感染控制与患者安全
方法
- 对每位患者都从标准预防开始:手卫生、针对预期暴露的个人防护装备、安全使用锐器。
- 按传播途径追加预防措施:接触传播(隔离衣、手套)、飞沫传播(外科口罩)、空气传播(N95、负压病房)。
- 保持无菌物品的无菌状态:如有疑问就视为不无菌;更换,绝不擦拭。
- 预防环境中的伤害:防跌倒措施,约束仅作为最后手段,火灾时用 RACE 和 PASS。
- 核对给药的正确原则、两个身份识别信息,以及对高警示药物的额外保障;报告差错和险兆事件。
公式表、每个专题的关键方法步骤和 34 道练习题,完整解答附在最后。
Which of these is part of the UK "Sepsis Six"?
The intact skin over a patient's heel is deep purple and feels boggy. What should be suspected?
患者在床上时,其病房里的垃圾桶起了小火。护士首先应做什么?
A woman in late pregnancy is choking and cannot speak or cough. Which technique should the rescuer use?
A patient has a serum potassium of 2.9 mEq/L. Which finding should the nurse expect?
一名患者正经外周静脉输注氯化钾,诉说穿刺部位烧灼感,该处发红。护士首先做什么?
甲状腺手术后,一名患者口周麻刺感并有肌肉痉挛。应怀疑哪种电解质问题?
A patient going home with a leg cast is taught about cast care. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
A patient with diabetes is found unconscious with a blood glucose of 38 mg/dL (2.1 mmol/L). Which treatment is appropriate?
A patient with long-term heavy alcohol use is admitted with alcohol withdrawal. Which group of electrolyte problems is most common?
Why is simvastatin traditionally taken in the evening?
A patient with asthma starts timolol eye drops for glaucoma and soon becomes wheezy. What is the most likely explanation?
How big should a suction catheter be compared with the tracheostomy or endotracheal tube?
A nurse has four cardiac patients. Which one should be seen first?
The day after a thyroidectomy, a patient reports tingling around the mouth and in the fingers. Why might this happen?
During a TURP, a patient becomes confused and nauseated, with a slow pulse and a raised BP. The sodium is 121 mmol/L. What is most likely?
Which check is routinely made for a patient with a burn wound?
A patient with a sacral pressure ulcer keeps sliding down the bed when the head is raised high. Which advice best reduces shear?
After an amniotomy, why is the time of rupture of the membranes recorded?
A woman received an opioid IV 30 minutes ago. The tracing now shows minimal variability but no decelerations. What is the most likely cause?
A child with suspected measles is admitted. Which precaution is most important?
A 12-year-old with asthma has been prescribed a preventer inhaler (inhaled corticosteroid) to take every day. Which statement shows a need for further teaching?
对于开始服用丙戊酸盐的患者,哪项监测很重要?
A patient with OCD asks the nurse many times an hour, "Are you sure the door is locked?" What is the most helpful approach in his care plan?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一个剂量记录在 07:20(24 小时制)。哪个条目是 12 小时制中的同一时间?点击它。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一张处方写着口服混悬液2 tsp,每 6 小时一次,共 7 天。混悬液每瓶 50 mL。按1 tsp = 5 mL,必须提供多少整瓶N才能完成疗程?
一名体重 16 kg 的儿童按 20 mg/kg 处方用药。原液浓度为 50 mg/mL。请抽取剂量:应给多少体积 V?
一名体重 10 kg 的儿童,医嘱为口服混悬液每次 12.5 mg/kg,该混悬液每 5 mL 含 100 mg。你应给多少体积 V? 保留一位小数。
用滴系数为 15 滴/mL 的输液器在 4 小时内输入 250 mL。求滴速 R(滴/分)。 取整到最接近的整数。
一组输液以 30 滴/分的速度经 60 滴/mL 的输液器滴注。袋中还剩 600 mL。还需多少小时 t 才会滴完?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 记录显示了一名患者在一个 8 小时班次中的出入量。静脉输液在整个班次中按所示速率输注。求液体平衡 B = 入量 − 出量,以 mL 计(答案为负表示净丢失)。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 一袋 500 mL 的液体于 07:00 开始用输液泵以 80 mL/h 输注。到 11:30 时袋中还剩多少 mL V?
