NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

新题目返回课程

在打印窗口中选择“另存为 PDF”,即可在设备上保存一份副本。

1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

Which approach suits teaching an older adult with poor eyesight and mild memory problems?

  1. AA detailed leaflet in small print for them to read later at home
  2. BTeaching only the family and not the patient
  3. COne long session with all the information at once
  4. DShort sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
2.护理学基础困难

What is the effect of deflating the blood pressure cuff too quickly?

  1. AThe reading becomes more accurate because it is faster
  2. BThe systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
  3. CBoth the systolic and diastolic will be read too high
  4. DOnly the pulse rate is affected, not the blood pressure
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

A patient wants to use their own electric hair dryer in the hospital. What is correct?

  1. AIt is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
  2. BIt can be plugged into an extension lead under the bed
  3. CIt can be used straight away if it looks new
  4. DIt can be used in the bathroom near the sink if the patient is careful
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

Patients contaminated with radioactive dust arrive at the hospital. Which step removes most of the external contamination?

  1. AWrapping the patient in a blanket
  2. BRemoving the patient’s clothing
  3. CScrubbing the skin until it is red
  4. DGiving the patient potassium iodide
5.优先排序与委派中等

A patient taking clozapine reports a sore throat and fever. What is the priority action?

  1. AOffer throat lozenges and continue the usual dose
  2. BAdvise the patient to gargle with warm salt water and rest in bed
  3. CHold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked
  4. DIncrease the dose because the symptoms suggest a relapse
6.优先排序与委派困难

A child with sickle cell disease in a pain crisis develops chest pain, fever and an SpO₂ of 89%. What does this most likely mean?

  1. AAnxiety that will settle with reassurance
  2. BA minor chest infection that can safely wait until the morning round
  3. CAn ordinary pain crisis that will improve with rest
  4. DAcute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
7.临床护理中等

Which tool is commonly used at the bedside to screen for delirium?

  1. AThe Braden scale
  2. BThe Glasgow-Blatchford score
  3. CThe Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool
  4. DThe Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
8.临床护理困难

A seriously ill patient asks the nurse, "Am I dying?" What is the best initial response?

  1. ALeave and send the doctor without saying anything
  2. BChange the subject quickly to keep them cheerful and avoid upsetting them
  3. CGently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question
  4. DTell the patient not to think about such things and to stay positive
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient on peritoneal dialysis notices that the drained fluid is cloudy and has abdominal pain. What should the nurse do?

  1. ASend the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
  2. BRecord it as normal and continue the usual exchanges
  3. CStop dialysis for a week and recheck the fluid later
  4. DAdd more glucose to the next bag to clear the fluid
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

Which set of results best shows that diabetic ketoacidosis is resolving?

  1. AA rising potassium with a falling bicarbonate
  2. BA falling glucose with a still widening anion gap
  3. CA closing anion gap with a rising bicarbonate and pH
  4. DA falling glucose with a falling serum bicarbonate
11.药理学中等

Why is testing for HLA-B*15:02 recommended before carbamazepine in people of some Asian ancestries?

  1. AThis gene variant causes carbamazepine to raise blood glucose
  2. BThis gene variant speeds up the kidney excretion of carbamazepine
  3. CIt greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
  4. DThis gene variant makes carbamazepine ineffective
12.药理学困难

A patient taking long-term morphine for cancer pain becomes very sedated with slow breathing. Why is naloxone given in small, diluted doses?

  1. ABecause naloxone is much more potent and toxic in patients with cancer
  2. BTo make the effect of naloxone last longer than morphine
  3. CBecause naloxone is toxic to the liver in large doses
  4. DTo restore breathing without causing severe withdrawal and pain
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

为什么鼓励重度 COPD 患者少量多餐?

  1. A频繁进餐可直接预防胸部感染
  2. B大餐会使气道永久性变窄
  3. C胃饱胀会限制膈肌活动,而且进食本身就很累
  4. D少量进餐可减少使用吸入器的次数
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

A 25-year-old non-smoker has wheeze and cough that come and go, worse at night and after exercise. Spirometry improves markedly after a bronchodilator. Which diagnosis is most likely?

