulin under the skin
  3. COral glucose gel poured into the mouth
  4. DGlucagon by injection or nasal spray
12.药理学困难

During an alteplase infusion for acute ischaemic stroke, the patient develops a sudden severe headache and her level of consciousness falls. What is the nurse's first action?

  1. AGive a bolus of heparin to prevent a new clot
  2. BStop the alteplase infusion and notify the provider urgently
  3. CGive paracetamol for the headache and continue the infusion
  4. DSlow the infusion to half the rate and recheck in 30 minutes
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

Rheumatic heart disease most often follows which infection?

  1. AA viral infection of the upper airway
  2. BA fungal infection of the lungs
  3. CA group A streptococcal throat infection
  4. DStaphylococcal infection of the skin
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Four surgical patients need VTE prevention. For which patient is mechanical prophylaxis alone most appropriate?

  1. AA patient who had a brain haemorrhage two days ago
  2. BA patient with cancer having bowel surgery
  3. CAn obese patient after hip surgery
  4. DA patient after an uncomplicated knee replacement
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

哪种电解质模式是 Addison 病的典型表现?

  1. A高钠低钾
  2. B高钙低磷
  3. C低钠高钾
  4. D低钾低糖
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

A 66-year-old smoker has had two episodes of painless red urine. Urine cultures are negative. Which plan is most appropriate?

  1. AAdvise more fluids and review in a year
  2. BReassure him, because the blood has stopped
  3. CUrgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
  4. DAnother course of antibiotics for a UTI
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Why do patients with major burns lose so much fluid in the first 24–48 hours?

  1. AThe burned skin absorbs fluid from the air
  2. BLeaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
  3. CThe kidneys stop making urine completely
  4. DPatients drink far too little in hospital in the first days
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

An incontinent patient has diffuse, shiny, red and broken skin in the natal cleft and buttocks with irregular edges, not over a bony prominence. What is most likely?

  1. AIncontinence-associated dermatitis
  2. BA full-thickness burn
  3. CA category 4 pressure ulcer over the sacrum
  4. DAn arterial ulcer caused by poor circulation
19.产科护理中等

哪种模式定义了子宫收缩过频?

  1. A10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均
  2. B早期产程中每 5 分钟一次宫缩,每次持续 60 秒
  3. C10 分钟内超过 2 次宫缩
  4. D宫缩持续 60 秒
20.产科护理困难

一名妊娠期糖尿病女性在孕期使用胰岛素。产后即刻她的胰岛素需求预期会有何变化?

  1. A迅速下降,因此需监测血糖,常停用胰岛素
  2. B她将需要终身使用胰岛素
  3. C6 周内保持不变
  4. D因分娩的应激而增加一倍,所以要增加胰岛素剂量
21.儿科护理中等

A child's asthma action plan shows he is in the yellow zone. What should he do?

  1. ADouble the preventer dose and do nothing else
  2. BUse the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
  3. CGo straight to the emergency department without using any medicine first
  4. DStop all medicines and wait to see if the symptoms pass
22.儿科护理困难

A child with Hirschsprung disease awaiting surgery develops fever, explosive diarrhoea and a very swollen abdomen. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AOrdinary viral gastroenteritis
  2. BThe disease has resolved itself
  3. CEnterocolitis, an emergency
  4. DOveruse of laxatives at home
23.精神科护理中等

A woman calls the emergency department after a sexual assault an hour ago. What advice helps to preserve forensic evidence?

