感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
What is the main purpose of a wound drain after surgery?
A colleague suggests giving a patient who "asks for pain relief too often" a saline injection to check whether the pain is real. What is correct?
对乳胶过敏的患者,下列哪项患者安全措施最恰当?
An 80-year-old patient took a sleeping tablet an hour ago and now wants to go to the bathroom. What should the nurse do?
A patient at 35 weeks of pregnancy with high blood pressure calls the clinic. Which symptom needs urgent assessment?
A patient at 32 weeks of pregnancy feels dizzy and faint while lying flat on her back. What should the nurse do first?
Why is lactulose given to a patient with hepatic encephalopathy?
A patient with type 1 diabetes is nil by mouth before surgery. Why must their insulin not simply be stopped?
A patient is starting atorvastatin. Which laboratory test is usually checked at baseline?
A patient has a continuous heparin infusion for a pulmonary embolism. A new nurse plans to adjust the infusion using today's INR of 1.1. What should the experienced nurse explain?
How are most medication doses for children calculated?
治疗类风湿关节炎的甲氨蝶呤每周服用一次。一名患者误将同样剂量每天服用。主要危险是什么?
Which skin changes around the ankles are typical of chronic venous insufficiency?
An older patient's varicose vein bursts at the ankle and bleeds heavily. What is the most effective first aid?
An older patient with a long-term catheter has bacteria in the urine but no symptoms. What is usually appropriate?
凌晨 03:00 一名患者的血糖为 3.6 mmol/L,但早餐前血糖偏高。该患者晚上使用长效胰岛素。护士应怎么做?
PCA 泵的锁定间隔的目的是什么?
After a high-voltage electrical injury, a patient's urine is dark red-brown. What does this suggest and what is the usual aim?
Which baby is at greatest risk of early-onset group B streptococcal infection?
A woman with a previous caesarean is having a trial of labour. Which induction agent should the nurse question?
Until when is a child with chickenpox usually considered infectious?
After cardiac catheterisation through the femoral artery, the nurse sees blood soaking through the dressing. What should the nurse do first?
首次服用氟哌啶醇几小时后,一名年轻男子的颈部扭向一侧,眼球上翻。这是什么?
Three weeks after her husband died, a woman says she sometimes briefly hears him call her name at home. She is otherwise eating, sleeping and coping. How should the nurse interpret this?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 8:40 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 医嘱为 3 mcg/kg/min,患者体重 95 kg。请把剂量速率D用 mg/h 表示。取到两位小数。
某患者体重 15 kg。医嘱剂量为每天 2 mg/kg,分 3 次等量给药。每次给多少毫克 D?
处方为 900 单位的药物,药液规格为 1000 单位/mL。请用 1 mL 注射器抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
用滴系数为 10 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
将 1000 mg 药物稀释于 500 mL 中,通过滴系数为 15 gtt/mL 的输液器重力滴注。医嘱为每小时 80 mg。求滴速 R,以每分钟滴数表示。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 1000 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 16:00 时已输入 50 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Morse 跌倒评分评估一位练习患者:过去 3 个月内的跌倒史: 否; 次要诊断: 否; 行走辅助: 拐杖、手杖或助行器; 静脉输液或封管: 否; 步态: 受损; 精神状态: 了解自身局限。求 Morse 总分MFS。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 非常受限; 潮湿程度: 偶尔潮湿; 活动: 局限于椅子; 活动能力: 不受限制; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: A · To remove fluid or blood that could collect and delay healing
Drains let blood, serous fluid or pus escape, preventing collections such as seromas and haematomas. The nurse records the amount and type of drainage.
答案: C · It is deceptive; the pain should be assessed and treated
Using a placebo without consent deceives the patient and damages trust. Response to a placebo does not prove the pain is not real. The patient's report should be believed and reassessed.
答案: C · 使用无乳胶设备并清楚记录过敏情况
应记录过敏情况,并让患者佩戴过敏腕带。使用无乳胶的手套、导尿管和其他设备,也可以清除房间内的乳胶制品。有粉乳胶手套尤其危险,因为粉末会把蛋白质带入空气中。
答案: C · Walk with the patient to the bathroom and stay close by
Hypnotics cause drowsiness and unsteadiness, especially in older adults, and many falls happen on the way to the toilet at night. The nurse assists the patient rather than restricting them or leaving them alone.
答案: D · A severe headache with blurred vision
A severe headache and visual changes can be signs of severe pre-eclampsia and a risk of eclampsia. Mild ankle swelling, backache and frequent urination are common in late pregnancy.
答案: C · Turn her onto her left side
Lying on the back lets the uterus compress the inferior vena cava, reducing blood return to the heart. Turning to the left side relieves the pressure and restores the blood pressure.
答案: A · To reduce the absorption of ammonia from the gut
Lactulose acidifies the colon and speeds transit, reducing ammonia absorption. The dose is usually adjusted to give two to three soft stools a day.
答案: B · Without any insulin they can develop diabetic ketoacidosis
People with type 1 diabetes make no insulin, so stopping it causes ketosis and DKA. Basal insulin is usually continued, often with a variable-rate insulin infusion and glucose monitoring.
