NCLEX-PN 风格练习题(LPN/LVN):速成包

公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。

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1公式与方法

感染控制与患者安全

方法

  1. 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
  2. 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
  3. 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
  4. 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
  5. 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。

优先排序与委派

方法

  1. 问自己:如果什么都不做,什么会最快伤害患者。
  2. 应用 ABC(心脏骤停时为 C-A-B),然后是 Maslow 需求层次:生理需要先于安全,安全先于心理需要。
  3. 比较各选项:急性先于慢性,不稳定先于稳定,意外先于预期,全身性先于局部,并将每项发现与患者的基线对照。
  4. 除非是紧急情况,否则先评估再行动;然后选择其他步骤所依赖的那一步。
  5. 委派时核对五项正确:任务、情境、人员、指示和监督。评估、宣教和评价仍由注册护士负责。

实验室检查值与电解质

方法

  1. 把数值与本实验室自己的参考范围比较,再与患者的基线和趋势比较。
  2. 检查标本:溶血、延迟,或在静脉输液附近采血都可能得出错误结果。
  3. 把数值与其典型体征以及引起它的药物和疾病联系起来。
  4. 注意相互作用:低钾或低镁会增加地高辛中毒的风险;脱水会使锂浓度升高。
  5. 对患者采取行动:评估,血药浓度不安全时暂停用药,复述危急值并通知开医嘱的医生。

内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

方法

  1. 说出问题所在:泵衰竭、动脉阻塞、节律、血栓、气道狭窄、感染或设备问题。
  2. 先检查危险征象:低氧、低血压、胸痛、新出现的意识模糊、冰冷无脉搏的肢体。
  3. 让氧疗与患者相匹配:大多数人为 94–98%,有 CO₂ 潴留风险者为 88–92%。
  4. 把每种药物与其检测和风险联系起来:华法林与 INR,肝素与 aPTT 和血小板,利尿剂与血钾。
  5. 选择安全的第一步措施,然后升级处理并重新评估。

内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

方法

  1. 对每位新出现意识模糊、乏力或癫痫发作的患者都检查血糖。
  2. 把意识水平作为脑部问题最早的警示;瞳孔变化和库欣三联征出现得较晚。
  3. 对于糖尿病急症,要区分 DKA(酮体、酸中毒)和 HHS(渗透压很高、脱水);先补液。
  4. 对于钠和水,要判断是 ADH 过多(SIADH)还是缺乏(尿崩症),并缓慢纠正慢性变化。
  5. 对于肾脏问题,把原因分为肾前性、肾性或肾后性,并监测血钾和液体。

内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

方法

  1. 想一想可能隐藏着什么:内出血、无发热的感染、SpO₂ 正常背后的通气不足。
  2. 利用术后的时间来缩小并发症的范围:出血在数小时内,胸部问题在数天内,伤口和吻合口漏出现得更晚。
  3. 对于疼痛,要评估、用多模式镇痛治疗、重新评估,并且在每次使用阿片类药物时监测镇静程度。
  4. 对于癌症患者,把低谷期的任何疾病都当作中性粒细胞减少性脓毒症处理,并了解肿瘤急症。
  5. 对于烧伤,只计算浅二度/深二度和三度的面积,从烧伤的时刻开始计算 Parkland 时间,并根据尿量调整。

产科护理

方法

  1. 把产妇放在时间轴上定位:孕周、产程阶段或产后第几天,再判断此时什么是正常的。
  2. 找出处于危险中的对象:母亲、胎儿或新生儿,或者其中不止一个。
  3. 把发现与其原因联系起来:减速用 VEAL CHOP,出血用四个 T,产后用 BUBBLE-HE。
  4. 优先选择改善血流和氧合的措施(侧卧、停用缩宫素、宫底按摩),然后再升级处理。

儿科护理

方法

  1. 先记下患儿的年龄:它决定正常生命体征、发育里程碑和合适的疼痛量表。
  2. 评估气道、呼吸和循环,记住儿童代偿很久之后会迅速恶化。
  3. 让措施与发育阶段相匹配,并让家属参与。
  4. 检查答案对儿童是否安全:按体重计算,病毒感染不用阿司匹林,12 岁以下不用可待因。