  1. AWait a few days at home until she feels ready to talk before seeking any medical care or forensic examination
  2. BAvoid showering or changing clothes, and bring any clothing already removed in a paper bag
  3. CShower and wash her clothes before coming in, so she feels cleaner
  4. DPut all clothing in a sealed plastic bag
24.精神科护理困难

Verbal de-escalation has failed, and a patient picks up a chair and threatens to throw it at the nurse. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AShout loudly at the patient to put the chair down at once, so that he knows the nurse is in charge
  2. BTurn her back and walk away slowly without saying anything
  3. CKeep a safe distance, call for help and avoid trying to take the chair alone
  4. DGrab the chair from the patient quickly before he can use it
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
5 lb 14 oz? kg1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名新生儿体重 5 lb 14 oz。按 1 lb = 16 oz 和 1 kg = 2.2 lb,求以千克表示的体重m。取到两位小数。

5 lb 14 oz1 lb = 16 oz1 kg = 2.2 lb
m = kg
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
5 mcg/kg/min? mg/h97 kg1 h = 60 min1 mg = 1000 mcg

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 5 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 97 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。

5 mcg/kg/min97 kg
D = mg/h
27.剂量计算中等
500 mg+ 9.6 mLV = ? mL

一个药瓶中含有 500 mg 的粉末。标签上写着:加入 9.6 mL 注射用水,得到总容量 10 mL。医嘱为 100 mg。你应给予复溶后溶液的多少容量 V?

500 mg+ 9.6 mL → 10 mL100 mg
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
50k 件1000 mL? mL/h2000 件/h

一袋输液在 1000 mL 中含 50000 单位药物。医嘱为每小时 2000 单位。泵速 R 应设为多少 mL/h?

50000 件/1000 mL2000 件/h
R = mL/h
29.静脉输液速度中等
590 mL剩余? mL/h4 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1500 mL。8 小时后你发现袋中还剩 590 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 必须把泵重新设定为多少 mL/h 的速率 R?

1500 mL / 12 h经过 8 h: 590 mL
R = mL/h
30.静脉输液速度困难
410 mL剩余? mL/h4 h 剩余

医嘱要求在 12 小时内输入 1000 mL。8 小时后你发现袋中还剩 410 mL,而输液仍须按时完成。 原来的泵速必须提高百分之多少 Δ?

1000 mL / 12 h经过 8 h: 410 mL
Δ = %
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果汁150 mL水250 mL静脉输液75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液300 mL尿液300 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。

果汁: 150 mL水: 250 mL静脉输液: 75 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 100 mL尿液: 300 mL尿液: 300 mL
B = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
1000 mL800 mL 已输入120 mL/h16:00t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 120 mL/h 输注。到 16:00 时已输入 800 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

1000 mL800 mL 已输入120 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
3210123RR≤89–1112–2021–24≥25SpO₂≤9192–9394–95≥96空气 / O₂O₂空气SBP≤9091–100101–110111–219≥220HR≤4041–5051–9091–110111–130≥131ACVPUAC, V, P, UT °C≤35.035.1–36.036.1–38.038.1–39.0≥39.1

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 对这些观察结果使用 NEWS2 图表(SpO₂ 量表 1):呼吸频率 12 次/分,SpO₂ 89%吸室内空气,血压 150/90 mmHg,脉搏 82 次/分,清醒,体温 35.2 °C。NEWS2 总分是多少?

RR 12SpO₂ 89%空气SBP 150HR 82AT 35.2 °C
NEWS2 =
34.临床评估评分困难
令人放心中度异常低

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 出生后 5 分钟,一名练习用新生儿的表现为:躯干粉红,手脚青紫,心率 60 次/分,刺激时做鬼脸,四肢略有屈曲,呼吸缓慢、不规则,哭声微弱。 为 Apgar 评分并点击该评分的解读。

  1. 1令人放心
  2. 2中度异常
  3. 3低

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: A · 口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖

为什么是这个答案

对能吞咽的清醒患者,给予葡萄糖片或果汁等快速起效的葡萄糖,短时间后复测血糖。血糖回升后,再给予作用较持久的碳水化合物。

答案

A · 口服快速起效的碳水化合物,并复测血糖
2.护理学基础

答案: C · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum

为什么是这个答案

When the head is raised high, the body tends to slide while the skin stays still, distorting the tissues over the sacrum. Keeping the angle low, where safe, reduces this shear.