  1. ACOPD
  2. BAsthma
  3. CHeart failure
  4. DIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

Which statement about the PSA blood test is correct?

  1. AA normal result always rules out any prostate cancer
  2. BIt is only raised in women with bladder cancer
  3. CIt can be raised by benign problems as well as by cancer
  4. DA raised result always means prostate cancer
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

一名甲状腺功能减退患者已数周未服药,入院时体温过低、嗜睡,脉搏 46 次/分,血钠偏低,PaCO₂ 升高。最可能的诊断是什么?

  1. A肾上腺危象
  2. B黏液性水肿昏迷
  3. C甲状腺危象
  4. D中暑
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

哪项陈述最能描述阿片类药物耐受?

  1. A该药不再引起任何便秘
  2. B随时间推移需要更高剂量才能获得相同效果
  3. C患者强迫性地渴望更多药物
  4. D患者对该药物产生了过敏
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

一名长期使用阿片类药物治疗慢性疼痛的患者因手术入院。下列哪项说法正确?

  1. A继续使用平时的阿片类药物,并因耐受而加用额外镇痛
  2. B入院时应停用所有阿片类药物以防成瘾
  3. C手术结束后只应给他们对乙酰氨基酚
  4. D他们的术后阿片类药物剂量需要比未用过阿片类药物的患者更低
19.产科护理中等

A breastfed baby has jaundice in the first week with poor feeding and few wet nappies. What is the most likely cause?

  1. AABO incompatibility
  2. BBreast milk jaundice
  3. CBiliary atresia with obstruction
  4. DSuboptimal intake jaundice
20.产科护理困难

A woman who had a placenta praevia and two previous caesareans is scheduled for a caesarean. The team plans for possible hysterectomy and blood products. Why?

  1. AShe is at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum
  2. BShe is at high risk of pre-eclampsia only
  3. CShe is at high risk of gestational diabetes
  4. DShe is at high risk of a post-term birth
21.儿科护理中等

A 20-month-old drinks about 1.5 litres of cow's milk a day and eats little solid food. He is pale and tired. What is the most likely problem?

  1. AIron-deficiency anaemia
  2. BSickle cell disease
  3. CLactose intolerance
  4. DVitamin B12 deficiency
22.儿科护理困难

A toddler with sickle cell disease suddenly becomes pale and lethargic, with a fast heart rate and an enlarging left upper abdomen. What should the nurse suspect?

  1. AConstipation causing abdominal swelling and discomfort
  2. BSplenic sequestration crisis, an emergency
  3. CA pain crisis in the abdominal muscles
  4. DA simple viral infection with mild anaemia
23.精神科护理中等

一名边缘型人格障碍患者称赞某一位护士是“唯一理解我的人”,并说其他护士都没用。团队最佳的应对是什么?

  1. A回避该患者
  2. B让受偏爱的护士为该患者做出所有决定
  3. C告诉患者其他护士也没用
  4. D全团队商定一致的规则和回应方式
24.精神科护理困难

A patient taking venlafaxine has started a second serotonergic medicine. She is restless, sweating, has a fast pulse and twitching muscles. What should the nurse do first?

  1. AGive the next dose of venlafaxine as planned
  2. BHold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
  3. CGive paracetamol (acetaminophen) and check her again tomorrow
  4. DEncourage her to walk or exercise in the garden to relieve the restlessness and muscle twitching
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
94969810010210410635363738394041°F°C95.9 °F? °C

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位患者的体温为 95.9 °F。用 °C = (°F − 32) × 5/9 把它换算为摄氏度T。取到一位小数。

95.9 °F
T = °C
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
00:0019:3002:20t = ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次输注从 19:30 开始,到次日早晨 02:20 结束(24 小时制)。它运行了多少分钟t?

19:3002:20
t = min
27.剂量计算中等
90 kg5 mg/kg/天4× 每天D = ? mg

某患者体重 90 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 5 mg/kg,分 4 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?