精神科护理

方法

  1. 判断是否存在即时风险:自杀、暴力、药物急症或躯体疾病。
  2. 先保障安全:观察、移除危险物品、缓和局面、停用有害药物、寻求帮助。
  3. 选择治疗性回应:承认感受、陈述现实,避免虚假的安慰和“为什么”式提问。
  4. 尊重权利:采用限制最少的方案,知情同意,以及保密及其限度。

护理数学与单位换算

公制进位
1 kg = 1000 g, 1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg, 1 L = 1000 mL
体重和长度
1 kg = 2.2 lb, 1 lb = 16 oz, 1 in = 2.54 cm, 1 ft = 12 in
家用计量
1 tsp = 5 mL, 1 tbsp = 15 mL, 1 fl oz = 30 mL, 1 cup = 8 fl oz = 240 mL
温度
°C = (°F − 32)·5/9, °F = °C·9/5 + 32
24 小时制
PM 1–11 点:加 12; 12 AM = 00:xx; 12 PM = 12:xx
给药速率
mcg/min × 60/1000 = mg/h
实验室换算系数
葡萄糖 1 mmol/L = 18 mg/dL; 肌酐 1 mg/dL = 88.4 µmol/L; Hb 1 g/dL = 10 g/L

方法

  1. 写出已知量及其单位,以及你想要的单位。
  2. 选定等量关系:kg、g、mg 和 mcg 之间,或 L 和 mL 之间为 1000;1 kg = 2.2 lb;1 tsp = 5 mL,1 tbsp = 15 mL,1 fl oz = 30 mL,1 cup = 240 mL。
  3. 写成分数,使不需要的单位相互约去;对于速率,每个变化的单位用一个分数。
  4. 检查方向:单位越小,数字越大。
  5. 只对最终答案取整,精度按题目所述。

剂量计算

由浓度计算剂量
体积 = 剂量 / 浓度
按体重给药
剂量 = mg/kg × 体重
片剂
片数 = 剂量 / 每片规格
单位
1 g = 1000 mg, 1 mg = 1000 mcg

方法

  1. 把医嘱剂量和药品规格换算为同一单位。
  2. 用“需要量除以现有量再乘以数量”:(D/H) × Q。
  3. 按体重给药时,先乘以以 kg 计的体重,再用日剂量除以给药次数。
  4. 先估算,再检查答案是否合理。

静脉输液速度

泵速
mL/h = volume (mL)/time (h)
滴速
drops/min = volume (mL) × drop factor / time (min)
输注时间
time (h) = volume (mL)/rate (mL/h)

方法

  1. 泵速 mL/h:体积除以以小时计的时间。
  2. 滴速 drops/min:体积 × 滴系数,再除以以分钟计的时间。
  3. 剩余时间:剩余体积除以速率。
  4. 按题目或设备的要求取整。

静脉输液与液体平衡

Holliday–Segar 每小时量
4 mL/kg(前 10 kg)+ 2 mL/kg(次 10 kg)+ 1 mL/kg(20 kg 以上每 kg)
Holliday–Segar 每日量
相同分段分别为 100 / 50 / 20 mL/kg
液体平衡
入量 − 出量
冰屑
按其体积的一半计算
尿量
mL/kg/h = mL / (kg × h)
输注时间
时间 (h) = 剩余体积 (mL) / 速率 (mL/h)
已输入体积
mL = 速率 × 时间

临床评估评分

格拉斯哥昏迷量表
GCS = E (1–4) + V (1–5) + M (1–6) = 3–15
Apgar
5 项体征 × 0–2 = 0–10; 7–10 令人放心, 4–6 中度异常, 0–3 低
Braden 量表
5 × (1–4) + 1 × (1–3) = 6–23; ≤ 18 有风险
Morse 跌倒评分
跌倒 25, 诊断 15, 辅助 15/30, 静脉输液 20, 步态 10/20, 精神状态 15
NEWS2 风险
0–4 低; 单项 3 分为中低; 5–6 中; ≥ 7 高
平均动脉压
MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3
脉压和休克指数
PP = SBP − DBP, SI = HR/SBP
体质指数
BMI = kg/m² = 703·lb/in²

方法

  1. 找出题目使用的评分表及其范围(GCS 3–15,Apgar 0–10,Braden 6–23,Morse 0–125)。
  2. 分别为每个条目评分,将描述与其对应的等级匹配。
  3. 把各条目得分相加,并检查总分是否在范围内。
  4. 应用分界值:对于 NEWS2,还要查看是否有单项参数得 3 分。
  5. 对于导出的数值,使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,PP = SBP − DBP,SI = HR/SBP,BMI = kg/m²。

2练习题

1.护理学基础中等

外周静脉留置针沿线皮肤发红、疼痛和肿胀。恰当的处理是什么?