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 很少潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 非常受限; 营养: 可能不足; 摩擦力和剪切力: 潜在问题。求 Braden 总分B。
练习题(虚构数值,不作为临床指导)。 用 Braden 量表评估一位练习患者:感觉知觉: 完全受限; 潮湿程度: 持续潮湿; 活动: 卧床不起; 活动能力: 轻度受限; 营养: 非常差; 摩擦力和剪切力: 有问题。使用的分级为:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度,13–14 中度,10–12 高,9 或以下极高。点击风险等级。
答案: C · Measuring urine output
The Sepsis Six are: give oxygen if needed, take blood cultures, give IV antibiotics, give IV fluids, check lactate and monitor urine output, ideally within the first hour.
答案: A · A suspected deep tissue injury
A purple or maroon area of intact skin, often firm or boggy, suggests deep tissue injury from pressure and shear. It can quickly become a deep open ulcer, so pressure must be removed at once.
答案: A · 把患者从紧急危险中转移出来
首先是救援:把患者从火场转移开。然后拉响警报、关门控制火势,并在安全时灭火。打开窗户会给火焰提供氧气。
答案: D · Chest thrusts
For people in late pregnancy or who are very obese, chest thrusts replace abdominal thrusts because the rescuer cannot get around the abdomen effectively. Blind finger sweeps can push the object deeper.
答案: B · Muscle weakness and U waves on the ECG
Hypokalemia causes muscle weakness, cramps and arrhythmias, with flattened T waves and U waves on the ECG. Peaked T waves are a sign of hyperkalemia.
答案: D · 停止输注并评估静脉穿刺部位
疼痛和发红提示静脉炎或药液渗漏。护士应停止输注,评估部位,并通知医疗人员。继续输注或加快速度会加重组织损伤。
答案: B · 低钙血症
甲状旁腺损伤会使血钙降低,引起口周麻刺感、手足搐搦以及 Chvostek 征或 Trousseau 征阳性。
答案: A · "I can push a knitting needle down the cast to scratch an itch."
Pushing objects under a cast can injure the skin and cause infection or pressure sores. Elevation, keeping the cast dry and reporting numbness, colour change or increasing pain are correct.
答案: D · Glucagon by injection, or IV dextrose as prescribed
A patient who cannot swallow safely must not receive anything by mouth because of the risk of aspiration. Glucagon (injected or intranasal) or IV dextrose raises the glucose; once awake and able to swallow, the patient is given oral carbohydrate and a snack.核对依据: Hypoglycemia · MedlinePlus (NIH); Low blood sugar · MedlinePlus (NIH) (2026)
答案: C · Low magnesium, low phosphate and low potassium
Poor diet, vomiting, diarrhea and alcohol's effect on the kidneys commonly cause low magnesium, phosphate and potassium. These worsen arrhythmia and seizure risk, so they are checked and replaced, together with thiamine.
答案: C · It is short-acting, and cholesterol synthesis peaks at night
The liver makes most cholesterol overnight, and short-acting statins such as simvastatin work best when taken in the evening. Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin can be taken at any time of day.
答案: B · Timolol is absorbed and blocks beta-2 receptors in the airways
Ophthalmic timolol is a non-selective beta blocker and can reach the circulation in amounts that cause bronchospasm or bradycardia. It is generally avoided in asthma.
答案: D · No more than half the internal diameter of the tube
A catheter no larger than half the internal diameter of the tube lets air enter around it, reducing negative pressure in the lungs, atelectasis and hypoxaemia. Catheter size is often calculated from the tube size.
答案: B · A patient with angina whose chest pain has not eased with rest and who is sweating
Chest pain that does not settle with rest, especially with sweating, suggests an acute coronary syndrome and needs immediate assessment and a 12-lead ECG. A controlled heart rate in AF, a very small weight change and a question about eating are not urgent.
答案: B · The parathyroid glands may have been damaged, lowering calcium
The parathyroid glands lie behind the thyroid and can be damaged or removed during surgery. Low PTH leads to hypocalcaemia, causing tingling, cramps and, if severe, tetany or arrhythmias. Calcium is checked after surgery.
答案: A · TURP syndrome from absorbed irrigation fluid
In TURP syndrome, irrigating fluid is absorbed into the blood, causing fluid overload and dilutional hyponatraemia. Signs include confusion, nausea, bradycardia, hypertension and, if severe, seizures. It needs urgent medical treatment.
答案: B · Tetanus immunisation status
Burns can be contaminated, so tetanus status is checked and a booster or immunoglobulin given if needed, according to guidelines.
答案: B · Keep the head of the bed at or below 30° if possible; use slide sheets
A high head position makes patients slide, causing shear on the sacrum. A lower head position when clinically possible, knee break or foot support, and slide sheets for moving reduce shear and friction.