答案

C · Higher angles make the patient slide down, causing shear over the sacrum
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely

为什么是这个答案

“QD” and “QOD” can be confused with each other and with “QID”, leading to serious dosing errors. The word “daily” or “every other day” is written in full instead.

答案

B · It can be misread as QID or QOD, so the drug is given too often or too rarely
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · Not hang it, and get a correctly labeled bag from the pharmacy

为什么是这个答案

A label with another patient’s name means the bag may be meant for someone else or may differ in other ways. The nurse does not use it, returns it and reports the issue so the error can be investigated.

答案

D · Not hang it, and get a correctly labeled bag from the pharmacy
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药

为什么是这个答案

阑尾切除术后的患者病情稳定,能进食,口服镇痛即可控制。肌钙蛋白结果未出、氧需求上升和新发热,都意味着患者的病程尚不明朗。

答案

D · 无并发症阑尾切除术后第 3 天,能进食,使用口服镇痛药
6.优先排序与委派

答案: C · 一名 2 岁的儿童,流口水,身体前倾,有喘鸣

为什么是这个答案

流口水、前倾(三脚架)姿势和喘鸣提示严重的上气道梗阻,如会厌炎,可能迅速变成完全梗阻。应让孩子保持平静,在气道专家到场之前不要检查咽喉。

答案

C · 一名 2 岁的儿童,流口水,身体前倾,有喘鸣
7.临床护理

答案: B · 高渗性高血糖状态

为什么是这个答案

HHS 通常发生在 2 型糖尿病患者中。它在数天内逐渐发展,表现为极度高血糖、脱水和高渗透压,但酮症很轻。

答案

B · 高渗性高血糖状态
8.临床护理

答案: A · Anticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise

为什么是这个答案

Loss of proteins such as antithrombin in the urine, together with increased hepatic production of clotting factors, creates a hypercoagulable state. Some patients need anticoagulation.

答案

A · Anticoagulant proteins are lost in the urine and clotting factors rise
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · A rise in blood glucose

为什么是这个答案

Glucocorticoids raise blood glucose by increasing glucose production and reducing insulin sensitivity. They also tend to lower potassium, retain sodium and raise the white cell count by releasing neutrophils into the blood.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

C · A rise in blood glucose
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: B · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once

为什么是这个答案

"HI" means the glucose exceeds the meter's range, so the true value is unknown and may be very high, as in DKA or HHS. A laboratory sample is sent, the provider is informed promptly, and the patient is assessed for dehydration and ketones.核对依据: Blood Glucose Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024); Diabetic ketoacidosis - Medical Encyclopedia · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)

答案

B · Send a venous sample to the lab and inform the provider at once
11.药理学

答案: D · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray

为什么是这个答案

Glucagon breaks down liver glycogen and raises blood glucose. Nothing is given by mouth to an unconscious patient because of the risk of choking and aspiration.

答案

D · Glucagon by injection or nasal spray
12.药理学

答案: B · Stop the alteplase infusion and notify the provider urgently

为什么是这个答案

A sudden headache and neurological decline during thrombolysis suggest intracranial haemorrhage. The infusion is stopped at once and the provider is called for urgent assessment and imaging.

答案

B · Stop the alteplase infusion and notify the provider urgently
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · A group A streptococcal throat infection

为什么是这个答案

Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune reaction weeks after group A streptococcal pharyngitis. It can permanently damage heart valves, most often the mitral valve. Prompt antibiotic treatment of strep throat prevents it.

答案

C · A group A streptococcal throat infection
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: A · A patient who had a brain haemorrhage two days ago

为什么是这个答案

When bleeding risk is high, such as after recent intracranial haemorrhage, mechanical methods (intermittent pneumatic compression) are used instead of anticoagulants until it is safe. The other patients are at high VTE risk and would usually receive pharmacological prophylaxis unless contraindicated.