  1. A加快输液速度
  2. B拔除留置针并记录,如仍需要则另选部位重新置管
  3. C用更大的力冲管以使其通畅
  4. D用新的敷料盖住,并按医嘱继续输注
2.护理学基础困难

A patient with heart failure weighs 2 kg more than yesterday on the same scales. What does this most likely show?

  1. AThe scales must have been faulty
  2. BAbout 2 litres of fluid has been retained
  3. CThe patient is becoming dehydrated
  4. DThe patient has gained 2 kg of body fat
3.感染控制与患者安全中等

Why should a child’s weight be recorded only in kilograms?

  1. AKilograms are easier for parents to remember
  2. BChildren weigh less, so smaller units are needed
  3. CMixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
  4. DScales that show kilograms are always more accurate than those that show pounds
4.感染控制与患者安全困难

给一名有窒息风险的清醒患者口服药物。哪种做法最安全?

  1. A为节省时间一次给完所有药片
  2. B不检查是否允许就把所有药片碾碎
  3. C让患者仰卧平躺,使吞咽更容易
  4. D让患者坐直,一次给一片药
5.优先排序与委派中等

When making patient assignments, what should the charge nurse consider first?

  1. AGiving each nurse patients in rooms next to each other
  2. BLetting staff choose the patients they prefer
  3. CGiving the newest staff the most complex patients
  4. DMatching each patient’s needs to staff competence
6.优先排序与委派困难

护士应首先关注哪位患者?

  1. A一名长期高血压患者,血压 158/94 mmHg,无症状
  2. B一名已知有偏头痛的患者,头痛与平时相似
  3. C一名慢性背痛患者,要求热敷袋
  4. D一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg
7.临床护理中等

Why can a very low serum albumin contribute to oedema?

  1. AIt lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
  2. BIt makes the kidneys retain potassium
  3. CIt increases the number of red cells
  4. DIt raises the blood pressure in the capillaries and pushes fluid out
8.临床护理困难

A patient is taught to self-inject low-molecular-weight heparin. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I will inject into the fatty tissue of my abdomen."
  2. B"I will rub the area firmly after the injection."
  3. C"I will report any unusual bleeding or bruising."
  4. D"I will change the injection site each time."
9.实验室检查值与电解质中等

A patient taking a statin reports new, unexplained muscle pain and weakness. Which laboratory test would the nurse expect to be ordered?

  1. ACreatine kinase (CK)
  2. BCardiac troponin
  3. CSerum ammonia
  4. DSerum lipase
10.实验室检查值与电解质困难

A patient receiving IV magnesium sulfate has a respiratory rate of 9/min and absent patellar reflexes. After stopping the infusion, which medication should the nurse expect to give?

  1. ACalcium gluconate
  2. BProtamine sulfate
  3. CPotassium chloride
  4. DSodium bicarbonate
11.药理学中等

How many micrograms are in 0.5 mg?

  1. A50 micrograms
  2. B5 micrograms
  3. C500 micrograms
  4. D5000 micrograms
12.药理学困难

A patient on warfarin also takes ginkgo and high-dose garlic supplements and is having minor surgery next week. What should the nurse do?

  1. AIgnore the supplements, as natural products are safe with warfarin
  2. BAdvise stopping warfarin without telling anyone
  3. CAdvise taking extra supplements to improve healing
  4. DTell the surgical team, as the supplements can increase bleeding
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸中等

A patient taking simvastatin drinks a large glass of grapefruit juice every morning. Why is this a concern?

  1. AIt turns the statin into a blood thinner
  2. BIt stops the statin from being absorbed from the gut at all
  3. CIt causes the cholesterol level to rise sharply
  4. DIt raises statin levels and the risk of muscle damage
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸困难

Why is the cuff pressure of an endotracheal or tracheostomy tube checked regularly?

  1. AThe cuff pressure directly controls the patient's oxygen saturation
  2. BThe cuff must be kept fully deflated in every ventilated patient
  3. CToo high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
  4. DThe cuff pressure sets the ventilator's breathing rate
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏中等

急性肾损伤(KDIGO)的哪项标准与尿量有关?