90 kg5 mg/kg/天4× 每天
D = mg
28.剂量计算困难
00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.911 mL

处方为 650 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

650 units1000 units/mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
500 mL20 gtt/mL2 h? gtt/min

用滴系数为 20 滴/mL 的输液器在 2 小时内输入 500 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。

500 mL2 h20 gtt/mL
R = gtt/min
30.静脉输液速度困难
200 mL20 gtt/mL30 gtt/mint = ? h

一组输液以 30 滴/分的速度经 20 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 200 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完? 保留一位小数。

30 gtt/min20 gtt/mL200 mL
t = h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量12 小时班次牛奶200 mL果冻100 mL静脉输液60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素2 × 50 mL尿液425 mL尿液150 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 12 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求总入量 I,以 mL 计。

牛奶: 200 mL果冻: 100 mL静脉输液: 60 mL/h × 12 h静脉抗生素: 2 × 50 mL
I = mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL50 mL 已输入125 mL/h18:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 125 mL/h 输注。到 18:30 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL50 mL 已输入125 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
S? / 4+M? / 4+A? / 4+Mob? / 4+N? / 4+F? / 3Σ?

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 轻度受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 经常步行; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题。求 Braden 总分B。

6–23
B =
34.临床评估评分困难
体重过轻健康体重超重肥胖 I 级肥胖 II 级肥胖 III 级

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一名成人体重 81 kg,身高 190 cm。计算 BMI 并点击 WHO 体重分类。

81 kg190 cm
  1. 1体重过轻
  2. 2健康体重
  3. 3超重
  4. 4肥胖 I 级
  5. 5肥胖 II 级
  6. 6肥胖 III 级

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: D · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points

为什么是这个答案

Older learners benefit from short, focused sessions, clear large print, good lighting, repetition and teach-back. Involving family can help but should not replace teaching the patient.

答案

D · Short sessions, large-print materials and repeating key points
2.护理学基础

答案: B · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high

为什么是这个答案

Fast deflation means the gauge drops past the first and last sounds before they are heard. The usual advice is to deflate at about 2–3 mmHg per second.

答案

B · The systolic may be read too low and the diastolic too high
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: A · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use

为什么是这个答案

Electrical items from home can be faulty and cause shocks or fires. Policies usually require them to be inspected before use, and extension cords near patients are avoided.

答案

A · It is checked for electrical safety according to hospital policy before use
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: B · Removing the patient’s clothing

为什么是这个答案

Removing clothing, then gently washing the skin, gets rid of most external radioactive contamination. Hard scrubbing damages the skin, and potassium iodide only protects the thyroid from radioactive iodine.

答案

B · Removing the patient’s clothing
5.优先排序与委派

答案: C · Hold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked

为什么是这个答案

Clozapine can cause agranulocytosis. A sore throat or fever may be the first sign of infection, so the nurse reports it and the neutrophil count is checked before more doses are given.

答案

C · Hold the dose and report so the white cell count can be checked
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen

为什么是这个答案

Chest pain, fever and low oxygen in sickle cell disease suggest acute chest syndrome. It can worsen quickly, so oxygen, urgent review and prescribed treatment are needed.

答案

D · Acute chest syndrome, which needs urgent escalation and oxygen
7.临床护理

答案: D · The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)

为什么是这个答案

The CAM, and similar tools such as the 4AT, check for an acute onset or fluctuating course, inattention and disorganised thinking or altered consciousness. Early detection allows causes to be treated.

答案

D · The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)
8.临床护理

答案: C · Gently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question

为什么是这个答案

Exploring the patient's understanding and feelings opens an honest conversation and shows what information they want. The nurse can then involve the team for further discussion.

答案

C · Gently explore what the patient understands and what has prompted the question
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it

为什么是这个答案

Cloudy effluent with abdominal pain suggests peritonitis, the main serious complication of peritoneal dialysis. A sample is sent for white cell count, Gram stain and culture, and antibiotics (often given in the dialysis fluid) are started as prescribed.核对依据: Dialysis - peritoneal · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)

答案

A · Send the fluid for cell count and culture and report it
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: C · A closing anion gap with a rising bicarbonate and pH

为什么是这个答案

DKA has resolved when the ketoacidosis has cleared: ketones fall, the anion gap normalizes, bicarbonate rises and the pH returns towards normal. Glucose alone is a poor guide, because it falls earlier.