答案

A · A patient who had a brain haemorrhage two days ago
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · 低钠高钾

为什么是这个答案

醛固酮缺乏导致失钠、钾潴留,引起低钠血症和高钾血症。皮质醇缺乏还会加上低血糖和低血压。

答案

C · 低钠高钾
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging

为什么是这个答案

Painless visible haematuria in an older smoker, with no infection, must be investigated urgently for bladder or kidney cancer. Intermittent bleeding does not mean the cause has gone.

答案

C · Urgent referral for cystoscopy and imaging
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · Leaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues

为什么是这个答案

Inflammatory mediators make capillaries leaky, so plasma moves into the tissues and from the burn surface. Without fluids this causes burn shock; oedema is greatest in the first day or two.

答案

B · Leaky capillaries let plasma move into the tissues
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · Incontinence-associated dermatitis

为什么是这个答案

Incontinence-associated dermatitis is inflammation from urine or faeces, with diffuse redness and superficial erosion. It is managed with gentle cleansing, barrier products and managing incontinence, and is different from a pressure ulcer.

答案

A · Incontinence-associated dermatitis
19.产科护理

答案: A · 10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均

为什么是这个答案

子宫收缩过频是指 10 分钟内超过五次宫缩(以 30 分钟为期取平均)。在使用缩宫素时,应通过减慢或停止输注来处理,尤其是当胎心率受到影响时。

答案

A · 10 分钟内超过 5 次宫缩,以 30 分钟为期取平均
20.产科护理

答案: A · 迅速下降,因此需监测血糖,常停用胰岛素

为什么是这个答案

胎盘产生引起胰岛素抵抗的激素。分娩后血糖通常恢复正常,因此常停用胰岛素并检测血糖。产后数周她需要做血糖检测,并长期筛查 2 型糖尿病。

答案

A · 迅速下降,因此需监测血糖,常停用胰岛素
21.儿科护理

答案: B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help

为什么是这个答案

In the yellow zone (often 50–80% of personal best), the child follows the plan, usually extra reliever doses, and seeks medical advice if symptoms do not improve. Red-zone symptoms need emergency help.

答案

B · Use the reliever as the plan says and contact the doctor if it does not help
22.儿科护理

答案: C · Enterocolitis, an emergency

为什么是这个答案

Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis is a life-threatening complication with fever, explosive foul-smelling diarrhoea and distension. It can progress to sepsis and needs urgent medical treatment.

答案

C · Enterocolitis, an emergency
23.精神科护理

答案: B · Avoid showering or changing clothes, and bring any clothing already removed in a paper bag

为什么是这个答案

Not washing, changing or eating where possible helps keep evidence. Paper bags are used because plastic traps moisture and can degrade biological evidence. Her medical needs and choices remain the priority.

答案

B · Avoid showering or changing clothes, and bring any clothing already removed in a paper bag
24.精神科护理

答案: C · Keep a safe distance, call for help and avoid trying to take the chair alone

为什么是这个答案

When a patient is imminently violent, the nurse protects herself and others, keeps an exit route and summons a trained team. Acting alone risks injury to everyone involved.

答案

C · Keep a safe distance, call for help and avoid trying to take the chair alone
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: m = 2.67 kg

家用计量和体重:护理考试使用取整的等量关系:1 茶匙(tsp)= 5 mL,1 汤匙(tbsp)= 15 mL = 3 tsp,1 液量盎司(fl oz)= 30 mL = 2 tbsp,1 杯 = 8 fl oz = 240 mL。体重方面,1 kg = 2.2 lb,1 lb = 16 oz;长度方面,1 英寸 = 2.54 cm。设置换算时,要让你不需要的单位相互约去。

盎司换算为磅

14 oz/16 = 0.875 lb
5 + 0.875 = 5.875 lb

磅换算为千克

m = 5.875/2.2 = 2.67 kg

答案

m = 2.67 kg
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: D = 29.1 mg/h

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

列出换算链

D = 5 mcg/kg/min × 97 kg × (60 min/1 h) × (1 mg/1000 mcg)

计算

D = 5·97·60/1000 = 29.1 mg/h

答案

D = 29.1 mg/h
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 2 mL

Dose calculation: the amount to give equals what is prescribed divided by what you have, times the quantity it comes in: amount = (desired dose/stock strength) × stock volume. Always keep the units the same (convert g to mg, mg to mcg first) and check that the answer is sensible.