  1. A24 小时内少于 1 L,无论摄入量如何
  2. B低于 0.5 mL/kg/h,持续 6 小时或更长
  3. C尿液颜色发生任何变化
  4. D低于 2 mL/kg/h,持续 1 小时
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏困难

Which patient with a spinal cord injury is at risk of autonomic dysreflexia?

  1. AA patient with an injury at S2
  2. BA patient with an injury at T4
  3. CA patient with an injury at L5
  4. DA patient with an injury at L3
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤中等

Which statement about corticosteroids in inflammatory bowel disease is correct?

  1. AThey are the best long-term maintenance treatment
  2. BThey cure the disease after one course
  3. CThey are given only as a one-off injection
  4. DThey are used to induce remission, not for maintenance
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤困难

A nurse teaches a patient about a fentanyl skin patch. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?

  1. A"I'll put the new patch on a different area of skin."
  2. B"I'll fold used patches sticky sides together before disposal."
  3. C"I won't put a hot water bottle over the patch."
  4. D"I can cut the patch in half if I need less."
19.产科护理中等

A newborn at 42 weeks has dry, cracked, peeling skin, long nails and little vernix. How is this baby best described?

  1. ALarge for gestational age
  2. BSmall for gestational age only
  3. CPreterm
  4. DPost-term (postmature)
20.产科护理困难

A woman at 8 weeks takes valproate for epilepsy. She asks whether she should stop it. Which response is best?

  1. AContinue as usual because epilepsy drugs are all safe in pregnancy
  2. BStop the drug today because it causes birth defects
  3. CDo not stop it suddenly; arrange urgent specialist review
  4. DHalve the dose herself to reduce the risk to the baby
21.儿科护理中等

Which injury in an infant is most suggestive of physical abuse?

  1. APosterior rib fractures
  2. BA bruise on the shin of a walking toddler
  3. CA scraped knee in a 3-year-old
  4. DA greenstick fracture of the forearm after a fall from a slide
22.儿科护理困难

A large baby born to a mother with diabetes becomes jittery at 1 hour of age. What should the nurse check first?

  1. AThe baby's blood group
  2. BThe baby's haemoglobin
  3. CThe baby's blood glucose
  4. DThe baby's serum bilirubin
23.精神科护理中等

A patient who has started chlorpromazine feels dizzy when she gets out of bed. What should the nurse teach her?

  1. ASit on the edge of the bed for a moment and then stand up slowly
  2. BGet up quickly to get the blood flowing to the brain
  3. CDrink a cup of strong coffee before getting out of bed each morning
  4. DStop the medicine if the dizziness happens more than once
24.精神科护理困难

A patient who takes fluoxetine in the evening says he has had trouble falling asleep since starting it. What should the nurse suggest?

  1. ADiscuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
  2. BDrink a small glass of wine or beer before bed to help him fall asleep
  3. CStop the fluoxetine at once and tell the prescriber at his next appointment
  4. DTake a double dose at night to make him sleepy
25.护理数学与单位换算中等
1234567891011123:50 PM?14:5016:5003:5015:50

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 3:50 PM。哪个条目是 24 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。

3:50 PM
  1. 114:50
  2. 216:50
  3. 303:50
  4. 415:50
26.护理数学与单位换算困难
100 mL/h? L/天1 天 = 24 h1 L = 1000 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一次维持输液以 100 mL/h 的速度不间断运行。24 小时内输注多少升V?

100 mL/h24 h
V = L
27.剂量计算中等
024681010 mL

一名体重 17 kg 的儿童按 2 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 10 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?

17 kg2 mg/kg10 mg/mL
V = mL
28.剂量计算困难
200 mg/5 mLV = ? mL

一名体重 28 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 12.5 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 200 mg。你应给多少体积 V? 保留一位小数。

28 kg12.5 mg/kg200 mg/5 mL
V = mL
29.静脉输液速度中等
V = ?20 gtt/mL40 gtt/min8 h

滴注以 40 gtt/min 的速度通过滴系数为 20 gtt/mL 的输液器。患者在 8 小时内接受多少毫升 V?

40 gtt/min20 gtt/mL8 h
V = mL
30.静脉输液速度困难
250 mg50 mL12 mL/h? mg/h

一袋液体在 50 mL 中含药 250 mg,以 12 mL/h 的速度输注。患者每小时获得多少毫克 D?