答案

C · A closing anion gap with a rising bicarbonate and pH
11.药理学

答案: C · It greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome

为什么是这个答案

The HLA-B*15:02 allele, common in parts of South-East Asia, is strongly linked to carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Carriers are given a different drug.

答案

C · It greatly raises the risk of Stevens–Johnson syndrome
12.药理学

答案: D · To restore breathing without causing severe withdrawal and pain

为什么是这个答案

In opioid-dependent patients, a large dose of naloxone can cause abrupt withdrawal, severe pain and agitation. Small titrated doses aim to restore adequate breathing while keeping some analgesia.

答案

D · To restore breathing without causing severe withdrawal and pain
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · 胃饱胀会限制膈肌活动,而且进食本身就很累

为什么是这个答案

许多重度 COPD 患者体重下降,因为呼吸消耗大量能量,而大餐会引起腹胀和呼吸困难。少量、营养密度高的餐食有助于维持体重和肌力。

答案

C · 胃饱胀会限制膈肌活动,而且进食本身就很累
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: B · Asthma

为什么是这个答案

Asthma typically causes variable symptoms with reversible airflow obstruction. COPD usually affects older people with a smoking history and causes persistent, poorly reversible obstruction. Fibrosis gives a restrictive pattern.

答案

B · Asthma
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: C · It can be raised by benign problems as well as by cancer

为什么是这个答案

PSA can rise with BPH, prostatitis, UTI, recent ejaculation or instrumentation, as well as cancer. A normal level does not exclude cancer. Results are interpreted with symptoms, examination and other tests.

答案

C · It can be raised by benign problems as well as by cancer
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 黏液性水肿昏迷

为什么是这个答案

黏液性水肿昏迷表现为意识下降、体温过低、心动过缓、通气不足、低钠血症和低血糖,常由感染或漏服药物诱发。需要重症监护,静脉给予甲状腺激素,在排除肾上腺功能不全前给予类固醇覆盖,被动复温,并对镇静药格外谨慎。

答案

B · 黏液性水肿昏迷
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: B · 随时间推移需要更高剂量才能获得相同效果

为什么是这个答案

耐受是指随着时间推移,对同一剂量的反应降低。身体依赖是指突然停药会出现戒断症状。两者都不同于成瘾(阿片类药物使用障碍),后者是不顾伤害而强迫性使用。

答案

B · 随时间推移需要更高剂量才能获得相同效果
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: A · 继续使用平时的阿片类药物,并因耐受而加用额外镇痛

为什么是这个答案

长期使用阿片类药物的患者存在耐受和身体依赖。停用平时的阿片类药物有戒断和疼痛失控的风险。应继续其基础剂量(或转换为其他途径),并加用多模式镇痛;他们往往比未用过阿片类药物的患者需要更多阿片类药物,同时需密切监测。

答案

A · 继续使用平时的阿片类药物,并因耐受而加用额外镇痛
19.产科护理

答案: D · Suboptimal intake jaundice

为什么是这个答案

Early jaundice with poor intake is linked to insufficient milk, which slows stooling and increases reabsorption of bilirubin. Support with frequent effective feeds is the main treatment.

答案

D · Suboptimal intake jaundice
20.产科护理

答案: A · She is at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum

为什么是这个答案

A placenta praevia overlying a previous caesarean scar greatly raises the risk of an abnormally adherent placenta. This can cause massive haemorrhage, so delivery is planned in a unit with blood bank support.

答案

A · She is at high risk of placenta accreta spectrum
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Iron-deficiency anaemia

为什么是这个答案

Large volumes of cow's milk are low in iron, reduce appetite for iron-rich foods and can cause small losses of blood from the gut. Toddlers who drink too much milk are a classic group for iron-deficiency anaemia; milk is usually limited to about 500 mL a day.