混合后的浓度

500 mg/10 mL = 50 mg/mL

体积

V = 100/50 = 2 mL

答案

V = 2 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: R = 40 mL/h

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

浓度

50000/1000 = 50 件/mL

泵速

R = 2000/50 = 40 mL/h

答案

R = 40 mL/h
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 147.5 mL/h

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1500/12 = 125 mL/h

新速率

R = 590/4 = 147.5 mL/h

答案

R = 147.5 mL/h

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: Δ = 23 %

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

原速率

1000/12 = 83.33 mL/h

新速率

R = 410/4 = 102.5 mL/h

变化百分比

Δ = (102.5 − 83.33)/83.33·100% = 23%

答案

Δ = 23%

许多医院允许在不重开医嘱的情况下进行不超过 25% 的此类调整;请查阅本院规定。

31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: B = 600 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总入量

口服: 150 + 250 = 400 mL
静脉输液: 75·8 = 600 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·100 = 200 mL
总入量 = 1200 mL

总出量

300 + 300 = 600 mL

平衡

B = 1200 − 600 = 600 mL

答案

B = 600 mL

为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。

32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 1.7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

1000 − 800 = 200 mL

时间

t = 200/120 = 1.667 ≈ 1.7 h

答案

t = 1.7 h

约为 1 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 17:40 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: NEWS2 = 4

NEWS2(国家早期预警评分 2,英国皇家内科医师学会 2017):按图表为七个参数分别评分(呼吸频率、量表 1 的 SpO₂、吸空气还是吸氧、收缩压、脉搏、按 ACVPU 量表评定的意识状态和体温),然后把分数相加。临床风险:0–4 为低;任何单项参数得 3 分为中低;5–6 为中;7 或以上为高。总分 5 或以上需要紧急响应。

为每个参数评分

RR 12/min → 0
SpO₂ 89% → 3
吸空气 → 0
SBP 150 mmHg → 0
HR 82/min → 0
清醒 (A) → 0
T 35.2 °C → 1

相加

NEWS2 = 0 + 3 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 4

答案

NEWS2 = 4
34.临床评估评分

答案: 中度异常

Apgar 评分:五项体征,每项评 0、1 或 2 分,在出生后 1 分钟和 5 分钟检查。外观(肤色):青紫或苍白 0 分,躯干粉红、四肢青紫 1 分,全身粉红 2 分。脉搏:无 0 分,低于 100 次/分 1 分,100 次/分或以上 2 分。反射(反射应激性):无 0 分,做鬼脸 1 分,哭叫、咳嗽或打喷嚏 2 分。肌张力(活动):松软 0 分,略有屈曲 1 分,活动活跃 2 分。呼吸:无 0 分,缓慢或不规则、哭声微弱 1 分,良好、哭声响亮 2 分。总分 7–10 为令人放心,4–6 为中度异常,0–3 为低。

为每项体征评分

外观: 躯干粉红,手脚青紫 → 1
脉搏: 60/min → 1
反射: 刺激时做鬼脸 → 1
活动: 四肢略有屈曲 → 1
呼吸: 呼吸缓慢、不规则,哭声微弱 → 1

相加

APGAR = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 5

解读

5 → 中度异常

答案

中度异常

5 分钟时低于 7 分,通常每 5 分钟重复评分一次,直至 20 分钟。

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