250 mg/50 mL12 mL/h
D = mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡中等
入量出量8 小时班次果汁200 mL汤200 mL茶200 mL静脉输液60 mL/h × 8 h静脉抗生素2 × 100 mL尿液500 mL尿液475 mL尿液350 mL伤口引流110 mL

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。患者体重 96 kg。求平均尿量 U,以 mL/kg/h 计。 保留两位小数。

96 kg8 h尿液: 500 mL尿液: 475 mL尿液: 350 mL伤口引流: 110 mL
U = mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡困难
500 mL150 mL 已输入75 mL/h12:30t = ? h

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体用输液泵以 75 mL/h 输注。到 12:30 时已输入 150 mL。还要多少小时 t 袋子才会输完? 保留一位小数。

500 mL150 mL 已输入75 mL/h
t = h
33.临床评估评分中等
轻度中度重度

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一位头部损伤后的练习患者仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼,能说成句子但意识模糊,最佳运动反应表现为:手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势)。 算出 GCS 并据此对头部损伤分级。点击你的答案。

  1. 1轻度
  2. 2中度
  3. 3重度
34.临床评估评分困难
110?SBPDBPmmHgMAP = 60

练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 团队的目标是平均动脉压至少为 60 mmHg。一位患者的收缩压为 110 mmHg。使用 MAP = (SBP + 2·DBP)/3,仍能使 MAP 达到 60 mmHg 的最低舒张压DBP是多少?

MAP 60 mmHgSBP 110 mmHg
DBP = mmHg

3溶液

1.护理学基础

答案: B · 拔除留置针并记录,如仍需要则另选部位重新置管

为什么是这个答案

静脉炎是静脉的炎症。应拔除留置针,记录并观察该部位,只有在仍需要时才在别处重新置管。

答案

B · 拔除留置针并记录,如仍需要则另选部位重新置管
2.护理学基础

答案: B · About 2 litres of fluid has been retained

为什么是这个答案

A rapid weight change over a day reflects fluid, not fat; 1 kg is roughly 1 litre. Daily weights taken at the same time on the same scales are a sensitive measure of fluid retention.

答案

B · About 2 litres of fluid has been retained
3.感染控制与患者安全

答案: C · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors

为什么是这个答案

Pediatric doses are often calculated per kilogram. A weight recorded in pounds but read as kilograms gives a dose more than twice as high, so weight is recorded and used only in kilograms.

答案

C · Mixing up pounds and kilograms can lead to large dosing errors
4.感染控制与患者安全

答案: D · 让患者坐直,一次给一片药

为什么是这个答案

直立体位和一次给一种药可降低窒息风险。只有在药房确认安全后才可碾碎,因为一些缓释和肠溶制剂碾碎后会有危险。

答案

D · 让患者坐直,一次给一片药
5.优先排序与委派

答案: D · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence

为什么是这个答案

Assignments are based mainly on patient acuity and needs and on each staff member’s skills and scope. Geography and continuity of care help, but they come after safety.

答案

D · Matching each patient’s needs to staff competence
6.优先排序与委派

答案: D · 一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg

为什么是这个答案

突发的剧烈“霹雳样”头痛可能意味着脑出血,如蛛网膜下腔出血,属于急症。其他患者的问题是已知的、稳定的,与其病史相符。

答案

D · 一名患者说这是“我一生中最严重的头痛”,突然发作,血压 170/100 mmHg
7.临床护理

答案: A · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels

为什么是这个答案

Albumin creates oncotic pressure, drawing fluid into the capillaries. When it is low, as in liver disease, nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition, fluid leaks into the tissues.

答案

A · It lowers the oncotic pressure that holds fluid in the blood vessels
8.临床护理

答案: B · "I will rub the area firmly after the injection."

为什么是这个答案

Rubbing the site after an anticoagulant injection increases bruising and is avoided. Rotating sites, injecting subcutaneously and reporting bleeding are correct.

答案

B · "I will rub the area firmly after the injection."
9.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Creatine kinase (CK)

为什么是这个答案

Statins can cause myopathy and, rarely, rhabdomyolysis. A raised CK confirms muscle injury, and the provider may stop the statin. The nurse also asks about dark urine, which can signal myoglobin in the urine.核对依据: Creatine Kinase · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2023)

答案

A · Creatine kinase (CK)
10.实验室检查值与电解质

答案: A · Calcium gluconate

为什么是这个答案

Absent reflexes and slow breathing indicate magnesium toxicity. The infusion is stopped, the provider is called, the airway and breathing are supported, and IV calcium gluconate is given as prescribed to counteract magnesium.