答案: B · Liver enzymes
Statins can raise liver enzymes, so a baseline ALT is usually checked, with a lipid panel to judge response. Routine repeat liver tests are not always needed, but symptoms of liver injury or muscle pain should be reported.核对依据: Statins · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2025)
答案: B · Heparin is adjusted using the aPTT or anti-Xa level, not the INR
Unfractionated heparin infusions are adjusted using the aPTT or anti-factor Xa level according to protocol. The INR monitors warfarin and is little affected by heparin at usual doses. Using the wrong test can cause under- or over-anticoagulation.核对依据: Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) Test · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026); Prothrombin Time Test and INR (PT/INR) · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2024)
答案: D · By body weight in kilograms, or sometimes body surface area
Children's doses are usually weight-based, sometimes using body surface area, and must not exceed the adult maximum. Accurate, recent weight in kilograms is essential.
答案: A · 甲氨蝶呤中毒引起的骨髓抑制和黏膜炎
甲氨蝶呤抑制二氢叶酸还原酶。每日服用会对骨髓和肠黏膜等分裂旺盛的组织产生毒性,可能致命。亚叶酸用作解救治疗。
答案: B · Brown staining, swelling and dry, itchy skin
High venous pressure causes oedema and leakage of red cells, depositing haemosiderin (brown staining), with venous eczema and lipodermatosclerosis. Pale, shiny, hairless skin suggests arterial disease. Venous ulcers often form above the medial malleolus.
答案: D · Lie the patient down, raise the leg and press firmly on the site
Bleeding from a varicose vein can be dramatic. Lying the patient flat and raising the leg above heart level lowers venous pressure, and firm direct pressure stops most bleeds. Medical review is needed afterwards, as it can recur.
答案: D · No antibiotics, as long as there are no symptoms
Nearly all long-term catheters become colonised. Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria does not improve outcomes and promotes resistance. Antibiotics are reserved for symptomatic infection.
答案: B · 处理低血糖,并报告这一规律,以便复核晚间剂量
夜间低血糖必须处理。夜间低血糖后早晨血糖偏高,可能是反跳(Somogyi 效应)或其他原因;无论哪种情况,晚间胰岛素方案都需要复核。夜间额外给胰岛素会使低血糖加重。
答案: A · 在上一剂尚未起效前阻止新剂量
每次推注后,泵在设定的时间内(常为 5–10 分钟)忽略进一步的按压,使该剂量有时间起效。这与剂量限制一起降低了过量的风险。
答案: B · Myoglobin from muscle damage; a higher urine output target
Electrical injury can cause extensive muscle breakdown, releasing myoglobin that can damage the kidneys. A higher urine output target is set, with fluids titrated and creatine kinase and kidney function monitored.
答案: D · A baby of a GBS-positive mother with no antibiotics
GBS colonisation, no intrapartum antibiotics, prolonged rupture of membranes, maternal fever and prematurity increase the risk. Intrapartum IV antibiotics greatly lower early-onset GBS disease.
答案: C · Misoprostol
Misoprostol is avoided in women with a uterine scar because of a high risk of uterine rupture. Mechanical methods, amniotomy and carefully monitored oxytocin may be used.
答案: D · Until all the blisters have crusted over
Chickenpox is contagious from about 1–2 days before the rash until all lesions have crusted, usually about 5 days after the rash appears. Children stay home from school or nursery until then.
答案: C · Apply firm, direct pressure just above the puncture site and call for help
Bleeding from an arterial puncture is controlled by firm pressure just above the site (over the artery), while help is called. The child is kept still with the leg straight, and vital signs and the limb are assessed.
答案: D · 急性肌张力障碍
急性肌张力障碍发生在开始使用或增加抗精神病药后数小时至数日内,尤其见于年轻男性。按处方使用抗胆碱能药(如苯扎托品或丙环定)或苯海拉明治疗。
答案: D · Brief experiences like this can be part of normal grief
Briefly hearing or sensing the deceased is common in bereavement and is not usually a sign of mental illness. The nurse listens, normalises the experience and watches for signs of more complicated grief or depression.
答案: 20:40
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: D = 17.1 mg/h
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: D = 10 mg
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: V = 0.9 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 1 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.01 mL。
答案: R = 10 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:10 滴/分。
答案: R = 10 gtt/min
Dose-based infusions: concentration = amount of drug in the bag/bag volume. Pump rate (mL/h) = dose per hour/concentration, and dose per hour = mL/h × concentration. Convert per-minute doses to per-hour (× 60) and keep the mass units the same (1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg).
答案: B = 280 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: t = 12.7 h
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
约为 12 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 04:40 输完。
答案: MFS = 35
Morse 跌倒评分:六个条目。跌倒史:否 0 分,是 25 分。次要诊断:否 0 分,是 15 分。行走辅助:无、卧床休息或护士协助 0 分;拐杖、手杖或助行器 15 分;扶着家具 30 分。静脉输液或封管:否 0 分,是 20 分。步态:正常、卧床休息或轮椅 0 分;虚弱 10 分;受损 20 分。精神状态:了解自身局限 0 分;高估或忘记自身局限 15 分。总分为 0 至 125。各医院的风险分界值不同;常用的一套是 0–24 低风险,25–44 中度风险,45 及以上为高风险。
答案: 中度风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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