答案: B · Infection risk rises the longer the membranes are ruptured
Once the membranes are ruptured, organisms can ascend into the uterus, and the risk of intra-amniotic infection rises with time. The nurse records the time with the colour, odour and amount of fluid (COAT) and monitors temperature and fetal heart rate.
答案: A · The opioid's effect on the fetal brain
Opioids, magnesium sulfate and fetal sleep can temporarily reduce variability. Without decelerations, it is likely drug-related, but the tracing should be watched for return of variability.
答案: C · Airborne precautions, ideally in a negative-pressure room
Measles spreads through the air and can remain in a room for up to about 2 hours. Airborne precautions, a negative-pressure room where available and immune staff are required.
答案: A · "I stop taking my preventer inhaler whenever I've had a few good days."
Preventer (inhaled corticosteroid) inhalers reduce airway inflammation and must be taken daily as prescribed, even when the child feels well. Carrying a reliever, rinsing the mouth and using a spacer are correct.
答案: A · 肝功能和胰腺炎征象,以及关于妊娠风险的咨询
丙戊酸盐可引起肝毒性和胰腺炎,妊娠期服用会导致出生缺陷和发育问题。除非满足严格条件,否则一般应避免用于有可能怀孕的女性。
答案: C · Answer once, then follow the agreed plan to limit repeated reassurance
Seeking reassurance relieves anxiety only briefly and keeps the OCD cycle going. In line with exposure and response prevention, the team agrees to limit reassurance and support the patient to tolerate the anxiety.
答案: 7:20 AM
24 小时制:下午 1 点起,小时数加 12(下午 3:45 = 15:45)。午夜到凌晨 12:59 为 00:00–00:59,中午 12:00–12:59 仍为 12:00–12:59。反过来换算时,13–23 点减 12 并标为下午;00 点变为凌晨 12 点。跨午夜计算时间要分两段:先算到 24:00(00:00),再从 00:00 算起。
答案: N = 6
量纲分析:先写出已知量,再乘以写成分数形式的换算系数(例如 60 min/1 h 或 1 mg/1000 mcg),使每个不需要的单位在分子和分母各出现一次并相互约去。只剩下所求单位时再计算。使用题目给出的等量关系,只对最终答案取整。
答案: V = 6.4 mL
抽取剂量:体积 = (处方剂量/药物浓度) × 药物体积。先换算成相同的单位,再检查该体积是否适合注射器,并落在它的某一个刻度上。
在这支 10 mL 的注射器上,每条小刻度线代表 0.2 mL。
答案: V = 6.3 mL
剂量计算:给药量等于医嘱剂量除以现有药物的规格,再乘以该规格对应的量:给药量 = (医嘱剂量/储备规格) × 储备体积。始终统一单位(先把 g 换成 mg,mg 换成 mcg),并检查答案是否合理。
答案: R = 16 gtt/min
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
床旁取最接近的整滴:16 滴/分。
答案: t = 20 h
输注速率:输液泵按 mL/h = 体积/时间(小时)设定。重力滴注按每分钟滴数计:gtt/min = 体积 (mL) × 滴系数 (gtt/mL)/时间 (min)。 滴系数印在输液器包装上:普通输液器为 10、15 或 20 gtt/mL(输血器在美国常为 10 gtt/mL,在英国为 15),微量输液器为 60 gtt/mL。务必使用题目或包装给出的滴系数。
答案: B = 125 mL
出入量:入量计入所有进入体内的液体(口服液体、静脉输液、静脉用药及冲管液、管饲);冰屑按其体积的一半计。出量计入尿液、引流液、呕吐物和其他丢失。平衡 = 总入量 − 总出量;平衡为负表示净丢失。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
为正:摄入的液体多于排出的液体。
答案: V = 140 mL
输液时间:时间 (h) = 待输体积 (mL)/速率 (mL/h);使用袋中剩余的体积,而不是袋的容量。已输入体积 = 速率 × 时间。把小数小时换算为小时和分钟时,用小数部分 × 60(0.5 h = 30 min,而不是 50 min)。 这些数字仅供练习;在临床工作中务必遵循当地规程,高危剂量须经双人核对。
答案: B = 12
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
答案: 极高风险
Braden 量表:评估压力性损伤风险的六个分项。感觉知觉、潮湿程度、活动、活动能力和营养各评 1 至 4 分,从最差水平(1)到无问题(4);摩擦力和剪切力评 1 至 3 分。总分为 6 至 23,总分越低风险越高。常用分级:19–23 无风险,15–18 轻度风险,13–14 中度风险,10–12 高风险,9 分及以下为极高风险。
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