答案

A · Calcium gluconate
11.药理学

答案: C · 500 micrograms

为什么是这个答案

0.5 mg × 1000 = 500 micrograms. Writing "micrograms" in full (or "mcg" in US practice), not "µg", helps avoid confusion with "mg".

答案

C · 500 micrograms
12.药理学

答案: D · Tell the surgical team, as the supplements can increase bleeding

为什么是这个答案

Ginkgo and garlic may impair platelet function and add to warfarin's bleeding risk. The team needs a full list of supplements so it can plan, and the patient should not change warfarin without advice.

答案

D · Tell the surgical team, as the supplements can increase bleeding
13.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: D · It raises statin levels and the risk of muscle damage

为什么是这个答案

Grapefruit juice inhibits the CYP3A4 enzyme, increasing levels of drugs such as simvastatin and some calcium channel blockers. Higher statin levels raise the risk of myopathy. Patients are advised to avoid large amounts or choose a statin not affected.

答案

D · It raises statin levels and the risk of muscle damage
14.内外科护理:心血管与呼吸

答案: C · Too high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration

为什么是这个答案

Cuff pressure is usually kept at about 20–30 cmH₂O. Higher pressures reduce blood flow to the tracheal mucosa, risking ulceration and stenosis; lower pressures allow secretions to leak past and cause aspiration and VAP. A cuff manometer is used.

答案

C · Too high a pressure damages the trachea; too low allows aspiration
15.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · 低于 0.5 mL/kg/h,持续 6 小时或更长

为什么是这个答案

KDIGO 将 AKI 定义为 48 小时内肌酐升高 ≥26.5 µmol/L(0.3 mg/dL)、7 天内升至基线的 ≥1.5 倍,或尿量低于 0.5 mL/kg/h 持续 6 小时。因此准确的液体平衡记录至关重要。

答案

B · 低于 0.5 mL/kg/h,持续 6 小时或更长
16.内外科护理:神经、内分泌与肾脏

答案: B · A patient with an injury at T4

为什么是这个答案

Autonomic dysreflexia usually occurs with injuries at T6 or above. Below this level, the body can still control the sympathetic response to stimuli such as a full bladder. Lumbar and sacral injuries do not usually cause it.

答案

B · A patient with an injury at T4
17.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · They are used to induce remission, not for maintenance

为什么是这个答案

Steroids settle flares but are not effective or safe for maintenance because of side effects such as osteoporosis, diabetes and infection. Drugs such as aminosalicylates, immunomodulators or biologics maintain remission.

答案

D · They are used to induce remission, not for maintenance
18.内外科护理:消化、围手术期与肿瘤

答案: D · "I can cut the patch in half if I need less."

为什么是这个答案

Cutting a fentanyl patch can release the drug unpredictably and cause overdose. Heat increases absorption, used patches still contain drug and must be folded and disposed of safely, and sites are rotated.

答案

D · "I can cut the patch in half if I need less."
19.产科护理

答案: D · Post-term (postmature)

为什么是这个答案

Post-term babies often have dry, peeling skin, long nails, little vernix and lanugo and an alert look. They may also have meconium staining and are at risk of hypoglycaemia.

答案

D · Post-term (postmature)
20.产科护理

答案: C · Do not stop it suddenly; arrange urgent specialist review

为什么是这个答案

Valproate is strongly teratogenic, but stopping antiepileptics suddenly can cause seizures that harm mother and fetus. She needs urgent specialist review to change treatment safely, ideally before conception.

答案

C · Do not stop it suddenly; arrange urgent specialist review
21.儿科护理

答案: A · Posterior rib fractures

为什么是这个答案

Posterior rib fractures in infants are highly suggestive of abuse because they usually result from forceful squeezing of the chest. Bruises on the shins and grazes are common in mobile children.

答案

A · Posterior rib fractures
22.儿科护理

答案: C · The baby's blood glucose

为什么是这个答案

Babies of mothers with diabetes produce extra insulin before birth, so after the cord is cut they are at high risk of hypoglycaemia. Jitteriness is a common sign, so blood glucose is checked straight away and the baby is fed or treated as per protocol.