答案

A · Iron-deficiency anaemia
22.儿科护理

答案: B · Splenic sequestration crisis, an emergency

为什么是这个答案

In splenic sequestration, sickled cells are trapped in the spleen, which enlarges quickly while haemoglobin falls sharply, leading to shock. It needs urgent fluids and transfusion; parents are taught to feel the spleen and seek help.

答案

B · Splenic sequestration crisis, an emergency
23.精神科护理

答案: D · 全团队商定一致的规则和回应方式

为什么是这个答案

分裂是把工作人员分成“全好”和“全坏”。一致的团队方法、清晰的界限以及工作人员之间的良好沟通,可以防止团队被操纵,并帮助患者。

答案

D · 全团队商定一致的规则和回应方式
24.精神科护理

答案: B · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently

为什么是这个答案

These signs suggest serotonin syndrome. The first steps are to stop the serotonergic drugs and get urgent medical review; supportive care and monitoring follow, and severe cases need intensive care.

答案

B · Hold the serotonergic medicines and inform the prescriber urgently
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: T = 35.5 °C

温度:°C = (°F − 32) × 5/9,°F = °C × 9/5 + 32。从 °F 换算时先减 32 再乘,从 °C 换算时先乘再加 32。快速核对:37 °C 为 98.6 °F,每 1 °C 相当于 1.8 °F。

减去 32

95.9 − 32 = 63.9

乘以 5/9

T = 63.9·5/9 = 35.5 °C

答案

T = 35.5 °C
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: t = 410 min

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

午夜之前

19:30 → 24:00 = 270 min

午夜之后

00:00 → 02:20 = 140 min

合计

t = 270 + 140 = 410 min

答案

t = 410 min
27.剂量计算

答案: D = 112.5 mg

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

每日总量

5·90 = 450 mg

每次剂量

D = 450/4 = 112.5 mg

答案

D = 112.5 mg
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 0.65 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

体积

V = 650/1000 = 0.65 mL

在注射器上

在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。

答案

V = 0.65 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: R = 83 gtt/min

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

以分钟计的时间

2·60 = 120 min

滴速

R = 500·20/120 = 83.33 ≈ 83 gtt/min

答案

R = 83 gtt/min

床旁取最接近的整滴:83 滴/分。

30.静脉输液速度

答案: t = 2.2 h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

速度(mL/h)

30·60/20 = 90 mL/h

剩余时间

t = 200/90 = 2.222 ≈ 2.2 h

答案

t = 2.2 h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: I = 1120 mL

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

计算入量

口服: 200 + 100 = 300 mL
静脉输液: 60·12 = 720 mL
静脉抗生素: 2·50 = 100 mL
I = 1120 mL

答案

I = 1120 mL
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 3.6 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 50 = 450 mL

时间

t = 450/125 = 3.6 h

答案

t = 3.6 h

约为 3 h 36 min,所以袋子大约在 22:06 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: B = 19

Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。

为每个分项评分

感觉知觉: 轻度受限 → 3
潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿 → 3
活动: 经常步行 → 4
活动能力: 不受限制 → 4
营养: 可能不足 → 2
摩擦力和剪切力: 无明显问题 → 3

相加

Braden 总分 = 3 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 3 = 19

答案

B = 19
34.临床评估评分

答案: 健康体重

体质指数:BMI = 体重(kg)/身高(m)²,身高要先换算为米。使用磅和英寸时,BMI = 703 × 体重(lb)/身高(in)²。WHO 成人分类:低于 18.5 为体重过轻,18.5–24.9 为健康体重,25.0–29.9 为超重,30.0–34.9 为肥胖 I 级,35.0–39.9 为肥胖 II 级,40 及以上为肥胖 III 级。

BMI

BMI = 81/1.9² = 22.44

分类

健康体重

答案

健康体重

本内容为独立练习材料。ExamProblems 与该考试的主办机构没有隶属关系,也未获其认可,考试名称仅用于描述内容。 NCLEX®, NCLEX-RN® and NCLEX-PN® 是 the National Council of State Boards of Nursing, Inc. (NCSBN) 的商标,该机构与 ExamProblems 无关,不为其背书,也不保证其准确性。

ExamProblems · examproblems.com/courses/nclex-pn-practice-questions