答案

C · The baby's blood glucose
23.精神科护理

答案: A · Sit on the edge of the bed for a moment and then stand up slowly

为什么是这个答案

Many antipsychotics cause orthostatic hypotension through alpha-1 blockade. Rising slowly reduces dizziness and the risk of falls; the nurse also checks lying and standing blood pressure.

答案

A · Sit on the edge of the bed for a moment and then stand up slowly
24.精神科护理

答案: A · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead

为什么是这个答案

Fluoxetine can be activating and cause insomnia. Taking it in the morning, with the prescriber's agreement, often helps. Stopping suddenly or using alcohol is unsafe.

答案

A · Discuss with the prescriber whether he can take it in the morning instead
25.护理数学与单位换算

答案: 15:50

24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。

换算小时

3 PM → 3 + 12 = 15

答案

15:50

答案

15:50
26.护理数学与单位换算

答案: V = 2.4 L

量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。

一天的体积

100 mL/h × 24 h = 2400 mL

以升计

V = 2400/1000 = 2.4 L

答案

V = 2.4 L
27.剂量计算

答案: V = 3.4 mL

抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。

按体重计算剂量

D = 2·17 = 34 mg

体积

V = 34/10 = 3.4 mL

在注射器上

在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。

答案

V = 3.4 mL
28.剂量计算

答案: V = 8.8 mL

剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。

按体重计算剂量

12.5·28 = 350 mg

体积

V = (350/200)·5 = 8.75 ≈ 8.8 mL

答案

V = 8.8 mL
29.静脉输液速度

答案: V = 960 mL

Infusion rates: a pump is set in mL/h = volume/time in hours. A gravity drip is counted in drops per minute: gtt/min = volume (mL) × drop factor (gtt/mL)/time (min). The drop factor is printed on the tubing package: macrodrip sets deliver 10, 15 or 20 gtt/mL (blood sets often 10 gtt/mL in the US, 15 in the UK) and microdrip sets 60 gtt/mL. Always use the drop factor the question or package gives.

速度(mL/h)

40·60/20 = 120 mL/h

体积

V = 120·8 = 960 mL

答案

V = 960 mL
30.静脉输液速度

答案: D = 60 mg/h

输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。

浓度

250/50 = 5 mg/mL

给药速率

D = 5·12 = 60 mg/h

答案

D = 60 mg/h
31.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: U = 1.73 mL/kg/h

出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

总尿量

500 + 475 + 350 = 1325 mL

每千克每小时

U = 1325/(96·8) = 1.725 ≈ 1.73 mL/kg/h

答案

U = 1.73 mL/kg/h
32.静脉输液与液体平衡

答案: t = 4.7 h

输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。

剩余体积

500 − 150 = 350 mL

时间

t = 350/75 = 4.667 ≈ 4.7 h

答案

t = 4.7 h

约为 4 h 40 min,所以袋子大约在 17:10 输完。

33.临床评估评分

答案: 中度

格拉斯哥昏迷量表:把三个方面的最佳反应相加。睁眼 E:4 自发,3 对声音或言语,2 对压迫,1 无。言语 V:5 定向正常,4 意识模糊,3 用词不恰当,2 发出无法理解的声音,1 无。运动 M:6 遵嘱动作,5 定位,4 正常屈曲(回缩),3 异常屈曲,2 伸展,1 无。总分为 3 至 15。头部损伤后,13–15 通常称为轻度,9–12 为中度,3–8 为重度。

为每个方面评分

E: 仅对压迫(疼痛刺激)睁眼 → 2
V: 能说成句子但意识模糊 → 4
M: 手臂异常屈曲(去皮质姿势) → 3

相加

GCS = 2 + 4 + 3 = 9

严重程度

GCS 9 → 中度

答案

中度
34.临床评估评分

答案: DBP = 35 mmHg

血压数值:脉压 PP = SBP − DBP。平均动脉压 MAP ≈ (SBP + 2·DBP)/3 = DBP + PP/3,这是基于正常心率下心脏每搏约有三分之二时间处于舒张期的估算(心率快时准确性下降);MAP 至少约 65 mmHg 是常用的器官灌注目标。休克指数 SI = 心率/SBP,正常约为 0.5–0.7;高于约 1 是休克的警示信号。

变形

DBP = (3·MAP − SBP)/2

代入

DBP = (3·60 − 110)/2 = 70/2 = 35 mmHg

答案

DBP = 35 mmHg

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